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Although not always labeled as such, information literacy has been implicitly recognized as a key aspect of translation competence by practitioners, teachers, and scholars. Yet, researchers have only recently begun to systematically examine information behavior in the translation processes of students and professionals to determine how translation-centered information literacy develops. The questions of how and whether translators use the tools and resources at their disposal and how students, novices, and professionals differ in this regard remain to be investigated in detail. The multi-method approach we use to analyze translation competence and information behavior combines data from ethnographic observation of the translation situation, surveys, semi-structured interviews, keystroke logging, computer screenshot recordings, concurrent and cue-based retrospective verbalizations of recorded translation processes, and eye-tracking. We report on the initial phases and results of a study on translators’ information behavior to indicate how this type of research can contribute to understanding the development of translation competence and to improving information literacy teaching.
This paper highlights the need to limit resource use, especially energy resource use in the global economy. First, the scientific literature on capping resource use in light of three primary issues (sustainable scale, fair distribution, efficient allocation) is reviewed, as ecological economics suggests that these concerns must be addressed to move towards sustainability. Second, the paper examines how several tools proposed for capping energy use can or cannot deliver effective responses to the three primary concerns in ecological economics. Finally, recommendations are provided for future research on understanding and analysing energy capping tools to effectively achieve both environmental and social goals.
., Schmid, A., Hofmann, M. és mtsai: Direct cost of severe sepsis in three German intensive care units based on retrospective electronic patient record analysis of resource use. Int. Care Med., 2002, 28 , 1440
Size-specific interactions between predators can affect both species population dynamics and the structure and biodiversity of communities they inhabit. Interactions between size-structured populations of predators, especially those with complex life-cycles, often change with resource-use changes driven by ontogenetic niche shifts. However, if resource use is determined largely by prey size, generalist predators may compete across a wider range of body sizes and life stages resulting in diffuse intra- and interspecific competition. We examined size- and stage-specific interactions between juvenile sirens (Siren intermedia) and adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis) in the context of previous experiments demonstrating competitive equality of larvae and strong effects of adult S. intermedia on adult N. viridescens. Competition between juvenile siren and adult newts was mutually negative and roughly symmetrical. Two S. intermedia reduced growth of three N. viridescens by 21%, while three N. viridescens reduced growth of two S. intermedia by 29%. Together with previous work, this implicates diffuse competition as a critical feature in the ecology of these species across the range of body sizes and suggests that intensity of competition varies more with size than species identity. Competition that varies incrementally with body size expands the realm of possibilities for continuous niche changes and diffuse competition across large size gradients. For generalist predators such as S. intermedia and N. viridescens, body size, except at the extremes, is not an adequate niche difference either intra- or interspecifically.
A new method is presented for evaluating the host preference of dodders. This technique takes account of the frequency and intensity of infestations, the proportion of the resource use and availability, the resource distribution as well as the defence mechanisms of the hosts. The process categorises not only the host species but each infestation, respectively, and establishes an order of preference among the host species. This method considers also the fact that the preference status of a host species may considerably vary under different circumstances (under different species environments and/or in different habitats). The method was tested on Cuscuta europaea at 75 localities in Hungary. During the study 1,189 plant-parasite relationships were examined and categorised. This dodder was found to parasitise almost every plant, which came into contact with it in the natural habitats, however, the intensity of infestations greatly varied among the host species. A list of the most preferred, most avoided and the most frequently parasitised accessory host species was prepared for C. europaea. The results revealed that plant species of the nitrogen-poor habitats and species from Poaceae could not be preferred hosts for this dodder.
Despite the economic importance of translation work, research can hardly keep pace with current developments, especially the use of electronic resources. A growing body of literature on writing processes in various languages and domains (e.g. journalism, education) has provided insight into how professionals and students use language and language resources. However, the questions of how translators use electronic, non-electronic, and internal linguistic resources and of how novices and experts differ in this regard remain to be investigated in detail. A multi-method approach called progression analysis, which combines ethnographic observation, interviews, computer logging, screenshot recordings, and cue-based retrospective verbalizations, has been used to explore differences between novice and expert journalists and lends itself ideally to the domain of translation. Progression analysis captures diverse aspects of translation processes as students and professionals translate and revise their texts and allows us to access their metalinguistic awareness in order to gain insight into their translation competence. The realization of this awareness in different strategies for translating to and from the translator’s dominant language is highlighted for the language combination German and English, and differences between novices’ and experts’ awareness of their revision processes and resource use are identified.
