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TNF-α levels [ 10 ]. In addition, reperfusion of the femoral arteries caused an increase in plasma IL-6 levels [ 12 ]. 2 h of MCAO-24 h of reperfusion caused an increase in serum TNF-α and IL-1 levels [ 4 ]. Putrescine as a polyamines, plays a role in
Effect of nitric oxide and putrescine on postharvest life and quality of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch. cv. Selva) fruit was studied. Fruits were treated with nitric oxide (at 0, 3, 5, and 8 μmol l−1) and putrescine (at 0 and 2 mmol l−1) and stored at 2.5 °C with 85–95% RH for 15 days. Fruit quality attributes, including firmness, vitamin C content, total soluble solids, total phenolics, colour, total acidity, overall quality, and decay index, were evaluated throughout the cold storage. Both nitric oxide and putrescine effectively maintained fruit firmness, soluble solids content, vitamin C, red colour, total phenolics, total acidity, and overall quality. Postharvest treatment of strawberries with 5 μmol l−1 nitric oxide effectively controlled decay organisms and retained fruit quality during 15 days of storage at 2.5 °C. Putrescine effectively enhanced the effects of nitric oxide in maintaining fruit quality indices.
Introduction
This study aimed to determine the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ) combined with putrescine as eco-friendly elicitors on secondary metabolism and gene expression of alkaloid biosynthetic pathway in Catharanthus roseus in vitro-propagated shoots.
Methods
The expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 and the transcription factor, octadecanoid-responsive Catharanthus AP2-domain3, upstream of plant alkaloids’ biosynthetic pathway, and of key genes in the pathway (CrPRX1, STR, DAT, and GS) are investigated as well using qRt-PCR. Antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) activities and non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids) contents have studied to determine the stress levels of the plant by spectrophotometer.
Results
Results showed increased contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants after 4–8 hr and enzymatic antioxidants activities after 24 hr. Alkaloids contents increased mostly after 1 week. The investigated signaling genes upregulated after 8 hr and biosynthetic genes after 24 hr of treatments. Combined treatments had more positive effects on gene expression levels, antioxidant responses, and secondary metabolite production than MJ individually.
Discussion
Increased effects of combined elicitor on genes expression may be due to cross talks between their signaling pathways. Combination of MJ and putrescine can be used as an eco-friendly elicitor for enhancing the production of economically important alkaloids in C. roseus.
, A. J. , Allen , C. 2018 . Metabolomics of tomato xylem sap during bacterial wilt reveals Ralstonia solanacearum produces abundant putrescine, a metabolite that accelerates wilt disease . Environ. Microbiol. 20 : 1330 – 1349
Calorimetry studies of a chemical oscillatory system
The effect of putrescine on KSCN-H2O2-CuSO4-NaOH reactions
Abstract
The effect of putrescine (PUT) on KSCN-H2O2-CuSO4-NaOH oscillating system was investigated by calorimetric method. The oscillating reaction was monitored in a closed reactor with stirring, and the result showed that the oscillating period was linearly related with putrescine concentration and the numbers of oscillation decreased with increase in putrescine concentration. When [PUT]=2.83�10−4 M, no oscillation was observed. A possible mechanism is proposed that putrescine is a scavenger of the active-oxygen species. The result of numerical simulation by a simplified mechanism consisting of 18 kinetic steps and 16 variables is consistent with the experimental findings.
A pot experiment was performed as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications, to assess the effects of 1 mM spermidine (SPD) and 1 mM putrescine (PUT) on Indian mustard (Brassica Juncea L.) under different levels of watering (100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity). Chlorophyll a and b contents decreased, but the ratio of Chl a/b and carotenoid content increased with decreasing water supply. Foliar sprays of polyamines improved chlorophylls a and b and carotenoid contents, while the ratio of Chl a/b was reduced by these growth regulators. Relative water content, glycine betaine, proteins and soluble sugars contents were increased, but proline content was decreased by exogenous polyamines under limited water supply. Antioxidant enzyme (POX, CAT, SOD and APX) activities were enhanced by drought stress and polyamine treatments. This resulted in lower electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation (less MDA) under stressful conditions. The present results indicate that exogenous polyamines such as putrescine and spermidine can alleviate some of the deleterious impacts of water limitation on Indian mustard.
Introduction
Drought is a major environmental factor that limits crops productivity. To cope with the adverse effects of drought, plants have evolved various adaptive mechanisms, such as accumulation of osmolytes. Polyamines (PAs) play an important role in the plant growth and development and response to abiotic stresses. This experiment was conducted to investigate the role of exogenous PAs on drought tolerance of mung bean.
Methods
Mung bean seeds were soaked in 0 or 100 µM putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), or their mixture for 10 hr. Then, treated seeds were sown in the field and were exposed to drought stress condition.
Results
The growth attributes including shoot length, biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and grain yield markedly reduced due to drought stress. Drought stress also decreased soluble protein content, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll value, stomatal conductance (g s), and net photosynthetic rate (P N) but increased malondialdehyde (MDA), total soluble sugars (TSS), and proline contents. Nonetheless, seed priming with the mixture of PAs alleviated adverse effects of drought stress and improved all growth attributes. Exogenous application of PAs also increased soluble protein content, RWC, chlorophyll value, P N, and more increased TSS and proline contents but decreased g s and MDA level.
Discussion
These results indicated that seed treatment with PAs especially combined treatment of Put + Spd + Spm could enhance drought tolerance of mung bean plants through the accumulation of osmoprotectants, improving water status, chlorophyll value, and P N as well as reduction of oxidative damage.
5 574 614 Unal, M., Palavan-Unsal, N., Tufekci, M. A. (2002) Role of putrescine and its biosynthetic inhibitor on seed germination, root elongation
-PI APCI MS/MS method has been developed for the determination of seven biogenic amines (cadaverine, histamine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, tryptamine, and tyramine) in cheese ( Gianotti et al., 2008 ), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography
Hiatt, A. C., Malmberg, R. L. (1988) Utilization of putrescine in tobacco cell lines resistant to inhibitors of polyamine synthesis. Plant Physiol. 86 , 441–446. Malmberg R. L
