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Abstract
Background and aims
Changes in the nomenclature of addictions suggest a significant shift in the conceptualization of addictions, where non-substance related behaviors can also be classified as addictions. A large amount of data provides empirical evidence that there are overlaps of different types of addictive behaviors in etiology, phenomenology, and in the underlying psychological and biological mechanisms. Our aim was to investigate the co-occurrences of a wide range of substance use and behavioral addictions.
Methods
The present epidemiological analysis was carried out as part of the Psychological and Genetic Factors of the Addictive Behaviors (PGA) Study, where data were collected from 3,003 adolescents and young adults (42.6% males; mean age 21 years). Addictions to psychoactive substances and behaviors were rigorously assessed.
Results
Data is provided on lifetime occurrences of the assessed substance uses, their co-occurrences, the prevalence estimates of specific behavioral addictions, and co-occurrences of different substance use and potentially addictive behaviors. Associations were found between (i) smoking and problematic Internet use, exercising, eating disorders, and gambling (ii) alcohol consumption and problematic Internet use, problematic online gaming, gambling, and eating disorders, and (iii) cannabis use and problematic online gaming and gambling.
Conclusions
The results suggest a large overlap between the occurrence of these addictions and behaviors and underlies the importance of investigating the possible common psychological, genetic and neural pathways. These data further support concepts such as the Reward Deficiency Syndrome and the component model of addictions that propose a common phenomenological and etiological background of different addictive and related behaviors.
Kannabiszszármazékok használatának gyakorisága gyulladásos bélbetegségben
Cannabis use among patients with inflammatory bowel disease
] 6 Lal S, Prasad N, Ryan M, et al. Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011; 23: 891–896. 7
and PSU might only appear when such extreme substance use patterns are considered. Furthermore, we sought associations between frequent cannabis use, as well as the use of other illicit drugs and PSU, since such associations have not yet been studied
Abstract
Aims
The current study explored the nature of problematic (addictive) video gaming (PVG) and the association with game type, psychosocial health, and substance use.
Methods
Data were collected using a paper and pencil survey in the classroom setting. Three samples were aggregated to achieve a total sample of 8478 unique adolescents. Scales included measures of game use, game type, the Video game Addiction Test (VAT), depressive mood, negative self-esteem, loneliness, social anxiety, education performance, and use of cannabis, alcohol and nicotine (smoking).
Results
Findings confirmed problematic gaming is most common amongst adolescent gamers who play multiplayer online games. Boys (60%) were more likely to play online games than girls (14%) and problematic gamers were more likely to be boys (5%) than girls (1%). High problematic gamers showed higher scores on depressive mood, loneliness, social anxiety, negative self-esteem, and self-reported lower school performance. Nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis using boys were almost twice more likely to report high PVG than non-users.
Conclusions
It appears that online gaming in general is not necessarily associated with problems. However, problematic gamers do seem to play online games more often, and a small subgroup of gamers — specifically boys — showed lower psychosocial functioning and lower grades. Moreover, associations with alcohol, nicotine, and cannabis use are found. It would appear that problematic gaming is an undesirable problem for a small subgroup of gamers. The findings encourage further exploration of the role of psychoactive substance use in problematic gaming.
A szexuális kisebbségekhez tartozó magyar fiatalok egészsége és jólléte
Health and well-being in hungarian sexual minority youth
Háttér és célkitűzések
Hazánkban eddig kevés kutatást végeztek szexuális kisebbségekhez tartozó fiatalok egészségével és jóllétével kapcsolatban. Ebben a vizsgálatban egy összetett indikátorkészlet alkalmazásával összehasonlítottunk azonos vagy mindkét nemű partnerekhez vonzódó fiatalokat nem kisebbségi (ellenkező nemhez vonzódó vagy vonzódást át nem élt) kortársaikkal. A változók kedvező és kedvezőtlen kimeneteket is magukba foglaltak, és kiterjedtek a pszichés jóllétre és a mentális egészségre, az egészségvédő és kockáztató magatartásokra, valamint az egészség pszichoszociális determinánsaira.
