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). 2 Materials and methods The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons (2020 and 2021) at the experimental field and laboratories of the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Crop Production
designed to investigate the impact of three variables, namely, growing season, nitrogen fertilization, and wheat variety, on Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production in wheat kernel. Material and methods The experiment was carried out during the 2020
The yield, protein and starch content of Martonvásár maize hybrids belonging to different FAO groups were examined in experiments involving early, optimal and late sowing dates in two different years (drought — 2007, favourable water supplies — 2008) on a calcareous chernozem soil with loam texture at the Látókép Experimental Station of the Centre of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, University of Debrecen.Sowing date had a significant effect on maize grain yield in the dry year. The grain yields of hybrids with longer growing periods were significantly higher than those with shorter growing periods in both years, but they reacted sensitively to the change in sowing date in the dry year. Due to the rainfall distribution in the growing season, sowing date did not modify the performance of the hybrids in the year with favourable water supplies. Sowing date had a significant effect on the grain protein content in the dry year, with significantly higher values after late sowing than after early or optimal sowing. Averaged over the sowing dates, the protein content of the FAO 200 hybrid was significantly higher in both years than that of hybrids in other FAO groups. In the dry year, the greatest difference in protein content could be observed between the early and late sowing dates for hybrids in all four FAO groups. A negative correlation was found between yield and protein content. Sowing date significantly increased the starch content of maize in the favourable year, with a significant difference between early and late sowing dates.In the dry year higher starch contents were recorded for all the hybrids and for all the sowing dates than in the favourable year. In the dry year, sowing date only caused a significant difference in the starch content in the case of FAO 200 sown at optimal and late sowing dates. In the favourable year, a significant difference was only obtained for the starch content of the FAO 400 hybrid sown at early and late sowing dates. Satisfactory quality can only be achieved if suitable genotypes are grown with appropriate technologies.
This paper deals with the influence of sharp temperature variations on the geochemical fractionation and bioavailability of 241Am, 60Co and 137Cs in Fluvisol soil. The study was performed using soil contaminated with aqueous solutions of 241Am, 60Co and 137Cs in the laboratory and stored for three years at temperatures within the range of 10–18 ºC and soil moisture from 20 to 30 wt %. Afterward the soil was divided into three equal parts and conditioned for one month at 10–18 ºC, −18 ºC and 40 ºC temperature regimes, respectively. The impact of the storage conditions on geochemical forms of the radionuclides was investigated using single extraction of exchangeable 137Cs with 1 M NH4NO3 and sequential extraction of 241Am and 60Co, and by gamma-spectrometric measurement. The influence of temperature rise up to 40 ºC over a period of one month on the transfer factors (TFs) of the radionuclides from the investigated soil to orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was evaluated. The results showed that deep freezing and a sharp temperature increase continuing for one month led to re-distribution of 241Amand 60Co between the soil phases and provoked an increase of the exchangeable 137Cs. Freezing led to a decrease of 241Am in the residual fraction and an increase of oxide-bound americium. The storage at frozen conditions led to decrease of oxide bounded 60Co and increased immobilization in the residual fraction. Conditioning at high temperature increased the migration ability of 241Amand 137Cs, while immobilization of 60Co was registered. Conditioning at a sharp temperature increase before the growing season led to higher values of the TFs of all the studied radionuclides. This effect was highest for 137Cs. The sharp temperature change of contaminated Fluvisol soil lasting one month was found to create a risk of increased migration and bioaccumulation of radionuclides.
