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Community ecologists have become increasingly interested in analyzing the phylogenetic diversity of species assemblages. Species that co-occur in the same habitats often share a common phylogenetic history such that at coarse spatial scales a species assemblage with a locally clustered phylogenetic structure is usually associated with the presence of habitat filtering mechanisms. However, more recently it has been hypothesized that environmental filters act primarily on the relative abundance of species rather than on their simple presences and absences, reducing the species’ probabilities to persist in given environmental conditions. This process may produce a non-random distribution of species abundances in the regional phylogeny even in the absence of a locally clustered phylogenetic structure. In this paper, using data from the urban flora of Brussels (Belgium) we tested for the presence of non-randomness in the distribution of abundances among the species phylogenetic structure. We argue that the observed pattern of low species phylogenetic distinctiveness at increasing species abundances is compatible with environmental filtering processes.
John Horton Conway stood out from many famous mathematicians for his love of games and puzzles. Among others, he is known for inventing the two-player topological games called Sprouts and Brussels Sprouts. These games start with n spots (n crosses resp.), have simple rules, last for finitely many moves, and the player who makes the last move wins. In the misère versions, the player who makes the last move loses. In this paper, we make Brussels Sprouts colored, preserving the aesthetic interest and balance of the game. In contrast to the original Sprouts, Colored Brussels Sprouts allows mathematical analysis without computer programming and has winning strategies for a large family of the number of spots.
The manuscript Brussels Bibliothèque royale II 3824 is a chant manuscript in French notational style. It was written for Saint-Bénigne of Dijon. The writing of the manuscript dates it after 1228 and before 1288. The appearance of the gradual, Sacerdotes eius, twice in close placement to one another (folio 244r, 255 v) is to be regarded as unusual. It seems probable that the Brussels manuscript was copied from one or more exemplars. The important manuscript, Montpellier H 159 also originated in Dijon. There are several minor differences between the readings of Sacerdotes eius in the two manuscripts. The melodic versions are not identical. They are not organized in the same fashion. The appearance of two variant versions of Sacerdotes eius is tied to the copying process, either from one or more exemplars. The copying process was wedded to the process of faithful copying rather than critical editing.
. (2002): The Economic Impact of Objective 1 Interventions for the Period 2000–2006. Final Report to the Directorate-General for Regional Policies . Brussels: European Commission. Beutel J
ESRB (European Systemic Risk Board) (2011): ESRB Recommendations on Foreign Currency Lending . Brussels. ESRB Recommendations on Foreign Currency Lending 2011
Commission (2010): European Innovation Scoreboard 2010 . Brussels: European Commission. European Innovation Scoreboard 2010 2010
The EU budget review, launched by the Commission in 2007, is a unique opportunity to critically examine EU policies and instruments. Structural Funds are at the heart of the EU’s cohesion efforts, and amount to almost one-third of the Community’s budget. They have two declared objectives, economic growth and regional convergence, but these do not always complement each other. The allocation of the Structural Funds is not efficient from a pure growth standpoint, and a large proportion of transfers takes place within regions. With enlargement, cross-country transfers increased significantly to 40% of total flows, and intra-regional redistribution decreased. In a more diverse EU, this is a step to the right direction. Yet, almost three-quarters of intra-country redistribution still happens within regions.
Communities Luxembourg . European Commission ( 1994a ). Research and technological development: Achieving coordination through cooperation . COM (94) 438 Final, Brussels, 19 October
Abstract
Excitation functions of proton induced reactions on Pd are important for medical radioisotope production, for activation analysis, for development of low activation materials and other purposes. No experimental data exist in the literature for low and medium energy range protons. A detailed study of the excitation functions was performed up to 80 MeV proton energy by using the stacked foil irradiation technique and gamma-ray spectrometry. The irradiations were carried out at the external beam lines of the AVF cyclotron at the Tohoku University. Japan (80 and 70 MeV) and the CGR 560 cyclotron at the Vrije Universiteit Brussels (38, 29 and 17 MeV). The beam intensity, the incident energy and the energy degradation were controlled by a method based on flux constancy via normalization to the parallel measured excitation functions of natAl(p,x)22,24Na and natCu(p,x)56,58Co, 62,65Zn monitor reactions. Excitation functions for direct and cumulative cross sections have been measured for the production of 105mg,106m,110mAg, 101Pd, 101mRh and 97Ru radionuclei. Calculations for the excitation functions using the Alice-IPPE code were performed with a view to estimate the weight of the different contributing reactions and to check the trend and the magnitude of the obtained experimental data.
References Adebahr , C. ( 2016 ): A Flexible Europe after the Brexit Vote . Carnegie Europe, Carnegie Europe, Brussels, September 1, http
