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antimicrobial agents posing challenges in treatment strategies [ 3 ]. Biofilm production by CoNS is identified as an important factor of pathogenesis and resistance against antibiotics and evasin from the immune system [ 4 ]. Among MR-CoNS, Staphylococcus

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these first-line therapautic agents, seriously limit clinicians in the treatment of UTI. Additionally, different virulence factors of bacteria, such as biofilm formation, makes the eradication of the infection more difficult. Biofilm structure is a

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surface proteins, which have various functions, including adhesion, invasion of host cells, evasion of immune responses, and biofilm formation ( Götz et al., 2006 ). Biofilm formation includes attachment of microorganisms to surfaces and production of

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European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology
Authors:
E. Sapi
,
K. Balasubramanian
,
A. Poruri
,
J. S. Maghsoudlou
,
K. M. Socarras
,
A. V. Timmaraju
,
K. R. Filush
,
K. Gupta
,
S. Shaikh
,
P. A. S. Theophilus
,
D. F. Luecke
,
A. MacDonald
, and
B. Zelger

. Costerton, JW , Stewart, PS , Greenberg , EP : Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections . Science 284 , 1318 – 1322 ( 1999 ) 29

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threatening human health and a major threat to the health of all humankind, and the formation of S. aureus biofilms exacerbates this threat. The infection rate and mortality rate caused by S. aureus biofilm infection are increasing year by year. S. aureus

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[ 5 ]. There are several virulence factors in Trichosporon spp. that facilitate the development of disease, including biofilm formation and protease and lipase production [ 1 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of Trichosporon spp

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.M. Ferrer-Luque M.P. González-Rodríguez 2010 Eradication of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms by cetrimide and chlorhexidine J Endod

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Acta Veterinaria Hungarica
Authors:
Bohumil Bielik
,
Ladislav Molnár
,
Vladimír Vrabec
,
Romana Andrášiová
,
Ivana Cingel'ová Maruščáková
,
Radomíra Nemcová
,
Juraj Toporčák
, and
Dagmar Mudroňová

environmental or antibiotic effects, and structural stabilisation in biofilm ( Sutherland, 1972 ). The presence of different extracellular saccharides in a bacterial environment can cause changes in the physicochemical properties of a constant surface, which in

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European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology
Authors:
E. Sapi
,
K. Gupta
,
K. Wawrzeniak
,
G. Gaur
,
J. Torres
,
K. Filush
,
A. Melillo
, and
B. Zelger

groups of B. burgdorferi to exist in biofilm form in vitro and in vivo in Borrelia lymphocytoma [ 19 – 21 ]. Like other bacterial biofilms, Borrelia biofilms have shown increased resistance towards the standard antibiotics that are used to treat

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) 6. Feng J , Weitner M , Shi W , Zhang S , Zhang Y : Eradication of biofilm-like microcolony structures of Borrelia burgdorferi by daunomycin and daptomycin but

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