The aim of the research was to determine the effect of fertilisation and year on the SPAD value and on the dynamics of the SPAD value during the growing season.The results proved that the SPAD value steadily decreased over the growing season in a dry year, whereas it increased in a year with favourable precipitation. Fertilisation increased the SPAD values significantly (P<0.001). The significantly highest SPAD value, in both dry years and those with average rainfall, was achieved by applying 60 kg N ha −1 fertiliser active ingredient at the 6-leaf stage, and 120 kg N ha −1 at both the 12-leaf stage and the 50% silking stage.The correlation between fertilisation and SPAD values was greatly affected by the year, being closest in 2004 when there was an average precipitation supply, and weakest in 2007, the driest year. The correlation between the factors was weak at the 6-leaf stage, but became stronger as the vegetation period proceeded.As the growing season progressed, the SPAD values decreased in the dry year, but increased in the year with average precipitation supplies. Nutrient uptake was relatively intensive until the 12-leaf stage in the average year. In the dry year, the decrease in the SPAD value was the most intensive at the 50% silking stage.There was no stochastic correlation between the SPAD value measured at the 6-leaf stage and the yield, but the correlation between the two variables became stronger during the vegetation period.
The high degree of climate variability is one of the greatest risk factors for agricultural production, which needs to be taken into consideration at all times, even within the framework of modern agriculture.One of the most important ways of adapting to changing climatic conditions is to analyse varieties and genotypes with relatively good climatic adaptation in terms of yield potential and growing requirements.The effect of year on the yield of maize was examined using a twenty-four year yield sequence. The weather was extremely variable in the examined period, so the effect of fertilisation also differed greatly. There was a clear correlation between the quantity of precipitation in the winter period and in the growing season and the yield of unfertilised treatments. The quantitative relationship between the two variables was moderate, because not only the total quantity of precipitation, but also the distribution over time has a significant influence on the yield. Very low yields were not always associated with the lowest precipitation sums (1994, 1995). Larger yields, however, were only achieved with higher precipitation (1980, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008). It can be clearly seen that similar precipitation quantities resulted in different yield levels, due to the distribution of precipitation over time. The available water in the soil profile in spring is decisively influenced by precipitation during the winter period. An analysis of the results revealed a close correlation between the years and the fertilisation rate. In dry years a lower rate of fertilisation was more favourable, while in years with average or above-average precipitation, higher rates led to better yields. Under droughty conditions, and especially in consecutive dry years, the application of not more than 60 kg N ha −1 fertiliser is recommended, as higher fertiliser rates (1995) increase the risk level of maize production, thus reducing the efficiency. In the case of favourable water supplies, experimental results suggest that the application of 120 kg N ha −1 is justified. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the fertiliser effect was significant when averaged over the twenty-four years, but when the years were evaluated separately, the effect was found to differ, depending on the water supplies.The yield of the maize hybrids was 10 t ha −1 in years with favourable water supplies, but only 2–4 t ha −1 in droughty years. Yield fluctuations can be reduced through appropriate soil cultivation, water and nutrient supplies.
The effect of cadmium (Cd) of atmospheric origin was investigated on certain terms in the heat balance and on the dry matter production of maize grown in the field at two water supply levels (rainfed and irrigated) in Hungary between 2010 and 2012. In contrast to previous experiments, the plants were exposed to pollution every week throughout the vegetation period. Among the plant parameters, a record was made of plant height, leaf area index and the length of the growing period. Water utilisation was estimated on the basis of water use efficiency, and efficiency from global radiation. Polluted maize used more water for the incorporation of unit dry matter, and was unable to absorb as much solar radiation as the unpolluted control plants. Irrigation moderated the negative effect of Cd on these parameters, suggesting that it could be of primary importance in overcoming the effects of Cd pollution of atmospheric origin.
progress curves under in vitro conditions. Material and methods In each of two growing seasons, two barley cultivars were artificially and individually infected with 16 FHB isolates under field conditions. When barley spikes were at the soft dough stage
hybrids in 2019 growing season. In the studied experimental area, there was a positive temperature difference between April and September in the average of the summer periods of the last 5 years compared to the 30-year average ( Gombos and Nagy, 2019
– 512 . Pržulj , N. , Momcilovic , V. , Simic , J. , Mirosavljevic , M. 2014 . Effect of growing season and variety on quality of spring two-rowed barley . Genetika
