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Abstract

The aim of this work is to determine the activation energy for the thermal decomposition of poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET, in the presence of a MCM-41 mesoporous catalyst. This material was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, using cetyltrimethylammonium as template. The PET sample has been submitted to thermal degradation alone and in presence of MCM-41 catalyst at a concentration of 25% in mass (MCM-41/PET). The degradation process was evaluated by thermogravimetry, at temperature range from 350 to 500 °C, under nitrogen atmosphere, with heating rates of 5, 10 and 25 °C min−1. From TG, the activation energy, determined using the Flynn–Wall kinetic method, decreased from 231 kJ mol−1, for the pure polymer (PET), to 195 kJ mol−1, in the presence of the material (MCM-41/PET), showing the catalyst efficiency for the polymer decomposition process.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Marta Conceição
,
Manoel Dantas
,
Raul Rosenhaim
,
Valter Fernandes
,
Ieda Santos
, and
Antonio Souza

Abstract  

Oxidative stability is very important in the quality control of oils and biodiesel. Chemical characteristics, as acid, iodine and peroxide values, show the differences among samples and can be used by industries to evaluate the oxidation degree. In relation to advanced techniques, the use of PDSC to measure the oxidative induction time is very important. These measurements were used to evaluate the properties of castor oil after refining process and consequently the biodiesel characteristics. Oxidative induction time indicated that biodiesel samples were more stable than the refined oils. The biodiesel obtained from neutralized oil had a higher stability being probably related to the acid value.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Luzia Patricia Fernandes Carvalho Galvão
,
Anne Gabriella Dias Santos
,
Amanda Duarte Gondim
,
Marcela Nascimento Barbosa
,
Antonio Souza Araujo
,
Luiz Di Souza
, and
Valter José Fernandes Junior

Abstract

Biodiesel can contain unsaturated fatty acids, which are susceptible to oxidation, being able to change into polymerized compounds. Oxidative stability is very important in the quality control of oils and biodiesel. In this study, biodiesel samples were produced through the methyl route, using a homogeneous catalyst. The determination of methyl esters was performed by gas chromatography in order to confirm the conversion of the carboxylic acids present in the raw material for the methyl esters. Also proved the presence of methyl linoleate and methyl oleate to the major constituent of biodiesel. The thermal and oxidative stability of sunflower and cotton oils and their biodiesel, using TG and P-DSC techniques were investigated. The use of P-DSC to measure the oxidative induction time was very important. These measurements were used to evaluate the cotton and sunflower oils, and their respective biodiesel. It was found that the thermal-oxidative stability of vegetable oils and their biodiesel were similar, due to the fact that both presented chemical composition and percentages of fatty acids similar.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Rosiane M. C. Farias
,
Marta M. Conceição
,
Roberlúcia A. Candeia
,
Marta C. D. Silva
,
Valter J. Fernandes Jr.
, and
Antonio G. Souza

Abstract

The diversity of raw materials and technological routes employed in the biodiesel production has resulted in products with different chemical properties. This non-uniformity in the biodiesel composition may influence to the fuel quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate biodiesel blends of passion fruit and castor oil in different proportions and their thermal stability. Biodiesel blends of passion fruit and castor oil presented parameters in the standards of the Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels National Agency. The TG curves indicated that castor oil biodiesel was more stable. Passion fruit biodiesel has a high content of oleic and linoleic acids, which are more susceptible to oxidation. Biodiesel blend of passion fruit and castor oil 1:1 increased the thermal stability in relation to passion fruit biodiesel. Biodiesel blend of passion fruit and castor oil 1:2 presented higher thermal stability, because castor oil has a high content of ricinoleic acid.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Hellyda K. T. A. Silva
,
Thiago Chellappa
,
Fabíola C. Carvalho
,
Edjane F. B. Silva
,
Tarcísio A. Nascimento
,
Antônio S. Araújo
, and
Valter J. Fernandes Jr.

Abstract

Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of mono- or di-alquil esters of vegetable oil or animal fats. During long-term storage, oxidation caused by contact with air (autoxidation) presents a legitimate concern in relation to monitoring and maintaining fuel quality. Extensive oxidative degradation may compromise the quality by adversely affecting kinematic viscosity, acid value, or peroxide value. The oxidation susceptibility of biodiesel, due to the presence of triacilglycerides of poly-unsaturated fatty acids, was evaluated in this study. Samples of sunflower, castor, and soybean biodiesels were obtained through the transesterification reaction, with the intention of achieving the thermal stability study through thermogravimetrical analyses and differential scanning calorimetry high pressure. It was furthermore observed through thermogravimetry and pressure differential scanning calorimetry curves that castor biodiesel exhibited the highest thermal and oxidative stability.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Edjane F. B. Silva
,
Marcílio P. Ribeiro
,
Luzia P. F. C. Galvão
,
Valter J. Fernandes
, and
Antonio S. Araujo

