Search Results
. Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . Favereau , Marie 2021 . The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
The article deals with the word koreš ‘close friend’ used in Russian cant. It comes from the Russian verb koreševat’sja ‘to greet each other friendly, to establish friendship and close relations’ that, in turn, has its origin in the Turkic verb körüš- ‘to see each other, to have an audience’. The diplomatic ceremony of koreševan’e ‘a kind of very close embrace’ was common in the Golden Horde and its successor states — the Khanates of the Crimea, Kazan and Astrakhan, the Noghay Horde and Muscovy, at least up to the end of the 16th century. Soon the word koreš (literally:’ a man participating in the ceremony of koreševan’e’) with the meaning ‘true and close friend’ was ejected to the sphere of Russian slang and acquired a secondary, alleged link with the Russian word koren’ ‘root’ as if it were its pseudo-diminutive form.
The main reason of wars between the khans of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhans of Iran was the claim of the Djochids on Arran and Azerbaidjan. These territories, being the main trading centres between East and West, were very important both from the economic and strategic point of view. It is known that in addition to the state of the Ilkhans, the Golden Horde also had tense relations with the Ulus of Chaghatay. Thus, for instance, Berke actively defended the interests of the Djochids in the power struggle with both the Ulus of Hülegü and that of Chaghatay. In the 14th century the Chaghatayid Kebek Khan had torn with the Mongolian nomadic tradition and supported transition to a settled way of life, thereby trying to get control of the ancient civilised region of Transoxania. Monetary systems of similar character came about both in the Golden Horde, in the Ulus of Chaghatay and in the state of the Ilkhans practically at the same time. Under favourable circumstances this system could have promoted intensification of the development of trade and economic relations among these states, but the hostilities between the Hülegüids and the Golden Horde on the one hand, and the Chaghatayids and the Hülegüids on the other, acted in an adverse direction. The essential factor of the fierce struggle between these Mongol uluses was the opposition of two factions that existed inside the Mongolian elite: one supported the settled way of life while the other was defender of the military-nomadic life. They disagreed on their attitude towards the conquered peoples, economy and religion. The struggle of these directions runs all through the history of the Ulus of Djochi and the states of the Hülegüids and Chaghatayids.
. Desmaisons , Petr I . 1970 2 . Histoire des Mongols et des Tatars par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân . Amsterdam: Philo Press . Deweese , Devin A . 1994 . Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde. Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in
Solkhat, the regional capital of the Golden Horde in the Crimean Peninsula, was a multi-cultural city, with two Jewish communities—Rabbanite and Karaite. Unlike other Jewish centres in the Golden Horde, Hebrew manuscripts from 13th–15th century Solkhat have survived. These documents enable a micro-historical glance into its Jewish life, mainly of the Karaite community. However, they provide only a partial picture of the origins of these Jewish communities, circumstances of Karaite immigration to Eastern Europe, and their use of the Qıpçaq language. Parallel social and cultural processes in Solkhat's non-Jewish communities offer directions for a possible solution to these issues.
. ( 1985 ) Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History . Bloomington , Indiana University Press . Hamamoto , M. ( 2011 ) Kyōsē no isulāmu
. DeWeese, A. D ( 1994 ): Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition . University Park , Pennsylvania
Since the publication of Hammer-Purgstall’s path-breaking monograph (1840) on the history of the Golden Horde much has been written on this westernmost Tatar state, but some basic problems have remained unsolved ever since. One of the most obscure periods in the history of the Golden Horde is the twenty years’ anarchy (called bulqaq in Turkic) after Berdibek Khan’s death in 1359/60 (AH 761), lasting until 1380, the date of the establishment of Tokhtamish’s rule. With Berdibek’s death Batu’s line extinguished, and a cruel fight began among the Jochid families for the throne. Originally the western part of the Golden Horde (alias Right Wing or White Horde) was held by Batu’s house seated in Saray, and their jurisdiction nominally extended also to the eastern part of the Golden Horde (alias Left Wing or Blue Horde) where Batu’s elder brother Orda and his own successors sat on the khanal throne in Sığnaq. Practically they enjoyed total independence in matters of inner affairs, but had no coinage of their own. For long it was thought that the first eastern khan to mint coin in 770 AH (1369/70 AD) was Urus Khan, ancestor and predecessor of Girey and Jānibek, founders of the Kazak khanates in 875 AH (1470/1 AD).But some contradictory statements also appeared time and again as if a certain Mubārak-ḫoja was the first khan to mint coin in the east. Savel’ev and Markov published a few coins of Mubārak-ḫoja that were allegedly dated to 728 and 729 (perchance to 738 and 739). These dates contradicted our historical knowledge derived mainly from the Persian historian Naṇanzī’s narrative. But Jakubovskij, Safargaliev, and Ağat, bothered by the contradiction of the data, tried to reconcile the numismatic evidence with that of the written sources with no avail.The solution of the question lies in the exact date on Mubārak-ḫoja’s coins. The present paper refutes the former dates 728, 729 (or 738, 739), suggested by Savel’ev and others, as misinterpretations, and endeavours to prove that the correct dates are 768 and 769. This indisputable numismatic evidence of Mubārak-ḫoja’s coins enables us to reinterpret a whole chain of events and eradicate a number of inveterate misbeliefs. Above all, Mubārak-ḫoja minted his coins in 768 and 769 AH (07.09.1366–15.08.1368), i.e. forty years later than supposed hitherto by the majority of researchers. Now it becomes clear that Mubārak-ḫoja was the first khan to mint coins in the Blue Horde, as a sign of declaring independence in Sığnaq, capital of the Blue Horde. All this happened already during the period of the bulqaq , the great upheaval subsequent to Berdibek Khan’s death in 1259/60. Urus Khan then took over power in Sığnaq in 770 AH (1368/69), and from that time onwards the khanal mint in Sığnaq began to issue coins with a regular flow.
The Carpathian Basin and the lower Volga were once centres of nomadic tribal confederacies and empires, which had a strong impact on mediaeval European history. As for the former, the Huns, Avars and Hungarians are well worth mentioning. The Hungarians were converted in 1000 and with their Christianisation entered Latin Europe. The Khazars played an important role in the history of Kievan Rus', whereas the Golden Horde had a basic effect on the formation of Russia. The peoples of the steppe played an important role during the formation of Europe, a fact which has been neglected in historiography.
. – Lantratova, O. ( 2011b ): Female Costume of the Golden Horde Period from Burial 93 from the Majačnyj Bugor I Cemetery of the Astrakhan Region of Russia . Archaeological Textiles Newsletter No. 52 , Spring, pp. 48 – 63
