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A XXI. században, különösen egy recesszióba került globális piaci körülmények között tevékenykedő transznacionális vállalat számára fontos, hogy nemcsak egyetlen cél – a tulajdonosi értékek maximalizálása – megvalósítására legyen képes, hanem akár egyszerre több céléra is. A mostanában megjelent felsőbb érintett elméleteknek megfelelően a TNC-nek (Transnational Corporation) képesnek kell lennie az összes érintett számára megfelelő értékteremtésre. Az elsődlegesen profitmaximalizáló menedzsmentnek egy igen komplex és konfliktusos feladattal kell szembenéznie, aminek megoldásában hatékony szerepet tölthet be a vállalatok társadalmi felelősségvállalása. Korábban a profitorientált vállalatvezetők a CSR-be invesztált nem produktív kiadásokat mint a vállalati pénzügyi teljesítményt rontó és a vállalat alapvető pénzügyi céljaival összeegyeztethetetlen tényezőként kezelték. Napjainkban azonban az empirikus vizsgálatok alapján bebizonyosodott, hogy e két tényező egymást jól ki is egészítheti, így a CSR a vállalat pénzügyi teljesítményére növelően hathat, amiből hosszú távon kompetitív versenyelőnye is származhat. Ezek a TNC-k – alkalmazkodva a 2000-es, illetve a 2010-es évek kihívásaihoz – a teljesítménynövelés érdekében a vállalat több érintettjének igényeit maximalizálva az értékteremtő folyamatokat úgy alakították át, hogy hosszú távon a menedzsment a CSR mellett vállalt elkötelezettséget, ami csak a CSR-t is magában foglaló stratégia alkalmazásával érhető el. A jövőben azok a transznacionális vállalatok, amelyeknél a vállalati stratégia egyik elemévé vált a CSR, jobb reputációt elérve egyrészt csökkentik a negatív társadalmi megítélés kockázatát, és a pénzügyi teljesítmény növekedéséhez hozzájárulhat, összességében a versenytársaihoz képest életképesebb lehet a TNC.
Hungarian economy adapting to accelerated globalisation has to meet world-economic challenges on several levels. The development and international competitiveness of certain national economies depend not least on the extent to which they can realise advantages stemming from FDI inflow and operation, especially that of TNCs. It can be judged only by analysis based on empirical facts whether how much TNCs contribute to the internal development of a national economy, how much they can promote its internal integration (development of connections among sectors), how much they contribute to the manifestation of pulling effects, to what extent they improve the economy's capital endowment, financial resources; what new management skills, organisational and marketing knowledge, new technology, information, market and selling opportunities they provide; how much they contribute to the efficiency improvement of products, services and labour; that is - in sum - to what extent they further the improvement of the competitiveness of countries - that of Hungary and Mexico in the certain case.
Act, Awareness & Availability – Sweden's current terminological infrastructure
Törvény, tudatosság, felhasználhatóság – a jelenlegi svéd terminológiai infrastruktúra
Summary
Sweden's current terminological infrastructure has a solid foundation: a national terminology centre (the Swedish Centre for Terminology, TNC), a national termbank (Rikstermbanken), and a recent legal framework which stresses government agencies' responsibility for their own terminology. This article presents experiences of terminology work in Sweden with a focus on some of its features, e.g. the use of arguments in gaining continued financial support from the state. It also presents initiatives taken by TNC in connection with the new legal framework, including a four-step model aimed at supporting government agencies in complying with the new Language Act (SFS 2009:600).