Abstract

Degradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) was studied for the pure polymer and mixed with silicoaluminophosphate SAPO-11 catalyst. SAPO-11 was synthesized by hydrothermal method using di-isoprolpylamine as structure template, and characterized by XRD and SEM. From X-ray diffraction, it was observed that SAPO-11 was obtained with high crystallinity. Using the model-free kinetics, proposed by Vyazovkin, the activation energies were determined for the process of polymer degradation. It was found that the degradation process of 90% of LDPE mixed with SAPO-11 over a period of 1 h, occurred at a temperature of 378 °C, while for the pure LDPE, the temperature was increased to 434 °C in the same period of time and conversion, indicating that SAPO-11 was an effective catalyst for the degradation of LDPE. The activation energy for the degradation of pure LDPE was equivalent to 251 kJ mol−1. Also, when the SAPO-11 was mixed with the polymer, this value was decreased to 243 kJ mol−1.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Késia K. V. Castro
,
Ana A. D. Paulino
,
Edjane F. B. Silva
,
Thiago Chellappa
,
Maria B. D. L. Lago
,
Valter J. Fernandes Jr.
, and
Antonio S. Araujo

Abstract

Thermogravimetry (TG) was used in this study to evaluate thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of Atmospheric Petroleum Residue (ATR) which can be found in the state of Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil, after a process of atmospheric distillation of petroleum. The utilized sample in the process of catalytic pyrolysis was Al-MCM-41, a mesoporous material. The procedures for obtaining the thermogravimetric curves were performed in a thermobalance with heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C min−1. From TG, the activation energy was determined using the Flynn–Wall kinetic method, which decreased from 161 kJ mol−1, for the pure ATR, to 71 kJ mol−1, in the presence of the Al-MCM-41, showing the efficiency of the catalyst in the pyrolysis of Atmospheric Petroleum Residue.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Maria J. F. Costa
,
Antonio S. Araujo
,
Edjane F. B. Silva
,
Mirna F. Farias
,
Valter J. Fernandes Jr.
,
Petrus d’Amorim Santa-Cruz
, and
José G. A. Pacheco

Abstract

The nanostructured hybrid AlMCM-41/ZSM-5 composite was synthesized starting from a hydrogel with molar composition SiO2:0.32Na2O:0.03Al2O3:0.20TPABr:0.16CTMABr:55H2O. The cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABr) and tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) were used as templates. The above mentioned material presents morphological properties with specific characteristics, such as the surface area of the composite which is approximately half of the surface area of the conventional MCM-41. Another interesting feature is the formation of walls with the double of the density of the MCM-41 structure, which characterizes the hybrid material, resulting in a high stability material for catalytic application. The aim of this study is obtain optimized structures of the hybrid material and for this purpose variations in the synthesis time were carried out. A comparative analysis was performed including X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Thermogravimetry measurements. The model-free kinetic algorithms were applied in order to determinate conversion and apparent activation energy of the decomposition of the CTMA+ and TPA+ species from the hybrid AlMCM-41/ZSM-5.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Marcela N. Barbosa
,
Antonio S. Araujo
,
Luzia P. F. C. Galvão
,
Edjane F. B. Silva
,
Anne G. D. Santos
,
Geraldo E. Luz Jr.
, and
Valter J. Fernandes Jr.

Abstract

The capture of carbon dioxide was carried out using MCM-41 and SBA-15 as adsorbents. These mesoporous materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and subsequently functionalized with the di-iso-propylamine (DIPA). Then, they were characterized by XRD, BET, and TG/DTG. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the synthesized samples showed the characteristic peaks of MCM-41 and SBA-15, indicating that the structures of these materials were obtained. The functionalized samples presented a decrease of the intensities of these peaks, suggesting a decreasing in the structural organization of the material; however, the mesoporous structure was preserved. For the adsorption capacity measurements, the materials were previously saturated with carbon dioxide at 75 °C, and then desorbed in a thermobalance in the temperature range of 25–900 °C, under helium atmosphere. Desorption tests showed that the functionalized MCM-41 presented a weight loss of 7.5 wt%, against 5.9 wt% for SBA-15. The obtained values indicate that these nanostructured materials can be used as adsorbent for carbon dioxide capture.

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Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Authors:
Edjane F. B. Silva
,
Marcílio P. Ribeiro
,
Ana C. F. Coriolano
,
Ana C. R. Melo
,
Anne G. D. Santos
,
Valter J. Fernandes Jr.
, and
Antonio S. Araujo

Abstract

Thermogravimetry was applied in order to investigate the catalytic degradation of heavy oil (15.4oAPI) over silica-based MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve. This material was synthesised by the hydrothermal method, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as organic template. The physicochemical characterization by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry, showed that the obtained material presents well-defined structure, with a uniform hexagonal arrangement. The thermal and catalytic degradation of heavy oil was performed by thermogravimetric measurements, in the temperature range from 30 to 900 °C, at heating rates of 5, 10, and 20 °C min−1. By using the model-free kinetics, proposed by Vyazovkin, it was determined that the activation energy to degrade the heavy oil was ca. 128 kJ mol−1, and for degradation of oil in presence of MCM-41, this value decreased to 69 kJ mol−1, indicating the performance of the mesoporores catalyst for the degradation process.

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