Search Results

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 32 items for :

  • "16th–17th centuries" x
  • Refine by Access: All Content x
Clear All

In the 16th–17th centuries the Ottoman conquerors of the occupied territories of Hungary gradually established their own intitutions. Together with the military, dervishes also appeared and generally settled outside the defended city walls. Owing to the sparsity of source material, the lives and activities of these dervishes and their monasteries are less known. The present study attempts to collect and present all the data concerning the Bektaşi convents in Ottoman Hungary. Five monasteries are known to have existed that undoubtedly belonged to the Bektaşi order: two in Buda, one in Eger, another one in Székesfehérvár and one in Lippa. It is most likely that the convent of Yağmur Baba in Hatvan, that of Muhtar Baba in Buda, and perhaps that in Szolnok also had Bektaşi affiliations. This relatively small number may probably be augmented in the future, since many more Babas had monasteries and shrines in Ottoman Hungary, whose biographies and affiliations still await further research. Obviously, the political elite in Ottoman Hungary considered it important to support the Bektaşi dervishes; they fostered the building of convents and provided them with endowments. Thus, in addition to the pronounced presence of the Bektaşis in literary monuments, and the reputation of Gül Baba preserved throughout the centuries, the presence of Bektaşi convents in Hungary also testifies to the significant role played by this dervish order in the cultural life of Ottoman Hungary.

Restricted access

In the 16th century, there were two vilayets in Hungary; their number increased to four at the turn of the 17th century and to six after 1660. The largest of them, the vilayet of Buda, was loss-making throughout the period, with the exception of a few years. The Buda vilayet received financial support from the central treasury during the 16th century and from the campaign treasury during the Long War at the turn of the 17th century. Subsequently, in the 17th century, roughly 70 per cent of its military expenditure was covered by state revenues from the Balkan Peninsula. In the latter decades of the 16th century, the Temeşvar vilayet produced a financial surplus. It suffered financial woes during the war at the turn of the century but recovered thereafter. In the early 17th century, the Eger vilayet used its own revenue to pay for more than half of its costs, but the losses of the Kanija vilayet resembled those of Buda. The Varad vilayet in the east of the country was financially self-sufficient, while the Uyvar vilayet , established in the approaches to Vienna, was funded entirely by the central treasury. To sum up: in the stricken western vilayets , which were devastated by the military campaigns, local revenues met no more than one third of military costs; meanwhile, the three eastern vilayets , which were less affected by conflict, were for the most part self-sufficient.

Restricted access

This study tries to give an overview of the varied connections between word and image in the calendars and other popular works (penny books, manuscript song collections) of the late Renaissance and Baroque. The author investigates the associations and influences from different fields of culture, considers ancient topoi and archetypes which underwent a great many transformations over space and time. In the first part of this paper are examined some non-traditional figures in the calendar for 1578 (Kolozsvár-Cluj, Heltai’s office) like mermaids/sirens in the role of Aquarius and Virgo, and the appearence of these figures on the painted furniture and ceiling panels of 18th -century Calvinist churches in Hungary.

The second part of this article deals with some typical title pages of calendars, edited in different printing houses of Upper Hungary (by Lorentz Brewer in Lőcse/Levoča, the serie Calendarium Tyrnaviense, Nagyszombat/Trnava) from the second half of the 17th century, and with the calendars of David Frölich, published in Breslau (Wrocław, PL) between 1623 and 1646.

Restricted access

The authors present an overview of the results of the practical lexicographical work on compiling a glossary of historical literary monuments in the “Dictionary of everyday Russian language of Moscow Rus’ in the 16th–17th centuries” (4 issues have been published). The paper elaborates on principles underlying the semantic description of the vocabulary and phraseology of everyday language in the 16th–17th centuries, and highlights the parameters of semantic description of language material as well as techniques how to define semantic space of linguistic units. It gives a detailed description of semantic derivation, systematization and phraseological coherence, which are significant for historical dictionaries.

Restricted access

The “Genealogy of the Tatar Sovereigns” ( Rodoslovnaia tatarskikh tsarei ) preserved in various (official and private) genealogical books of the 16th–17th centuries is a unique and precious monument of both Tatar and Russian history. This text owes its existence to the lively interest of the Russian state in the inner relations of the declining Tatar states towards the middle of the 16th century. Its genesis cannot be disconnected from the Russian conquests of Kazan and Astrakhan. The bulk of the genealogies was compiled in the 1550s and based on Tatar sources. A critical analysis of these genealogies, comparing every piece of data with other contemporary (Russian and Oriental) sources, is a task yet to be accomplished, but the significance of these texts is beyond doubt. What I tried to do in this paper was to emphasise and analyse a few noteworthy aspects of this group of monuments.

