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The thermophysical behaviour of Nylon-6 with various moisture contents was studied. It was shown that the thermal effects occurring below the Nylon-6 melting temperature are due to the dehydration process. The temperature of the heat flow maximum is a function of the state of the water molecules in the polymer. It was found that the thermophysical study of Nylon-6 in the temperature region below the polymer melting temperature allows a more precise value of its melting heat to be obtained.
Abstract
The crystallization dynamics of Nylon 66/Nylon 6 blends, the crystalline/crystalline polymer blends, was analyzed by DSC under isothermal conditions. The crystal growth rate (G) and the nucleation rate (N) depended on both the degree of supercooling (ΔT) and the blend mass fraction (ϕ). The ΔT /T m 0 values obtained at the fixed G, which corresponded to the chemical potential difference of molecules between liquid and crystal states, and the surface free energy parameters evaluated from G and N depended on ϕ for blends. The results suggested that Nylon 66/Nylon 6 blends with ϕN66≥0.80 or ϕN66≤0.15 are miscible.
The process of structural reorganization and thermal history recurrence in Nylon 1010 were studied by using DSC through different heat treatments. The characteristics of both endothermic and exothermic peaks on DSC curve is explained reasonably. The viewpoint is advanced that crystallites assembly is characterized by premelting crystallisation peak. The temperature range sensitive to the crystal perfection is determined. The results provide theoretical basis for the processing and application of Nylon 1010.
Abstract
Binary blends of poly (ether sulphone) (PES) and Nylon-6 were prepared in a whole range of composition by melt extrusion. Miscibility behaviour of the blends were studied using thermal analytical techniques like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Due to the rapid crystallization of Nylon-6 as it is cooled from the melt state, its glass transition behaviour could not be detected even in the quenched samples by DSC. Furthermore, the crystallization and melting behaviour of the blends have been studied by DSC. DMA results show that the dynamic storage modulus of the blends were in-between those of the constituent polymers. Also the glass transition of Nylon-6 phase as determined by the peak in loss tangent remains constant which shows that the two polymers are immiscible. Thermal expansion coefficient of the blends as determined by TMA is greater than that of Nylon-6 signifying the increased dimensional stability of the blends at higher temperatures. Morphological studies done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show the biphasic nature of the blends, with clear cut boundaries between the phases because of poor interfacial adhesion. Dispersed particle size is small when Nylon-6 is the dispersed phase because of its lower melt viscosity as compared to PES. Thermal stability of the blends was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Two-step decomposition behaviour was observed because of macro-phase separated morphology.
Abstract
The melting process of constrained nylon 6 fibers has been studied to estimate the true melting point of its original crystals. The melting peak became simpler in shape and shifted to higher temperature with increasing fiber-axis restricting force. When heating rate, β, was increased, the temperature where the melting curve initially departs from its baseline, Tsm, decreased steeply in the range of 45 to 60C min-1, and increased linearly with increasing β above 60C min-1. By linear extrapolation of Tsm to 0C min-1, the temperature of ca 190C was obtained for the melting temperature of the original nylon 6 crystals. This seems to correspond to the zero-entropy-production melting of the most imperfect crystallites of the nylon 6 fabric.
Abstract
A three-phase model, comprising crystalline, mobile amorphous, and rigid amorphous fractions (χ c, χ MA, χ RA, respectively) has been applied in the study of semicrystalline Nylon-6. The samples studied were Nylon-6 alpha phase prepared by subsequent annealing of a parent sample slowly cooled from the melt. The treated samples were annealed at 110°C, then briefly heated to 136°C, then re-annealed at 110°C. Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) measurements allow the devitrification of the rigid amorphous fraction to be examined. We observe a lower endotherm, termed the ‘annealing’ peak in the non-reversing heat flow after annealing at 110°C. By brief heating above this lower endotherm and immediately quenching in LN2-cooled glass beads, the glass transition temperature and χ RA decrease substantially, χ MA increases, and the annealing peak disappears. The annealing peak corresponds to the point at which partial de-vitrification of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) occurs. Re-annealing at 110°C causes the glass transition and χ RA to increase, and χ MA to decrease. None of these treatments affected the measured degree of crystallinity, but it cannot be excluded that crystal reorganization or recrystallization may also occur at the annealing peak, contributing to the de-vitrification of the rigid amorphous fraction. Using a combined approach of thermal analysis with wide and small angle X-ray scattering, we analyze the location of the rigid amorphous and mobile amorphous fractions within the context of the Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Stack Models. Results show the homogeneous stack model is the correct one for Nylon-6. The cooperativity length (ξA) increases with a decrease of rigid amorphous fraction, or, increase of the mobile amorphous fraction. Devitrification of some of the RAF leads to the broadening of the glass transition region and shift of T g.
Abstract
Abstract
Thermal properties and morphology of crystal in NYLON 1010 formed isothermally at melting peak temperature were studied by using DSC, TEM and ED. It turns out that the crystal on the time scale of the DSC experiment is stable, which is not transformed from the crystal with low melting point. Its electron diffraction pattern shows symmetrical and clear electron diffraction spots of single crystal and is proved to be the electron diffraction pattern of single crystal by means of index with parameters of unit cell of Nylon 1010
The instantaneous elastic moduli for a nylon-6 monofilament were derived on strain recoveries right after creep, stress relaxation, and rapid elongation,E c ,E s andE e , respectively. It was found that during strain recoveryE s (>E e ) andE e increase monotonically with increasing load,m 1, on the sample. The extrapolated value of Es atm 1=0 g is almost equal to Young's modulus, 4.06 GPa. The value ofE c also increased with increasingm 1, and atm 1=600 g (1.93 t cm−2) reached about 14 GPa. The endothermic heat change right after creep, stress relaxation or rapid elongation,Q, was negligibly small. For comparison,E s ,E c andQ were also investigated for silicone rubber. It was found thatE s (53.8 M Pa at the draw ratioD=1.2) decreased abruptly atD=1.3. In the range ofD=1.4–1.9,E s was only 22.6 MPa. In the case of stress relaxation,Q increased with increasingD from 4 J mol−1 (atD=1.2) to 56 J mol−1 (atD=1.9). FurthermoreE c (5.58 MPa atm 1=133.8 g (429.4 kg cm−2)) increased gradually with increasing m1 and attained 16.6 MPa atm 1=548.4 g (1.76 t cm−2). In the case of creep,Q was in the range of 0–11.5 J mol−1 and larger when larger loads,m 2 were removed during the later stages of creep.
Abstract
The thermal and structural properties of binary blends of Nylon-6 (N6) and a chemically related biopolymer, Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF), are reported in this work. Homopolymers and blends, in composition ratios of N6/SF ranging from 95/05 to 70/30, were investigated by thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Silk fibroin typically degrades at temperatures just above 210°C, which occurs within the melting endotherm of N6. In TG studies, the measured mass remaining was slightly greater than expected, indicating the blends had improved thermal stability. No beta sheet crystals of SF were detected by FTIR analysis of the Amide I region. Strong interaction between N6 and SF chains was observed, possibly as a result of formation of hydrogen bonds between N6 and SF chains. DSC analysis showed that the addition of SF to N6 caused a decrease in the crystallization temperature, the melting temperature of the lowest melting crystals and the crystallinity of N6. Furthermore, the α-crystallographic phase dominates and the γ-crystallographic phase was not observed in N6/SF blends, in contrast to the homopolymer N6, which contains both phases. We suggest that the addition of SF might result in changes of the chain extension of N6, which lead to the appearance of α-rather than γ-phase crystals.
