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antimicrobial agents posing challenges in treatment strategies [ 3 ]. Biofilm production by CoNS is identified as an important factor of pathogenesis and resistance against antibiotics and evasin from the immune system [ 4 ]. Among MR-CoNS, Staphylococcus
surface proteins, which have various functions, including adhesion, invasion of host cells, evasion of immune responses, and biofilm formation ( Götz et al., 2006 ). Biofilm formation includes attachment of microorganisms to surfaces and production of
. Costerton, JW , Stewart, PS , Greenberg , EP : Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections . Science 284 , 1318 – 1322 ( 1999 ) 29
threatening human health and a major threat to the health of all humankind, and the formation of S. aureus biofilms exacerbates this threat. The infection rate and mortality rate caused by S. aureus biofilm infection are increasing year by year. S. aureus
[ 5 ]. There are several virulence factors in Trichosporon spp. that facilitate the development of disease, including biofilm formation and protease and lipase production [ 1 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of Trichosporon spp
.M. Ferrer-Luque M.P. González-Rodríguez 2010 Eradication of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms by cetrimide and chlorhexidine J Endod
environmental or antibiotic effects, and structural stabilisation in biofilm ( Sutherland, 1972 ). The presence of different extracellular saccharides in a bacterial environment can cause changes in the physicochemical properties of a constant surface, which in
groups of B. burgdorferi to exist in biofilm form in vitro and in vivo in Borrelia lymphocytoma [ 19 – 21 ]. Like other bacterial biofilms, Borrelia biofilms have shown increased resistance towards the standard antibiotics that are used to treat
) 6. Feng J , Weitner M , Shi W , Zhang S , Zhang Y : Eradication of biofilm-like microcolony structures of Borrelia burgdorferi by daunomycin and daptomycin but
peroxide [ 10 ], or biosurfactants [ 11 ], all with activity against planktonic and biofilm-bound bacteria, as well as immunomodulatory substances [ 12 – 14 ]. From a teleological standpoint, it is debatable whether at least some of the abovementioned
