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From Elites to Nomenklatura
The Evolution and Some Characteristics of Institutionalised Cadre Policy in Hungary (1945-1989)
Based on empirical research the paper summarizes the social and institutional characteristics of the birth and reproduction of the Hungarian nomenklatura system. The research included the reconstruction of the decision making system, and the documents of recruitment. Moreover interviews were conducted with several top officials of the Hungarian Socialist Workers Party. The paper argues that although there was a chance to form new elite after World War II., it did not happen because of the infiltration of the Communist Party into the repressive organizations. The take-over of power led to the formation of a nomenklatura. The paper overviews the impact of the nomenklatura-system on the working of central institutions, the academic world and civil organizations. It investigates the documents dealing with the composition of the nomenklaktura and the privileges of its members.
Abstract
An intensive investigation of the American science advisory system failed to find indications of elite structure in the selection or patterns of service of advisors. Advisory groups cannot act as elements of the invisible college circuits thatPrice refered to. The only long term advisors areex officio members.Advisory committee growth and activity is marked by three periods: 1951 to 1957, slow growth; 1957 to 1966, rapid growth; and 1967 to 1972, no growth. Combined with the pattern of growth in numbers of eligible scientists, a perception of elite control may have been created.
clinical trial [ 8 ]; the most common non-serious adverse events were dizziness, syncope, nausea, headache, and fever. Vaccination as a method of prevention is always a crucial point in the healthcare of elite athletes because of their global travelling and
Bernardo, R., 1990a. An alternative statistics for identifying lines useful for improving parents of an elite single cross. Theor. Appl. Genet. 80: 105–109. Bernardo R
Introduction Karate is a polystructural acyclic sport ( 36 ), characterized by an intermittent physical activity, engaging very intense punches and kicks ( 9 , 43 ). Karate elite athletes are usually prescribed a mixed
Scientific observers as well politicians have noted for a long time that European integration is a process led by the elites but supported much less enthusiastically by the public at large. The first part of this paper documents systematically and for the first time how pervasive the split between elites and citizens has become over the last decades; the rejection of the “Constitution for Europe” by clear majorities of the French and Dutch voters in 2005 was only the last and most spectacular event in this regard. The paper proposes two theses which help to explain this split: (1) European integration has brought and still brings many advantages to the powerful elites involved, the political, economic and new “Eurocratic” elites; (2) for the population at large, the gains from integration are much less obvious; significant subsections of the populations in different EU member countries have been affected negatively by integration. These theses are documented by empirical evidence from many different sources: Data about the origins, careers and privileges of European politicians and bureaucrats; historical and contemporary data about the role of economic interests and the successful strategies of economic elites concerning integration; statistical data about the socioeconomic development of the EU and “Euroland” compared to other large advanced countries and macro-regions of the world; and survey data about the perceptions and evaluations of European integration both among the elites and the populations in the different member states.
injury occurrence in elite soccer players after preseason strength training with eccentric overload. Scan. J. Med. Sci. Sports 13(4), 244–250 (2003) Thorstensson A Hamstring injury
. 37 134 145 Misevic, D. (1989a): Identification of inbred lines as a source of new alleles for improvement of elite maize single crosses. Crop Sci
these physiological “adaptive” heart changes is predominantly related to the intensity and kind of sport activity and highly depends on the type of physical training ( 11 ). On the other hand, autonomous regulation of the elite athletes, which is
XY, Dong B, Wang YD, Liu B (2004) DNA methylation polymorphism in a set of elite rice cultivars and its possible contribution to inter-cultivar differential gene expression. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 9 : 543
