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A dolgozat a magyar vegetárizmus történetét mutatja be, annak három fő szakaszával. A három periódust társadalmi, történelmi folyamatok alakították. Tartalmilag az egyes időszakok a neves személyiségek, kiadványok, események, periodikák és emberi közösségek köré szerveződnek. A bevezetésben alapfogalmakat, egészségügyi és gazdasági megfontolásokat tisztázunk.
reduces the degree of damage done by the larvae and thus their negative effect on yield. In general, both larvae and adults can cause severe yield loss, but the method of control against them is different. The coincidence of the nourishment of adults and
The human endogenous intestinal microbiota is an essential “organ” in providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity. Even though lots of scientists have evaluated the content of gut microbiota from various points of view, we examined the content of intestinal microbes in the group of healthy middle aged volunteers (40–60) form Slovakia. We have compared faecal cultivable microbiota of vegetarians and omnivores. We have found that the composition of the human microbiota is fairly stable, and it seems that the major microbial groups on species level that dominate the human intestine are conserved in all individuals regardless of dietary habits. Beside the microbial content we have examined the faecal samples also for the presence of antimicrobial active compounds, potential mutagens, and faecal sterols.
For the nomads of the Eurasian steppes, milk and its derivatives such as cream, skim, buttermilk, cheese, curds, arkhi (an alcoholic beverage distilled from whey) and koumiss (slightly alcoholic fermented mare’s milk) are not simply a food but also part of their nourishment system and of their whole culture. Milk and milk products are consumed by nomads mostly in the the summer-autumn season when consumption of meat is rare, because animals begin to fatten only after the end of spring. It is in summer and autumn that Mongols celebrate a series of festivals of all-national, clan and family scale. These rituals demonstrate the special importance of everything connected with milk and known in the palette of their culture as tsagaan idee , i.e. “white food”. This food possesses a sacred meaning in various ritual situations. Freshly obtained milk was rarely consumed but it served as a daily sacrifice to spirits and deities of land, heaven and hearth. Milk used to be sprinkled behind the departing traveller, it was offered to an honoured guest or to the bride at the wedding when she arrived at the bridegroom’s house. Milk was also sprinkled on felt in its processing with the words “let your felt be soft and warm”. Milk was poured on the head of the winning horse in races or sprinkled on the head of foals and calves before castration. Koumiss with its sacred white colour served as a basic sacrifice in many rituals.
Abstract
After the Chernobyl accident in 1986, Mexico imported from an European country 28,000 tons of contaminated powder milk with the fission product 137Cs. When the contamination was detected, the alarm among the authorities and population spread out very quickly and of course the product was retired at once from the foodstuff market. Nevertheless, the public panic grew up in such a manner, that even the way to manage and to dispose safely this material, considered highly dangerous, was largely discussed. Now, about two decades ago from this event, a study has been performed to compare the level of radioactivity due to both radioisotopes present in one saved sample: the artificial contaminant 137Cs, beside the natural, all around present 40K, in order to evaluate in a more realistic way how risky was the management, possible consumption, and final disposition of this nourishment. This paper considers results obtained within an uncertainty degree equal to ±5%, and set up conclusions by comparing artificial and natural radioactivity present in that contaminated powder milk.
According to experimental data, eukaryote unicellulars are able to learn, have immunity and memory. Learning is carried out in a very primitive form, and the memory is not neural but an epigenetic one. However, this epigenetic memory, which is well justified by the presence and manifestation of hormonal imprinting, is strong and permanent in the life of cell and also in its progenies. This memory is epigenetically executed by the alteration and fixation of methylation pattern of genes without changes in base sequences. The immunity of unicellulars is based on self/non-self discrimination, which leads to the destruction of non-self invaders and utilization of them as nourishment (by phagocytosis). The tools of learning, memory, and immunity of unicellulars are uniformly found in plasma membrane receptors, which formed under the effect of dynamic receptor pattern generation, suggested by Koch et al., and this is the basis of hormonal imprinting, by which the encounter between a chemical substance and the cell is specifically memorized. The receptors and imprinting are also used in the later steps of evolution up to mammals (including man) in each mentioned functions. This means that learning, memory, and immunity can be deduced to a unicellular eukaryote level.
The unicellular ciliate Tetrahymena is a complete organism, one of the most highly developed protozoans, which has specialized organelles performing each of the functions characteristic to the cells of higher ranked animals. It is also able to produce, store, and secrete hormones of higher ranked animals and also react to them. It produces lectins that can bind them and has functions, which are influenced by exogenous lectins. The review lists the observations on the relationship between lectins and Tetrahymena and try to construe them on the basis of the data, which are at our disposal. Considering the data, lectins can be used by Tetrahymena as materials for influencing conjugation, for stimulating hormone receptors, and by this, mimic the hormonal functions. Lectins can influence phagocytosis and movement of the cells as well as the cell division. As Tetrahymena can recognize both related and hostile cells by the help of lectins and surface sugars, it could be surmised a complex predator–prey system. This could determine the survival of the population as well as the nourishment conditions. When Tetrahymena is pathogenic, it can use lectins as virulence factors.
