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References [1] Arun Subramani , Joseph G. Jacangelo , “ Treatment technologies for reverse osmosis concentrate volume minimization: A
products because they are easy to handle. Microbiological safety of liquid products is mainly guaranteed by pasteurization ( Lechevalier et al., 2017 ). Consequently, there are many standardizations of the heat-treatment. The USDA requires liquid egg
, L. H. , Zhu , Z. , Wan , Y. , Jaffrin , M. Y. ( 2012 ) Treatment of dairy effluent by shear-enhanced membrane filtration: The role of foulants . Separation and Purification Technology , 96 : 194 – 203
arranged randomly to form the bulk structure. Also apparent between the crystallites and grains were pores, into which electrolyte is expected to permeate during electrochemical discharge. Heat treatment of γ-MnO 2 Before
Thermal treatment and analysis
The art of adjacent (near-equilibrium) studies
Abstract
Heating and/or cooling of substances is one of the oldest and basic methods for preparing materials with defined properties. This always leaves a definitive fingerprint of the thermal history. Beside knowing the structure we need to specify such materials by their thermodynamic behaviour, i.e., stability/metastability, phase relations and transitions, particularly establishing corresponding characteristic points. All this can be based on ordinary thermodynamics but its validity must be approved for non-equilibrium conditions of temperature changes where equilibrium and kinetic effects overlap. The slower the phase transition proceeds the greater is the deviation of the system state (kinetic curve) from its equilibrium state (equilibrium background). This makes possible to locate the actual phase boundary between two states investigated, resulting in the so-called kinetic phase diagrams. Most of modern technologies are intentionally based on non-equilibrium phenomena in order to create metastable/nonstable phases of specific properties. In this sense thermal analysis is understand as the method for determining the sample state on the basis of the sample interactions with the surroundings whose intensive parameters are controlled. Temperature is here considered as a basic parameter that connects all thermophysical measurements and thermal treatments.
, China. Also, the food grade Ca-lactate and the sodium alginate was bought from Sigma Aldrich, Bulgaria. Treatments All of the fruit were selected without injury and with stalk, were carefully washed and dried before the experiments. Three types of
chemical and/or physical surface treatments were developed in order to guarantee a better fiber–matrix adhesion [ 2 , 3 ]. The evaluation of how effective a treatment is can be made by several methods, including scanning electron microscopy and mechanical
obtain higher machinability can be achieved by adding small amounts of copper and/or molybdenum to Ni–Fe alloys. By doing thus, one can obtain composition's range exhibiting high permeability which can be improved by annealing treatment. Such approach has
, the high rate of fat adsorption may limit the transport of soluble substrates and consequently cause the conversion rate in the substrates to decrease ( Atallah et al., 2020 ). Anaerobic digestion (AD) has long been recognized as an effective treatment
of the influent and easy maintenance make CWs an alternative to standard wastewater treatment processes especially for small communities. The classification of CW is based on the type of macrophyte grown up and on the water flow regime: horizontal
