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Throughout their existence, Kievan Rus’ and the Old-Russian Principalities often had to face the incursions of their nomadic neighbours. Their relationship was characterised by many contradictions but down to the appearance of the Mongols no nomadic tribe or confederation meant a real menace for the political independence of Rus’ and the Old-Russian Principalities. The present study is giving an analysis and evaluation of the ambivalent attitude of Old-Russian chronicles towards their nomadic foes. As the relationships between the different Old-Russian Principalities and the nomadic tribes were of various character, the standpoints of the chroniclers widely differ. For the early period one can gather information from the Povest’ Vremennyh Let, for the later period the regional chronicle-writing, e.g. the Galician-Volhynian or Vladimir-Suzdalian chronicles, provide material. The summary of the conclusions drawn from these data is that there is a special duality in the chronicles as far as the evaluation of the steppe nomads is concerned. On the one hand, they have a negative approach based on the Christian-non-Christian antagonism, on the other, an attitude of tolerance can also be observed. The reason for the latter aspect lies in the interests of the courts of the princes that often entered into alliance with different groups of the nomads.

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Kievan Rus ’. Еd. by Simon Franklin. (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature. English Translations 5.) Cambridge, Mass., 1991. Franklin 1992 = Франклин Саймон: О «философах» и «философии» в Киевской Руси

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The author of this paper examines what position the most prominent 12th-century Russian ecclesiastic writer and orator, the author of numerous festal speeches and parables, Cyril of Turov takes up on and what aesthetic value he attributes to ecclesiastic feasts. In the paper, it is also studied why he considers it important and “soul-saving” to read and to know sacred books while he also speaks of the psychology of reading.

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The Carpathian Basin and the lower Volga were once centres of nomadic tribal confederacies and empires, which had a strong impact on mediaeval European history. As for the former, the Huns, Avars and Hungarians are well worth mentioning. The Hungarians were converted in 1000 and with their Christianisation entered Latin Europe. The Khazars played an important role in the history of Kievan Rus', whereas the Golden Horde had a basic effect on the formation of Russia. The peoples of the steppe played an important role during the formation of Europe, a fact which has been neglected in historiography.

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The present article outlines the history of the prohibition, in the medieval Slavonic tradition, which forbade the Orthodox believers to contract marriages with the “Latins”. The article traces the main cases of the appearance of this prohibition in the Slavonic sources, primarily canon and civil law codes, starting from the eleventh century in Kievan Rus' to the sixteenth century in the Balkans. The form of the prohibition as found in the Syntagma of Matthew Blastares and related legal codes (legislationof Stefan Dušan and the Epitimian Nomocanon) is discussed in especial detail. The Slavonic translation of Blastares' Syntagma was the main channel through which the opinion of Theodore Balsamon on marriages with Latins entered the legal corpus of the Orthodox Slavs. In the texts analysed it was recommended that the Latins be treated as a heterodox group of a particular nature.

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The city name Man Kermen in The Secret History of the Mongols is identified with Kiev in the chapters concerning the great western Mongol campaign against Eastern Europe. It is based on the datum of Rashīd al-Dīn: ‘the great city of the Rus, which was called Man-Kermen.’ It is beyond doubt that the Cumans called Kiev as Man Kermen meaning Great Town in Turkic as the spiritual and ecclesiastic center of Kievan Rus. However, there is another possibility. The capital of the Volga Bulghars in the first decades of the 13th century has been excavated near to village Biljarsk. It is called by the contemporary sources as Velikij Gorod in the Russian annals, magna civitas in the work of the Hungarian friar, Julian both meaning Great Town.

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Bulgaria from its birth to its sunset, paying special attention to martial arts, diplomacy and international contacts with the Baghdad Caliphate, Kievan Rus’, and the Kingdom of Hungary (pp. 45–53); urban planning and cult architecture (pp. 54–62); economic

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Функціювання лексики на позначення стихійних явищ в українській мові XVІ–XVIII ст.

The Functioning of the Vocabulary Designating Natural Disasters in the Ukrainian Language in the 16th–18th Centuries

Studia Slavica
Author:
Василь Денисюк

Дослідження особливостей функціювання лексики на позначення стихійних явищ, виконане на матеріалі писемних пам’яток української мови ХVІ–ХVІІІ ст., дає підстави стверджувати, що генетично аналізовані номени цієї тематичної групи праслов’янського походження. Одиничним випадком представлено запозичення з польської мови пожога. У задекларований період відбувається активне поповнення групи лексики на позначення стихійних явищ за рахунок входження в неї лексичних одиниць з інших тематичних груп, зокрема метеорологічної лексики, та розвитку в цих словах унаслідок семантичних зсувів нових значень, що репрезентують загальне поняття «стихійне явище». Аналізовані лексеми демонструють один вид системних відношень – синонімічні.