Összefoglalás
A tápanyag-gazdálkodás továbbfejlesztéséhez szükséges a növények tápláltsági állapotát jól jellemző, valamint a várható terméssel minél megbízhatóbb kapcsolatot mutató tápelem-koncentrációk megállapítása. Ismert, hogy a kálium számos életfolyamat nélkülözhetetlen eleme a növény életében.
Dolgozatunk célja, hogy összefüggést keressünk a kijuttatott kezelések és a növény tápláltsági állapota között.
Tenyészedényes kísérletünket 2006 tavaszán üvegházi körülmények között állítottuk be agyagbemosódásos barna erdőtalajon. Tesztnövénynek a tavaszi árpa (Hordeum vulgare L.) Scarlett fajtáját választottuk. A trágyázatlan kontrollon kívül nyolc NPK kezelést alkalmaztunk két NP szinten növekvő K-adagokkal. Különböző fejlettségi stádiumokban, fő növényi részenként folytattunk vizsgálatokat.
A legmagasabb K-koncentráció a bokrosodáskori növényekben mutatható ki, az általunk kijuttatott kezelések hatására mért legmagasabb K-koncentráció 6,6% volt, melyet az N2P2K3 kezelésnél kaptunk. A virágzó kalász K-tartalma a trágyázástól függetlenül közel azonosnak bizonyult, 0,81–0,90% közé esik. A K0 kezelések kivételével az általunk mért K-koncentrációk a kielégítő, ill. magas kategóriába esnek. Az összefüggés-vizsgálatok eredményei igazolják, hogy szoros kapcsolat van a növény K-tartalma és száraztömeg gyarapodása között. A különböző adagú és arányú kezelések erősen befolyásolják, hogy az egyes növényi részek különböző fejlettségi stádiumokban mekkora mennyiségben és milyen eloszlásban tartalmazzák a felvett K-ot, hogyan alakul száraztömegük, víztartalmuk.
Abstract
In 1995, Walter Harding turned out an article titled “Thoreau’s Reputation” trying to render a picture of how Thoreau had been perceived in a world other than the United States. He mentioned in particular the translation of the writer into different languages such as German, Dutch, Russian, Japanese, French, Czechoslovakian and Italian and he specifically dwelled on the Japanese reception of Thoreau and his works, without a single word about the abundance of Chinese scholarship on the same writer. This essay begins with a critical survey of how Thoreau has been perceived in China. It argues that there are tentatively three different stages as regards the Chinese projections of Thoreau in terms of issues raised and handled. The first stage roughly from the 1920s to 1949 marks China’s burgeoning interest in the American writer featured by a passion for Western literature as both cultural and intellectual nourishment. The second is mainly a period of ideological appraisals from 1949 to 1977 in which Thoreau is regarded as a champion of democracy and a critic of American capitalist civilization. The third one is known as the multiple approach period from 1978 onwards in which Thoreau studies has flourished and continues to grow in China. Focused discussions have revealed the following: (1) comparative approaches have been made into the Chinese elements in the formation of Thoreau’s notion of civilization and views of Nature; (2) critical attention has been drawn on Thoreau’s political thought and ecological awareness, rendering a multitude of interpretations both textually and theoretically; and (3) further discussions focus primarily on Thoreau’s personal conduct raising a question of how to appraise Thoreau’s withdrawal from society and giving rise to an ambiguous identity of Thoreau. Intertwined in my discussion is a further exploration of Walden’s influence in China and how Thoreau is integrated in contemporary Chinese writing at this age of ecological awareness.
Absztrakt:
Tanulmányomban a „hosszú” ’68-as diáklázadások történelmi előzményeit, fő történéseit, társadalmi hatásait és utóéletét mutatom be. Emellett tárgyalom azokat az elméleti problematikákat, melyeket mindezek felvetnek. Fő tézisem: a diáklázadások céljai komplexek voltak, számos emancipatorikus mozzanatot tartalmaztak, de a célok középpontjában a szabadság-egyenlőség-testvériség hármasából elsősorban a szabadság értéke emelkedett ki. Ez kapóra jött a ’70-es évek neoliberális fordulatát levezénylő társadalmi aktorok számára, melyek domesztikálták és a maguk javára használták fel a ’68-as ifjúság szabadságvágyát és ezzel összefüggő államellenességét. Bemutatom továbbá, hogy a lázadásoknak milyen azonos és különböző társadalmi előzményei, vonásai és hatásai voltak Nyugaton és Magyarországon. Elemzem azt is, hogy a ’68-as eszmei, etikai és szellemi hagyaték mindazonáltal igen gazdag és sokszínű, amelyekből a lázadó ifjak újabb és újabb generációi mind a mai napig táplálkozhatnak.
