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This paper examines the iconolographical origin of Johannes Sambucus’ emblem dedicated to Carlo Sigonio, which – according to its title – displays the difference between grammar, dialectics, rhetoric and history. I focus on the central female figure whose innocent nudity represents the truth and whose connection with the ideal historiography standing – balancing together with Dialectics and Rhetoric – on the head of the young virgin Grammar. The special relationship between History and naked truth also defines its symbolic connection with the costumes of the other two figures: Dialectics in rough working clothes and Rhetoric in her long luxury dress. Three symbolic animals also belong to the three female figures: a sphinx to Dialectics, a chimera to Rhetoric and a winged dog to History. Contextual examination of the emblem reveals the possible source of the strange winged dog symbol is Plutarch’s short story of Osiris and Isis. In addition, the paper draws attention to an ironic twist of History in connection with Carlo Sigonio that shows that its nudity is not always so innocent.
Some of the manuscripts and books of the Hungarian humanist, Johannes Sambucus (1531–1584) are still kept in Vienna, in the Austrian National Library. A source of information puts a new light on the sale and reception of his library. In his last will made in 1583, Sambucus left his library, the manuscripts he still owned and his maps to his son, in 1584, not long after his death, his widow started negotiations about selling them to the Emperor Rudolf II. However, the data clearly suggest that Sambucus’ library did not become en bloc part of the Imperial Library, if the purchase took place at all: only 44 years after Sambucus’ death was a certain part of his library bought by Sebastian Tengnagel for both the Imperial Library and himself. Another result of the research confirms that the philologist Sambucus cannot be separated from the book and manuscript collector Sambucus, and the examples presented here justify why it is worth involving in the research the extant books of the Hungarian humanist.
For colouring of foods anthocyanins are widely used, which are present in great quantity in black elderberry (Sambucus nigra). Experiments were done to study the anthocyanin content of several varieties and candidates, from which the highest value was found in the Haschberg cultivar. Further experiments were performed with this cultivar to study the anthocyanin stability ofS. nigraunder different circumstances (heat-treatment at various pH and temperatures). Our results revealed that anthocyanins react sensitively to temperature and pH increase.
141 Brønnum-Hansen, K., Jacobsen, F. & Flink, J.M. (1985): Anthocyanin colourants from elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.). 1. Process considerations for production of the liquid
1 Introduction Wild and cultivated species of elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) have been used in folk medicine for thousands of years to prevent countless diseases ( Charlebois, 2007 ). The medicinal potential of elder is due to its large number of
Black elder inflorescence has been traditionally used in Central Europe both in folk and official medicine. This plant material is a rich source of two biologically active components, rutin and chlorogenic acid. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on the changes of their content during processing.The stability of rutin and chlorogenic acid during drying and the long-term storage of black elder inflorescence were analysed in this study. The rutin content was determined by capillary electrophoresis using solid-phase extraction. HPLC was used for the determination of chlorogenic acid. The dependence of rutin and chlorogenic acid content on the temperature of drying and storage duration were monitored and statistically evaluated by a two-way ANOVA test. The contents of rutin and chlorogenic acid revealed no statistically significant changes when dried at temperatures of 22 °C and 30 °C. The significant decrease in contents of both studied compounds was found at a drying temperature of 50 °C. The decrease in content of rutin was about 20%, in chlorogenic acid about 12%.The content of both studied compounds also decreased after long-term storage (at a temperature of 22 °C for one year). The decrease in content of rutin was greater than that of chlorogenic acid.
The relationship between the content of bioactive compounds and mutagenic activity of elderberry fruit at different stages of ripeness was investigated. Significant differences in the antioxidant profiles (TLC, HPLC with post-column derivatization) and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FC tests) were observed for studied elderberry extracts. The more ripen the fruit at the time of harvest were, the higher the content of anthocyanins (increase from 0 to 7.8 mg g−1d.w.) and antioxidant activity of the extracts (about 5-fold increase) were. Cyanogenic glycosides were not detected at any stage of ripeness. Accordingly, Ames MPF test (Xenometrix) did not reveal any mutagenicity. Our study suggests that instability of cyanogenic glycosides ensures safety of food/pharmaceutical products based on even not fully ripen elderberry fruit.
Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on a cyanopropyl-bonded polar stationary phases has been used to separate phenolic compounds occurring in Flos Sambuci L. The separation was realized by development of the chromatographic plate in two directions with different mobile phases in each direction. Optimum systems were selected by analysis of retention data obtained for a variety of concentrations of polar solvents in a non-polar diluent ( n -hexane) for NP TLC and polar solvents in water for RP TLC, both on thin layers of cyanopropyl-bonded polar adsorbents. The first development was performed by with a non-aqueous mobile phase and the second with an aqueous mobile phase. Eight flavonoids and three phenolic acids were separated by use of the method described.
Nationalbibliothek bewirbt, erinnert auch an die zwei größten ungarnbezogenen Nachlässe des Bestandes, die für die kaiserliche Hofbibliothek gekauft wurden. Die Bibliotheken von Hans Dernschwam 14 und Johannes Sambucus 15 wurden von Hugo Blotius in die Hofsammlung
