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extensive annex discussing different kinds of output indicators (Godin 2002 ). From the early 1990s, the European Commission also became increasingly active in the development and use of various S&T output indicators, including not only bibliometric
Abstract
Since more than 10 years, the obligation to perform a research evaluation about the JRC activities is included in Council decisions on research programmes. From 1984 to 1986 eight Peer Panels reviews were performed, one for each programme, and they were followed by an overall assessment by the JRC Scientific Council. For the research programme 1988–1991, a mid-term and a final evaluations were entrusted to expert Panels for the all JRC. For the last programme, 1992–1994, a new approach was introduced by charging Visiting Groups to perform an evaluation of each JRC Institute. Internal evaluation through questionnaires and bibliometric analyses were also attempted at JRC. The merits of the various appoaches are highlighted and specific considerations are shortly discussed concerning the 
control
and the support function of the evaluations, quantitative and qualitative assessments, distributed or centralised evaluations, single or multi-stage evaluations.
National cultures and European identity
The process of Engrenage among European Commission civil servants
Cini, M. (2001): Reforming the European Commission: an Organisational Culture Perspective. Queen’s Papers on Europeanisation , No. 11/2001. Retrieved: 12 May 2007, from http
. Public Finance and Public Choice EC (1997): Agenda 2000. Volume 1: For a Stronger and Wider Union . COM/97/2000 final. Brussels: European Commission
. Susanne Hoffmann provided excellent research assistance. The views expressed in the article are solely those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the European Commission. The paper was prepared when the author was DG ECFIN
. (2002): The Economic Impact of Objective 1 Interventions for the Period 2000–2006. Final Report to the Directorate-General for Regional Policies . Brussels: European Commission. Beutel J
. European Commission (2009): Economic Crisis in Europe: Causes, Consequences and Responses. European Economy 7. Iacoviello, M. (2005): House Prices, Collateral Constraints and Monetary Policy in the Business Cycle
Abstract
Recently, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) has assumed responsibility for organizing regular measurement comparisons among those laboratories which provide radioactivity monitoring data from their country to authorities of the European Commission (EC) under various EC legislation articles. The most recent exercise under this International Comparison Scheme for Radioactivity Environmental Monitoring (ICS-REM) in measuring the 137Cs, 40K and the 90Sr activity concentration in milk powder is presented here. The complete cycle of the comparison is described, including the establishment of reference values traceable to SI units, the demonstration of the homogeneity of the distributed samples, the treatment and measurement of samples in the participating laboratories, and the evaluation of the results.
Abstract
A series of reference materials intended for use as activation or fission monitors for neutron fluence rate measurements has been prepared by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Certification has been carried out by expert European laboratories and distribution of the certified reference materials (CRMs) is through the BCR programme of the Commission. The list (18 CRMs) includes materials to cover the complete energy spectrum, and suitable for different irradiation times. Fission monitors are 238UO2 or 237NpO2 in the form of microspheres. Activation monitors are high purity metals (Ni, Cu, Al, Fe, Nb, Rh, or Ti), certified for interfering trace impurities, or dilute aluminium-based alloys, where aluminium is chosen as a suitable matrix for reducing the neutron self-shielding effect. Newly certified materials are IRMM-530R Al-0.1%Au, replacing the exhausted IRMM-530 material, used as comparator for k 0-standardization, and three new Al-Co alloys (0.01-1%Co). Two others, in the process of certification are Al-0.1%Ag and Al-2%Sc for thermal and epithermal fluence rate measurements. Other candidate reference materials currently being certified are two uranium-doped glass intended for dosimetry by the fission-track technique.
