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- Author or Editor: Zs. Magyar x
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The imperial cult played important role throughout the whole antique world. It reached Rome with Caesar. In the centuries following him the divinity of the emperors were accepted by the whole population of the empire. The cult — in the eyes of the Roman population — assured the wellbeing of the state and its inhabitants. The only exception were Christians (together with Jews), who on the bases of their faith regarded emperor worship as idolatry. This is why, they became, in the eyes of the contemporary Roman population, atheists and the enemy of the state. This paper deals with the new results of the research of the imperial cult of Rome and its relationship with Christians.
The most important base material of the famous wine Tokaji Aszú is the noble rotted grapes attacked by Botrytis cinerea under special conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of the yeast and mould biota present on the surface of aszú-berries in the year of 2000 and 2001, and to compare these findings with the observations made in previous vintages. The studied years represented extremely different conditions for the noble rot, so the effect of the vintage on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the microflora was more pronounced than in the earlier years. The excellent year of 2000 resulted in yeast and mould counts (mean logarithmic values are of 4.47 and 4.72) significantly lower than found in the extremely poor vintage of 2001 (meanain values areof 6.58 for yeasts and 7.10 for total moulds). The place of sampling (vineyard or winery) had less impact on the quantitative composition of the microbiota, than found in in the formerprevious, less extreme years. The results of qualitative analysis, however, confirmed that the taxonomic composition of the yeast biota depends on the place of sampling, showing that the storage conditions of aszú grapes before vinification should be studied and optimized.
Noble rot of the grape is a complex microbiological-biochemical process having grate importance in the Tokaj wine district. In this study, morphology and development of Botrytis cinerea in the berry skin as well as the presence of other moulds and yeasts on the digested exocarp of the noble rotted grapes (aszú) were investigated and presented by scanning electron microscopy. Another aim of this work was a comprehensive taxonomical characterisation of the yeasts present on the surface of the “aszú” berries in the Tokaj wine district in five vintage years. The dominant yeasts were isolated and taxonomically identified according to phenotypical properties. The most prevalent yeast species of the aszú grapes were Metschnikowia pulcherrima in the vineyard and Candida stellata in the winery (the latter species has been recently differentiated for two species, C. stellata and C. zemplinina). These two Candida species seem to be typical yeasts of Tokaj aszú berries, particularly after picking, transporting and storage of the aszú grape. These postharvest operations significantly influence mould and yeast populations of botrytized grapes.
The species-specific PCR assays correctly identified pure cultures of Fusarium acuminatum (3 isolates), F. avenaceum (22 isolates), F. poae (13 isolates), and F. sporotrichioides (6 isolates) originated from Hungarian wheat grain.The PCR-based assays described in this study can be used for the routine detection and identification of above-mentioned Fusaria without morphological determination.
In a Prolific Merino nucleus herd of 200 ewes the ovulation rate (OR) test results obtained in 169 animals between 1988 and 1993 were compared with those of 113 ewes from the same herd in 1996. Whereas earlier the ratio of individuals showing an OR ≥ 4 was only 32%, that of the group checked in 1996 was 59%. This increase could be attributed to 40 ewes, both of whose parents had proven to be homozygous carriers of the prolific gene. To develop the Prolific Merino breed, 21 Booroola Merino rams were imported from New Zealand, and mostly their frozen semen was used. Of these rams, one was not a prolific gene carrier, 8 were homozygous carriers, 10 were heterozygous carriers and two had not been identified yet. Of the 36 home-bred rams, 9 proved to be homozygous by parents, 11 heterozygous, 8 homozygous, one proved to be a non-carrier, and 7 rams and their frozen semen were to be progeny tested. Six thousand doses of frozen semen from a total of 33 animals (16 imported rams and their 17 home-bred offspring) are stored in plastic straws. Sixty-three % of this is semen reserve from rams of the FecBFecBgenotype, belonging to 10 ram lines. The remaining 37% is gene reserve intended for creating homozygous ram lines. Only one ram (no. 3244) was bought for the nucleus herd, the other ram lines were introduced into the herd by assortative mating, using intrauterine insemination. The average conception rate found after 472 intrauterine inseminations was 53% with large (occasionally 10-100%) individual ram differences.