Competing species often coexist, but the mechanisms allowing long-term coexistence are rarely tested via direct experimental manipulation. We experimentally tested the mechanisms of coexistence in a classic model system, laboratory microcosms in which two species of ciliate protists competed for bacteria. Previous work shows that the species used here compete for bacteria, but can coexist despite large differences in grazing ability. We tested three hypotheses that might explain this surprising coexistence: resource partitioning, chemically-mediated interference competition, and differential use of space. To test for resource partitioning, we conducted an experiment testing the effects of bacterial species richness and composition on the long-term outcome of competition. Manipulating bacterial diversity and composition alters the scope for resource partitioning. Despite strong evidence for differential resource use (e.g., the two ciliates shifted bacterial species composition in different ways), initial bacterial richness and composition did not affect the long-term outcome of competition. Remarkably, the competitive outcome was unchanged even when ciliates competed for a single bacterial species, indicating that the observed resource partitioning is irrelevant to the competitive outcome. In further experiments, we ruled out differential space use and chemically-mediated interference competition as explanations for this surprising coexistence. Coexistence of ciliates on a single bacterial species might reflect partitioning of intraspecific bacterial diversity, and/or osmotrophy or consumption of particulate detritus by the weaker competitor. The results show that this classic model system is not as well-understood as had been previously thought. More broadly, the results dramatically illustrate that merely observing “niche differences” between coexisting species is no evidence that those differences are either necessary or sufficient for long-term coexistence.
421 435 Spehn EM, Joshi J, Schmid B, Diemer M and Körner C 2000. Above-ground resource use increases with plant species richness in experimental grassland ecosystems. Functional
A Szelekció–Optimalizáció–Kompenzáció Rövid Kérdőív magyar adaptációja
Hungarian Adaptation of the Short Version of the Selection Optimization and Compensation Questionnaire
Elméleti háttér: A szelekció–optimalizáció–kompenzáció modell rugalmas alkalmazkodási folyamatokat feltételez, amelyekkel az idősek képesek pozitív egyensúlyt elérni életkoruk nyereségei és veszteségei között. Ezen stratégiák mérésére alkották meg a Szelekció– Optimalizáció–Kompenzáció Kérdőívet, majd annak rövid változatát (SOC-12). Cél: Kutatásunk egyik célja a SOC-12 kérdőív magyar nyelvre történő adaptálása és pszichometriai jellemzőinek vizsgálata volt. Módszerek: Keresztmetszeti kérdőíves kutatásunkat 155 fős, 60 éves és afeletti, kognitív zavarban nem szenvedő mintán végeztük el (átlagéletkor: 74,6 év, SD = 7,9 év, terjedelem: 60–98 év; nemi megoszlás: 125 [81%] nő és 30 [19%] férfi). Mérőeszközök: SOC-12 kérdőív, Connor–Davidson Reziliencia Skála, Rövid Geriátriai Depresszió Skála. Eredmények: A teljes SOC-12 kérdőív illeszkedési mutatói a megerősítő faktorelemzésben messze elmaradnak az elfogadhatótól. Feltáró faktorelemzéssel kétfaktoros szerkezet rajzolódott ki. A SOC-12 skála egészét reprezentáló (mind a négy alskála tételeiből tartalmazó) 1. faktor tételei jó megbízhatóságú skálát képeznek (McDonald-ω [95% CI]: 0,83 [0,79–0,87]. A 2. faktoron töltődő tételekből létrehozott alskála esetén az ω [95% CI]: 0,57 [0,43–0,69], így megbízhatósága elmarad a kívánatostól. Az általunk módosított, 7-tételes SOC-kérdőív konvergens és diszkriminatív validitása egyaránt optimális, alátámasztja a skála által mért erőforrás-felhasználási stratégiák érvényességét. Következtetések: Kutatásunk alapján a módosított SOC-12 kérdőív a magyar idős populációban jó pszichometriai mutatókkal rendelkezik. Eredményeink alátámasztják, hogy segítségével az időskori alkalmazkodási folyamatok összességében jól mérhetők. A szelekciós stratégiák önálló mérése azonban az alacsony megbízhatóságú tételek miatt nem lehetséges. A kérdőív használhatóságát elősegíti, hogy a kitöltés és az értékelés egyaránt rövid időt vesz igénybe.
Background: The selection-optimization-compensation model assumes flexible adaptation processes by which the elderly are able to achieve a positive balance between gains and losses of their lives. The Selection-Optimization-Compensation (SOC-12) questionnaire was developed to measure these strategies. Aim: The aim of our research was to adapt the SOC-12 questionnaire to Hungarian language and to establish its psychometric properties. Methods: Our cross-sectional research was conducted on a sample of 155 people aged 60 and over (mean age: 74.6 years, SD = 7.9 years, range: 60–98 years; gender distribution: 125 (81%) women and 30 (19%) male). Measures: SOC-12 Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form. Results: Based on our results, the fit of the original 4 factor structure of the SOC-12 questionnaire very weak. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure. The items of factor 1, which represent the whole of the SOC-12 scale (containing items from all subscales), form a scale with good reliability (McDonald’s ω [95% CI]: 0,83 [0,79–0,87]. In the case of the subscale created from the items loading on the factor 2, the ω-value [95% CI] is 0.56 [0.43–0.69], so its reliability is less than acceptable. Both convergent and divergent validity of the modified SOC questionnaire is optimal, supporting the validity of the resource use strategies measured by the scale. Conclusions: Based on the current study, the original SOC-12 questionnaire had to be modified. Our results support that the modified questionnaire makes measurable adaptation processes in old age. Independent measurement of selection strategies is not possible due to low reliability items. The scale provides a short, easy response to measure these strategies, and both completion and evaluation take a short time.
Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth . A Report of the Working Group on Decoupling to the International Resource Panel.