За структурою в аналізованих писемних текстах виявляють активність однослівні найменування, з’ясувати відповідну семантику яких допомагає контекстуальне оточення. Часто автори творів послуговуються кількаслівними найменуваннями, до складу яких входить іменник та прикметник (зазвичай це атрибутиви великій, лютий чи форми найвищого ступеня порівняння превеликіе, прежестокій, що експліцитно вказують на високий ступінь описуваного явища).

Прикметно, що для реалізації семи ‘повінь’ автори залучають віддієслівний іменник потоп, що в досліджуваний період поступово починає втрачати релігійну та набуває світської семантики. Києворуську традицію продовжує номінація цього явища дієслівно-іменниковим або прикметниково-іменниковим словосполученням.

Основним репрезентантом семи ‘посуха’ слугує атрибутив сухий, який у досліджуваних пам’ятках уживається виключно в описових конструкціях, субстантивний компонент яких – лексема на позначення пори року (весна, літо, осінь).

Сему ‘холод’ в аналізованих писемних текстах реалізують лексеми холод і мороз, ужиті в повноголосній формі та ускладнені квантитавними формами прикметників для репрезентації ступеня стихійного явища. Саме в реалізації цієї семи спостерігаємо суб’єктивний підхід до оцінки явища.

Лексема сніг у багатьох контекстах реалізує синкретизовану семантику – ‘атмосферні опади’ та ‘стихійне явище’. Чітке уявлення про стихійне явище дають контексти, у яких автори послуговуються додатковим атрибутивом-кваліфікатором великий. Зрідка роль додаткового кваліфікатора виконує прислівник зі значенням кількості, ускладнений іншим прислівником зі значенням міри і ступеня.

У семантичній структурі номенів на підставі метафоричного перенесення відбувся розвиток переносного значення, що засвідчують сучасні лексикографічні праці. Більшість однослівних найменувань успадкувала нова українська мова, де вони продовжують функціювати без зміни основного лексичного значення.

The study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the vocabulary designating natural disasters performed on the basis of written monuments of the Ukrainian language in the 16th–18th centuries allows us to state that the genetically analyzed lexemes in this thematic group are of Proto-Slavic origin. The only exception is the borrowing пожога from the Polish language. The vocabulary designating natural disasters was actively completed due to the inclusion of lexical units from other thematic groups including meteorological vocabulary and the development of new meanings in these words because of semantic shifts representing the general concept of ‘natural disasters’ during the declared period. The analyzed lexemes demonstrate one type of systemic relations: synonymous.

One-word names show activity according to the structure of the analyzed written texts. The contextual environment helps to find out the corresponding semantics of them. The authors often use multi-word names which include a noun and an adjective (they are usually the adjectives великий, лютий or forms of the highest degree of comparison превеликіе, прежестокій, which explicitly indicate a high degree of the described disaster).

It is noteworthy that the authors use the verbal noun потоп for the realization of the seme ‘flood’, which gradually started to lose its religious semantics and acquired a secular meaning in the period under study. The Kievan Rus’ tradition is continued by the nomination of this disaster by a verb–noun or an adjective– noun word combination.

The main representative of the seme ‘drought’ is the adjective сухий, which is used exclusively in the descriptive constructions in the studied monuments, the substantive component of which is a lexeme to denote a season (весна, літо, осінь).

The lexemes холод and мороз realize the seme ‘cold’ in the analyzed written texts. They are used in their full-vowel forms and combined with quantitative forms of adjectives to represent the degree of the natural disaster. A subjective approach to the assessment of the disaster is observed in the implementation of this seme.

The lexeme сніг in many contexts implements syncretized semantics: ‘precipitation’ and ‘natural disaster’. A clear idea of the natural disaster is given by the contexts in which the authors use the additional qualifier великій. Occasionally, the adverb with the value of amount combined with another adverb with the value of extent and degree performs the role of an additional qualifier.

As evidenced by modern lexicographic works, the development of a figurative meaning occurred in the semantic structure of nouns on the basis of metaphorical transfer. The present-day Ukrainian language inherited most of the one-word names, which continue to operate without changing their basic lexical meaning.

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. 1984 . ‘Cumanica I: The Qipčaqs in Georgia.’ Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 4: 45–87 . [Repr. In: GOLDEN 2003: Article XI.] Golden , Peter B . 1991 . ‘Aspects of the Nomadic Factor in the Economic Development of Kievan Rus’.’ In: Ihor S

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through the mediation of the Kievan Rus, or, given the frequency of the finds, that the raw material had been mined locally in the Kaczawskie Mountains. However, she conceded that the latter option found little support either among archaeologists or

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