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Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are an important enteric pathogen in humans and livestock animals. Transmission of animal RVA strains to humans has been documented on several occasions. A reverse route of transmission of RVA under natural circumstances is anticipated, although evidence is scarce. However, experimental studies indicated that animals can be infected with human RVAs. By screening the stool samples collected from 157 cattle during 2011 in two Cameroonian villages, four samples (2.5%) were found positive for RVA. Upon sequence analysis of a 410 bp fragment of the VP7 gene, the RVA strains shared up to 100% nt identity to each other and to G12 RVAs identified in human patients living in the same geographic regions. This finding provides evidence for a human-to-animal transmission of an epidemic human rotavirus strain.
In the empirical finance literature most frequently monthly returns are applied for measuring fund performance or testing market efficiency. We propose a new return calculation method, the daily recalculated monthly returns which has not been used in academic studies for asset pricing purposes. We argue that our method outperforms daily and monthly return calculations in the case of Hungarian mutual funds when only short time series are available. Daily recalculated monthly returns induce the best fitting property of the market model while the time series remain sufficiently long to derive asymptotic tests even when we work on a one-year-long time series. Using our method the estimated parameters and the R 2 s are very close to the results obtained when using monthly returns which are considered a good working approximation.
Conclusion
Neutron activation analysis is a good analytical tool for application to toxicology. The advantages are as follows:
(1)
Identification of the spieces being measured. This removes the possibility of the presence of other “interfering” materials.
(2)
High sensitivity. This allows many analyses to be made on tissue from living subjects and makes possible accurate analyses
of minute samples from single hairs or of low weight organisms.
(3)
Ease of working. After the materials are irradiated contamination ceases to be a problem and significant weights of the sought
for materials can be added so that there is no need for the use of microchemical techniques. This also allows the analysis
to be performed rapidly—typically about 50 analyses per day.
Abstract
A module is extending relative to a module class in two different ways. The definition and general properties of such extending modules have been given in [3] and also in the case of specific classes of modules has been characterized. In this paper, we define weak extending modules in two different ways with respect to general classes of modules. We give the relations between extending and weak extending modules and characterize them.
Abstract
Multi-radionuclide analyses of coastal marine sediments and seawater can be of considerable value in defining rates and mechanisms of nearshore processes. A preliminary study of134Cs,137Cs,210Pb,226Ra and228Ra in the Clyde Sea Area has been performed. A summary of the marine geochemistries of these species and a detailed account of methods involved in their routine analysis are described.
