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Djebali, W., Zarrouk, M., Brouquisse, R., El Kahoui, S., Limann, F., Chaibi, W., Ghorbel, M. H. (2005) Ultrastructure and lipid alterations induced by cadmium in tomato ( Lycopersion esculentum ) chloroplast membranes. Plant Biol. 7 , 1801
The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), an important grain and forage crop in the family Poaceae, is reported in this study. The complete cp genome sequence of P. glaucum is 138,172 bp in length with 38.6% overall GC content and exhibits a typical quadripartite structure comprising one pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions (22,275 bp) separated by a small single-copy (SSC) region (12,409 bp) and a large single-copy (LSC) region (81,213). The P. glaucum cp genome encodes 110 unique genes, 76 of which are protein-coding genes, 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 18 duplicated genes in the IR region. Nine genes contain one or two introns. Whole genome alignments of cp genome were performed for genome-wide comparison. Locally collinear blocks (LCBs) identified among the cp genomes showed that they were well conserved with respect to gene organization and order. This newly determined cp genome sequence of P. glaucum will provide valuable information for the future breeding programs of valuable cereal crops in the family Poaceae.
Angioi, S. A., Desiderio, F., Rau, D., Bitocchi, E., Attene, G., Papa, R. (2009) Development and use of chloroplast microsatellites in Phaseolus spp. and other legumes. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 11 , 598
., Del Rio, L. A. (1995): Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants. Plant Sci. , 105 , 151–167. Rio L. A. Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of
. Mozgova, G.V., Orlov, P.A., Shalygo, N.V. 2006. Variation in evolutionary unstable regions of the chloroplast genome in plants obtained in anther culture of dihaploid wheat lines. Rus. J. Genetics 42 :192
., Hufnagel, L., Quintela-Sabaris, C., Sebastiani, F., Vendramin, G. G. (2009) Variation in the chloroplast DNA of Swiss stone pine ( Pinus cembra L.) reflects contrasting post-glacial history of populations from the Carpathians and the Alps. Journal of
Abstract
Intact chloroplasts were isolated from mesophyll protoplasts of Brassia napus. Concentrations of 8 rare earth elements (REEs) in the chloroplasts were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The results showed that there were trace amounts of REEs in the chloroplasts, which corresponded to 1 atom of REEs per 2000 chlorophyll molecules. About 30% of the total REEs in the leaves are localized in the chloroplasts and the light REEs were enriched with respect to the heavy elements of the series.
The possible role of fusariotoxin-fusaproliferin in Fusarium disease was investigated with respect to ultrastructure responses in the cells of maize leaves. The seedlings of resistant (Lucia) and susceptible (Pavla) maize cultivars were grown on two fusaproliferin concentrations (5 and 35 µg/mL −1 ). Only the higher concentration caused appearance of visible symptoms on the leaves. Structural changes of chloroplasts such as dilatation of grana thylakoids in the mesophyll chloroplasts, thylakoid disorganization, and an increased number of osmiophilic globules (plastoglobuli) in the stroma were observed in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of both cultivars. The higher toxin concentration sporadically induced severe damage to the outer chloroplast membrane. The extent of ultrastructure disturbances depended on toxin concentration and it was greater in the susceptible cultivar Pavla. Fusaproliferin may be involved in Fusarium pathogenesis as a virulence factor or, by enhancing activity of some other toxins that might be concomitantly present in the diseased plants.
digitonin fragmentation of spinach chloroplasts. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 17 :685–689. David D.J. Trace metal composition of fractions obtained by digitonin fragmentation of
Ultrastructural investigations of the effect of lithium chloride on Botrytis fabae and its host, Vicia faba are described. Five concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 mM) of lithium chloride are chosen in the study. The results indicate that the chlorophyll content of host leaves is not affected at lower concentration (3 mM), whereas the higher concentration (9 mM) decreased the chlorophyll content. These two concentrations caused a pronounced cellular disorganization of B. fabae that ranged from disruption of the wall to marked cytoplasmic degeneration. Inoculated host leaves with B. fabae led to the appearance of more vacuolated cytoplasm, a disorganized membrane system of chloroplast and an increase in number of plastoglobuli. These observations are similar to those of host cells treated with 9 mM of lithium chloride. Host cells are not affected by the concentration of 3 mM. Ultarstructural studies indicate that the lower concentration of lithium chloride can be used as a safe fungicide to control B. fabae without a harmful effect on the host (V. faba).
