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Two of the most significant innovations of the fourth millennium BC were the invention of the wheel and of wheeled vehicles, which led to other major innovations during the Late Copper Age. Discussed here are the major milestones and advances in research on wheeled vehicles, problems of dating, and the issues relating to the actual place of the invention of wheeled vehicles as well as the fruitful collaboration between various analytical disciplines and archaeology concerned with the study of wheels and early wheeled vehicles.
I have collected the finds relating to wheels and wheeled vehicles. It would appear that the invention of the wheel and of wheeled conveyances occurred in different centres. Even though we are unable to date the creation of the very first vehicle to the year, it seems quite certain that wheeled vehicles appeared more or less simultaneously in several regions in the fourth millennium BC.
Acs, J. Z. (2000): Regional Innovation, Knowledge and Global Change. London — New York: Pinter Publishers. Regional Innovation, Knowledge and Global Change
Abstract
Innovation research builds on the analysis of micro level data describing innovative behaviour of individual firms. One increasingly popular type of data are Literature-based Innovation Output (LBIO) data. These are compiled by screening specialist trade journals for new-product announcements. Notwithstanding the substantial advantages, the eligibility of LBIO data for innovation research remains controversial. In this paper the merits of LBIO data are examined by means of comparative analysis. A newly built LBIO database is systematically compared with the widely used Community Innovation Survey. It shows that both databases identify similar innovators in terms of firm size, distribution across industries and degree of innovativeness: LBIO data can be considered a fully fledged alternative to traditional innovation data, highly eligible for innovation research.
Alio, R. (2005): Interview with Henry Chesbrough: Innovating Innovation. Strategy & Leadership , 33(1): 1–6. Alio R. Interview with Henry
the clubs' overspending on players with questionable results shown over the last ten years. Our research aimed to explore whether and how ongoing digital innovations in the club-level operations may substantiate a prospective change in the business
References Abernathy , C. A., Utterback , J. M. ( 1978 ): Patterns of Industrial Innovations . Technology Review, Vol. 80
Abstract
As a basis for policy decisions, governments are increasingly using analysis of systems of innovation. Fundamental to the systems of innovation approach is the recognition that innovation processes essentially are interactive activities.The present paper illustrates the use and limitations of bibliometries in analysing the knowledge production and knowledge flows in a section of an innovation system focusing on life science subject fields relevant to innovation processes in biotechnology. Bibliometrics can in this context be used to identify the actors in a research intensive innovation system, the scientific profiles of actors as well as identifying networks and collaboration patterns.
Introduction Whereas standardization has conventionally been believed to be an obstacle to innovation, there are growing public policies and academic literature that perceive standardization as an ‘enabler or catalyst’ for
Abstract
Innovation in medicine is a complex process that unfolds unevenly in time and space. It is characterised by radical uncertainty and emerges from innovation systems that can hardly be comprehended within geographical, technological or institutional boundaries. These systems are instead highly distributed across countries, competences and organisations. This paper explores the nature, rate and direction of the growth and transformation of medical knowledge in two specific areas of research, interventional cardiology and glaucoma. We analyse two large datasets of bibliometric information extracted from ISI and adopt an empirical network approach to try to uncover the fine structure of the relevant micro-innovation systems and the mechanisms through which these evolve along trajectories of change shaped by the search for solutions to interdependent problems.
The concept of entropy in scientometrics and innovation research
An indicator for institutional involvement in scientific and technological developments
Abstract
The concept of entropy well-know in information theory and thermodynamics is applied in the fields of scientometrics and innovation research in order to introduce an indicator for the institutional involvement in of the location of research and development. By means of this concept four applications in the fields of research and national technology policy, industrial technology management, and innovation research are outlined. First, the national institutional structures in telecommunications research and development in Japan are compared to those of the Netherlands. It is concluded that the institutional involvement is not always more random in a larger country but rather depends on the disaggregation into fields and subfields. Secondly, broad versus narrow national technology strategies in the so-called 
high technologies
are compared for various OECD and COMECON countries. Thirdly, corporate R & D strategies of Japanese telecommunication companies are studied. Fourthly, for selected R & D-intensive technologies it is shown that with the progress of time the involvement of industrial branches in a new technology fluctuates. The four analyses are based either on bibliometric or on patent data. The usefulness of the concept of entropy in scientometrics and innovation research is assessed through these examples.