In order to explore the relationship between leaf hormonal status and source-sink relations in the response of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) to salt stress, three major phytohormones (cytokinins, abscisic acid and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), sucrose phosphate synthase activity in source leaves and sucrolytic activities in sink organs were analysed in two lines of Medicago ciliaris (salt-tolerant TNC 1.8 and salt-sensitive TNC 11.9). SNF (measured as nitrogenase activity and amount of N-fixed) was more affected by salt treatment in the TNC 11.9 than in TNC 1.8, and this could be explained by a decrease in nodule sucrolytic activities. SNF capacity was reflected in leaf biomass production and in the sink activity under salinity, as suggested by the higher salt-induced decrease in the young leaf sucrolytic activities in the sensitive line TNC 11.9, while they were not affected in the tolerant line TNC 1.8. As a consequence of maintaining sink activities in the actively growing organs, the key enzymatic activity for synthesis of sucrose (sucrose phosphate synthase) was also less affected in the mature leaves of the more tolerant genotype. Ours results showed also that the major hormone factor associated with the relative tolerance of TNC 1.8 was the stimulation of abscisic acid concentration in young leaves under salt treatment. This stimulation may control photosynthetic organ growth and also may contribute to a certain degree in the maintenance of coordinated sink-source relationships. Therefore, ABA may be an important component which conserves sucrose synthesis in source leaves.
This paper explores the theoretical possibility of re-interpreting the conventional wisdom of the transition economy literature on privatisation. Around 1989/90 the emphasis had been put on de-etatization and good corporate governance and little attention was paid to the necessity of integrating the Eastern economies into the network of transnational corporations (TNCs). Today, it is clear that this is the name of game. Without TNCs, privatisation simply does not produce the expected results. Based on the experience of Hungary, this paper describes an alternative model where the key policy variable is the rise of manufacturing exports. It is argued that for resource-poor transition economies privatisation to foreign strategic investors is the single most important question of the ownership revolution. Once this policy is advanced, the rise in exports can help to underpin macroeconomic stability. In other words divesting the manufacturing sector to TNCs is the beginning of a virtuous circle, where large and well publicized sell-offs help to attract portfolio investors and greenfield investors as well.
The paper discusses the frameworks and development of the introduction of the Euro in Central Europe, with a focus on pre-entry countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Croatia). The main elements of monetary integration maturity are the state of real-integration (possibilities of large saving in transaction costs), meeting the criteria of functioning market economy and the single market; macro-economic stability and meeting the Maastricht criteria; and shortcomings of absorption (integration) capacities of the EU. Controversial questions are also discussed, such as requirements concerning inflation, the budget deficit or exchange rate stability. The paper argues that the countries under scrutiny show diverging courses of action and policies, public support is also unclear, and the interests of TNCs and political elites contradict each other. Cultural, legal, security or emotional factors will pay a key role in eventual adoption, and prospects also depend on the solution of the current debt and migration crises.
the common currency, the Euro, while the Eastern states integrated primarily in the supply chains of the German transnational corporations (TNCs) as assembly plants. In recent years, however, we have seen that these relations enhanced hierarchical
This case study of the medical technology sector in Czechia places a major focus on the position of Czech firms, particularly SMEs, in global production networks and their internationalization. The medical technology (MedTech) industry is on the rise in Czechia, although in relative terms it is part of a relatively less important category. Three types of MedTech firms have been identified in Czechia: branches of TNCs, mostly domestically-owned innovative SMEs, and local SMEs focusing on low-value production. Despite there being several innovative and successful firms, production is dominated by low-value disposables and medical and surgical products. Apart from exports, other forms of internationalization are rare and occur mostly among a number of innovative firms. With a few exceptions, production facilities are established in neighboring post-communist countries. The low levels of internationalization are mostly related to the nature of local SMEs as well as the limited ambitions of local firms. With more sophisticated products Czech SMEs could focus more on Eastern European countries outside the EU, where Czechia has historical economic ties and the regulatory requirements are likely to be less strict. An industry move towards connected health solutions is also an opportunity for start-ups focusing on health applications.
transnational corporations (TNCs), from the so-called ‘third economy towards the first,’ and it had transformed from a developing to a developed economy by the 1990s” (p. 19). Of particular relevance to Hungary is “the fact that today Hungary matches countries
31 ( 1992 ) 2813 – 2817 . [33] S.S. Subramanian , A.G.R. Nair , T.N.C. Vedantham , Phytochemistry 12 ( 1973 ) 2078
