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KA II, 11, 28–41 is the earliest extant Sanskrit text on ratnaśāstra ‘gemmology’. It is a branch of traditional science and it reflects a great deal of experimental knowledge of jewellers. The present paper analyses the structure of the established text, seeks for an answer why the passages concerning diamond follow the list of the precious stones proper and why emerald is missing. The readings offered by the manuscripts and commentaries have been rechecked and the Kangle’s text has been revised at places. The revised portions of the text have been retranslated and accompanied with the necessary notes. From our investigations it has become clear that the extant text is very loosely edited and highly problematic; the text presents a mixture of vārttāśāstra (textbook of economy) and ratnaśāstra ; there are terminological inconsistencies; it seems that gemmology had existed before the edition of the KA and the place of birth of this science was South India.
Abstract
For Len Jenkin, an award-winning but difficult American playwright, two qualities essential to theatre are wonder and heart. Taking these terms, this article examines two perplexing plays that by incorporating material from the Grail story provide entrance to his theatre. Dissolving and interpenetrating scenes in Dark Ride can be disorienting, yet the action is clear. The characters are drawn into a quest that brings them to a convention ballroom where a thief places a stolen precious stone on a pedestal around which the characters stop dancing. Since another Jenkin play utilizes material from Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival in which the Grail is a precious stone, one can interpret the ballroom gem as a Grail image that functions in Western literature as a motive for questing. Despite the lack of heart, because character interaction is minimal, the play has the wonder of questing. Poor Folk’s Pleasure is a series of scenes in which characters interact, sing, and dance within a framework in which a boatman with a “beatific smile” arrives, but when none board his boat leaves. Since a miraculous vessel that transports questers on their adventure appears in the anonymous Queste del Saint Graal, one can interpret the boat as the miraculous ship in the Grail legend. Despite the lack of wonder, because the characters do not undertake the quest, the play has the heart of pleasure. Thus the two plays complement each other with each one dramatizing just one of the two essential qualities of theatre. Other Jenkin plays, however, dramatize the two qualities integrated. By paying attention to the presence or absence of quest and pleasure therefore, the critic can begin to appreciate Jenkin’s theatre of wonder and heart.
The statement of the defence delivered in the criminal action (causa publica) of Aulus Cluentius Habitus-Cicero’s longest actually delivered speech left to us-is from 66, that is, the year when Cicero was praetor. In certain respect, it is the precious stone of Cicero’s ars oratoria since its narrative is vivid, full of turns like a crime story; events, scenes, planes of time replace one another boldly, sometimes seemingly illogically but, being subordinated to the effect the orator means to attain, in an exactly premeditated sequence. Cluentius was charged, on the one hand, with poisoning his stepfather, Statius Albius Oppianicus. The other part of the charge was founded on the criminal proceedings under which eight years before Cluentius charged Oppianicus with poisoning attempt against him, as a result of which Oppianicus was compelled to go into exile-in the current lawsuit, however, the prosecution brought it up against him that the former court of justice declared Oppianicus guilty purely because Cluentius had bribed the judges. Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis of 81 served as basis for judging crimes that provide grounds for the charge of poisoning; however, the prohibition of bribing judges applied to the order of senators only, and Cluentius belonged to the order of knights. First, we intend to outline the historical background of the oration, so to say, the historical facts of the case (I.); then, we turn our attention to the opportunity of applying statutory facts of the case, i.e. lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis. (II.) Finally, we examine the rhetorical tools of Cicero’s strategy to explore how the orator handled, modified or distorted the system of the charges and chronology-to support the argument, which can be considered brilliant with a lawyer’s eyes, too. (III.)
A középkori váradi székesegyház gyöngyhímzéses paramentumai és ezüsttárgyai Bornemissza Gergely püspök hagyatékában (Kassa, 1588)
Bead Embroidered Textiles and Silver Objects of the Mediaeval Cathedral of Várad in the Estate of Bishop Gergely Bornemissza (Kassa, 1588)
Abstract
The treasury of the mediaeval cathedral of Várad (Oradea) was secularized by the Protestant estates of Transylvania in 1557. Following this move, a part of the goldsmith's work and textiles were taken to the castle of Ecsed. The manuscripts and textiles were still there in 1603; the remnants were transported to Kassa (Košice) in 1617. There is evidence, however, that important items of the Várad textiles had left the castle of Ecsed earlier. Gergely Bornemissza, who was bishop of Várad from 1572 to 1584, seems to have been able to get back valuable pieces which were at Jászó when he died (December 1584). The Vienna court had the movables inventoried, for it was customary to exchange a high priest's estate for money. The first step was taken on 27 August 1585, followed soon by an order to transport the silverware to Vienna. The rest was assessed in 1588 when the three inventories discussed in this paper were taken. At that time, there were mainly textiles in Kassa, most of them chasubles, copes and two infulae with beadwork. Outstanding among them were a chasuble showing King St Ladislaus in the company of St Stephen and St Emeric (the crowns of Ss Ladislaus and Stephen were made of silver), and one adorned with the coat of arms of King Matthias Corvinus. The beadwork images on one of the infulae show the Calvary and the Resurrection of Christ. They alone were embellished with precious stones mounted in gold rosettes, the chasubles were not decorated with gems but with beads of varying sizes. There is no doubt that the liturgical vestments that went from Várad into Bishop Gergely Bornemissza's possession were of extraordinary importance. (Nothing is known of their subsequent history.) Bornemissza was already known for art history as the white marble reliefs of King Matthias and Queen Beatrice now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, first appeared in his possession before king Maximilian ordered them to be sent to Vienna.
overall picture, that many stones were used in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases. Furthermore, the descriptive ways used to define the imperfections of precious stones are often the same used in medical terminology for diseases of the eye, for which
/DVD burnishing and in toothpaste. On the other hand, its high durability, strength and hardness find application in production of fire-proof materials, strong glasses and precious stones. Experimental The samples of crystalline γ-Al 2
like precious stones, which can be framed only by rare, initiated, goldsmiths: Harmonization of folk songs… The poetry of harmonization. … Folk songs are not raw materials. They are rather pieces, frequently series of masterpieces, in an accomplished
harvested for human goals, similar to how mining companies understand precious stones and minerals. The revealing of these ecological sources as a Standing-Reserve (i.e. a resource to be used) presents several normative challenges. As
. Near the port of Lyssos in a temple adorned with precious stones, Alexander found a talking bird locked in a golden cage which urged him not to oppose the gods and to return home without struggling to “climb the streets of heaven”. 53
Klinger strove to approach in his technically extravagant and multicolored marble monument, gleaming with ivory and precious-stone inlay. He provided not only a Zeus-like image of the composer, his features remote and brooding, but also an Olympian