Módszer
Az Iskoláskorú Gyermekek Egészségmagatartása (HBSC) kutatás 2018. évi adatfelvételében részt vevő 2651 középiskolás fiatalt vizsgáltuk (életkoruk 16,79 ± 1,19 év). A kimeneti változókat kétértékűvé alakítottuk, és gyakoriságukat összehasonlítottuk a romantikus vonzódás négy csoportjában (ellenkező neműekhez vonzódók, azonos neműekhez vonzódók, mindkét neműekhez vonzódók és nem vonzódók). Ezután a változókat bináris logisztikus regressziós modellekbe építettük. A referenciacsoportot az ellenkező nemhez vonzódó fiatalok képezték. Az esélyhányadosokat korrigáltuk a nem és a családi jómódúság hatására.
Eredmények
A mindkét nemhez vonzódó fiatalok a fizikai aktivitás és alkoholfogyasztás kivételével minden változón kedvezőtlenebb értékeket mutattak, mint az ellenkező nemhez vonzódó társaik. A kizárólag azonos nemhez vonzódó fiatalok kockázata szintén magasabb volt a kannabiszfogyasztásra és az öngyilkossági gondolat és szándék megjelenésére. A vonzalmat még át nem élt fiatalok értékei sok változó tekintetében kedvezőbbek voltak, mint az ellenkező nemhez vonzódó társaiké. A nem és a családi jómódúság befolyása nem volt jelentős.
Következtetések
Az eredmények elhelyezhetők a kisebbségi stressz, a strukturális stigma és a romantikus stressz elméleti modelljeiben, igazolják a szexuális kisebbségi (főképp a mindkét nemhez vonzódó vagy biszexuális) fiatalok egészségi egyenlőtlenségeit, és alátámasztják az iskolai intervenciók és a dolgozói továbbképzés fontosságát.
Background and aims
In Hungary, there are only a few studies on the health and well-being of sexual minority young people. In this analysis, a complex indicator set was used to compare same- and both-gender attracted youth with their non-minority (opposite-gender attracted or not attracted) peers. The indicators included positive and negative outcomes of psychological well-being and mental health, health-protective and health-compromising behaviours, and psychosocial determinants of health.
Method
Data from 2651 secondary school students, participating in the 2018 data collection of the Hungarian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study (age: 16.79 ± 1.19 years), were analysed. Indicators were dichotomised and compared across groups of romantic attraction: opposite-gender attracted; same-gender attracted; both-gender attracted; and not attracted. Binary logistic regression models were created, with opposite-gender attracted youth being the reference group. Odds ratios were adjusted for gender and family affl uence.
Results
Compared to their opposite-gender attracted peers, both-gender attracted youth had poorer outcomes on all variables, with the exception of physical activity and alcohol consumption. Youth exclusively attracted to same-gender partners also had higher risk for cannabis use and suicidality. Youth not attracted fared better on many variables than their opposite-gender attracted peers. Gender and family affl uence had small impact on the effects.
Conclusions
The results can be interpreted within the theories of minority stress, structural stigma and romantic stress. They confi rm health inequalities in sexual minority (especially in both-gender attracted or bisexual) youth, and underscore the need for school-based interventions and training for youth service providers.
Cannabis use and psychiatric and cognitive disorders: The chicken or the egg Current Opinion in Psychiatry 20 3 228 . G
ICD-11 Gaming Disorder: Needed and just in time or dangerous and much too early?
Commentary on: Scholars’ open debate paper on the World Health Organization ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal (Aarseth et al.)
debate paper that gaming is indeed just another recreational activity and that there is nothing inherently wrong with it, just as there is nothing wrong with having sex, eating, cannabis use, and moderate drinking. However, just like with these other
, cannabis use, other substance use, and psychological distress); and (b) the relationships between PG and FV would be significantly exacerbated by these comorbid conditions. Given the available equivocal findings, a secondary exploratory aim was to explore
decreased use ( Bade et al., 2020 ; Caponnetto et al., 2020 ; Scarmozzino & Visioli, 2020 ). One study of illegal cannabis use found no significant change during the COVID-19 crisis ( Vanderbruggen et al., 2020 ), whereas another showed a significant
computed as per the authors' proposed scoring procedure. Participants with scores of 3 or more were considered to have ND, corresponding to low or more severe ND ( Fagerström, Heatherton, & Kozlowski, 1990 ). Cannabis use disorder Cannabis use disorder (CUD