Restricted access

Slavonia and Croatia belonged to the Habsburg controlled part of the Kingdom of Hungary. As a result of the Ottoman conquest, the two provinces merged into a single territorial entity, and this study discusses this process. The noble society and the public administration of Croatia and Slavonia had fewer and fewer links with the Hungarian institutions due to economic, religious and military reasons. However, in the meantime they established close relationships with the Habsburg dynasty and the Austrian hereditary provinces. The local nobility developed the idea of the independent Croatian state in the 16th–17th centuries, and thus, the territory could not reintegrate completely into the Kingdom of Hungary in the early 18th century.

Restricted access

Abstract

When one examines the descriptions of Hungarian travellers of the 16th–17th centuries, it can be stated that the young people – as the listed examples all bring to life the journeys of young people – were prepared for the trips. These young travellers were also accompanied by teachers, and they could read about the geography and people of the area to be visited in the libraries at home. It is also important that eruditive knowledge, complemented by the experience of the trip, reinforces the knowledge read. They also knew the importance of book publishing and the book trade, and we could cite more passages in this regard than in the case of libraries. The libraries they saw were admired, but usually left unmentioned. They must have visited the university library, yet we can hardly find any information about this in the letters and diaries sent to patrons and parents. In our study, we present and cite some examples, but we mention cases where the traveller also noticed the decoration of the library – paintings, sculptures – and furnishings. Globes are mentioned more often. At the end of the study, I mention that from the end of the 17th century we know of a university debate (dissertation) about libraries. Under the leadership of praesens Johann Georg Zihn, Adam Gruber, a citizen of Sopron, defended his thesis, Disputatio de bibliothecis (Leipzig, 1678). It is also the first library science work by an author from Hungary.

Open access

Adatok a magyarországi ötvösség történetéhez IX. Miskolc

Addenda to the history of goldsmith’s art in Hungary IX. Miskolc

Művészettörténeti Értesítő
Author:
András Grotte

In the earlier scientific literature dealing with the Hungarian masters’ mark (thus also in the book of Kőszeghy Elemér: Magyarországi ötvösjegyek a középkortól 1867-ig / Merkzeichen der Goldschmiede Ungarns vom Mittelalter bis 1867. Budapest 1936) the data about the smiths of Miskolc was corrupted, because it had been mixed up with the data about the smiths from other cities (eg. Munkács, today Mukačeve, Ucraine). The study includes the revision of the scientific literature about the smiths of Miskolc, and collects with an ambition of completeness all the data related to them. We have relatively few sources dating from the 16th-17th centuries, but the smiths begin to appear in written sources from the 18th century onwards. The appearing names are sometimes related to the works which are still around today. The study details many of these connections. The smiths of Miskolc were working organized into guilds. The Jewish smiths living in the city have joined the guild of masters of Jewish faith which was founded in 1836.

Restricted access

The use of special carpets, textiles, leatherwares and cloths produced in the Ottoman Empire (sometimes in the Balkans) became a generally accepted custom in the Hungarian households of the 16th century. According to the customs tariff, these goods were constantly traded. A small part of them was transported to the markets of Vienna and other western European cities by Hungarian, Serb and Ragusan merchants. Serb soldiers (called Rác by the Hungarians) settled down in the fortress town of Győr and Komárom (situated on the western part of Hungary) already in the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th century, they started to pursue civil occupations and acquire citizenship in increasing number. It was at about the same time that the first representatives of the merchants, who were called “Greeks”, appeared. Both groups came to play a vital role in the transit trade linking West and East. In the mid-17th century, the “Greek” (i.e. Orthodox) merchants founded independent companies operating with limited autonomy in the eastern part of the Hungarian Kingdom and in Transylvania. These companies developed into significant trading centres of Hungary in the 18th century.

Restricted access

Three sixteenth-century inscribed Bohemian chalices are known from the Carpathian Basin: one is from Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca, RO) and the other two are from the western Hungarian villages of Csönge and Egyházashetye. These objects have appeared numerous times in exhibitions and catalogues since the end of the nineteenth century, but their origin and history were never investigated. Aside from a description of the inscription and the stylistic features of the decoration, only the remarks ‘Slav inscription’ or ‘Hussite’ referred to the historical context. This study is an attempt to rectify this omission by uncovering the identity of the patrons, ascertaining how and when the chalices arrived in the Carpathian Basin, and establishing the circumstances in which the objects were acquired by new owners.

Restricted access