Authors:
János Gál Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Árisz Ziszisz Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Márton Hoitsy Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
Botanical and Zoological Garden, Állatkerti Krt. 6-12., Budapest, H-1146, Hungary

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Krisztina Bali Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Eszter Kaszab Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
One Health Institute, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary

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Tamás Tóth Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Endre Sós Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
Botanical and Zoological Garden, Állatkerti Krt. 6-12., Budapest, H-1146, Hungary

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Viktória Sós-Koroknai Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary
Botanical and Zoological Garden, Állatkerti Krt. 6-12., Budapest, H-1146, Hungary

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Miklós Marosán Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Zoltán Vincze Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Míra Mándoki Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u 2., Budapest, H-1078, Hungary

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Abstract

We present the clinical symptoms, pathologic lesions and diagnostic possibilities of the avian astrovirus-related mortality in a pheasant colony. In addition to enteritis in chicks, we also confirmed acute nephrosis. The genome section of the astrovirus was detected and verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. After sequencing the isolated genome section based on BLAST driver analysis (601-base pair-long) avian astrovirus has the same ORF-1b gene as turkey astrovirus 1 (TAstV1).

Abstract

We present the clinical symptoms, pathologic lesions and diagnostic possibilities of the avian astrovirus-related mortality in a pheasant colony. In addition to enteritis in chicks, we also confirmed acute nephrosis. The genome section of the astrovirus was detected and verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. After sequencing the isolated genome section based on BLAST driver analysis (601-base pair-long) avian astrovirus has the same ORF-1b gene as turkey astrovirus 1 (TAstV1).

Introduction

The pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) plays a significant role in domestic small game farming. The pheasant is bred in the largest number of avian wild game species to be reintroduced to habitats for hunting purposes. During rearing, many non-infectious and infectious causes of death can be encountered, which occur more and more often with large numbers of pheasants being kept and bred together. In day-old chicks, poor hatching causes losses in the first 4–7 days of life, which can basically result from hatching technology errors in this species as well (Bicsé et al., 2010; Dobos-Ková, 2014). In chickens with a weight smaller than normal, incomplete absorption of the yolk, sometimes its inflammation and degeneration can also be observed during dissection (Dobos-Ková, 2014; Morishita and Porter, 2023).

Inadequate housing temperature, errors in feeding and watering can also cause significant losses. Due to improperly designed drinking technology, thirst and gout can occur, during which, in addition to signs of dehydration, the deposition of uric acid salts in the kidneys can be observed (Dobos-Ková, 2014). If the position of the feeders, or the lighting intensity of the room in the first days of life are not suitable, the chicks will not learn to eat. In such cases, the losses will be significant due to starvation, and in this case the stomach of the carcasses is empty, erosions and consequential bleeding in the glandular stomach may also develop (Dobos-Ková, 2014; Morishita and Porter, 2023).

If the quality of the litter material is not adequate for the chicks, it is often observed that the young chicks pick up pieces of the litter, which fill the stomach's cavity as indigestible material (Morishita and Porter, 2023). Fungi can multiply in the mouldy substrate and their spores can enter the airways and cause pneumonia with exudation, granuloma formation and alveolar inflammation (Bicsé et al., 2010; Morishita and Porter, 2023).

An infection caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) can also cause inflammation in the small intestine with a significant amount of fluid accumulation in infancy (Morishita and Porter, 2023). In this case, contaminated drinking water can be a frequent source of pathogens, especially if young individuals drink it from open drinking fountains. In chicks and young pheasants, subacute enteritis caused by Salmonella bacteria can be a common problem, which often causes changes in the large intestine and mainly in the caecum. In addition to the necrosis of the intestinal wall, caseous debris can accumulate in the intestinal lumen (Morishita and Porter, 2023). Coccidiosis can cause significant losses in young pheasants if the coccidiostat in the rearing food is not chosen properly. In such cases, in the small intestine, rarely in the caecum and the large intestine, inflammation is characterized by the accumulation of caseous, fragile, clastic content (Dobos-Ková, 2014; Morishita and Porter, 2023).

Acute enteritis caused by pathogens belonging to the group of enteroviruses (rota-, reo-, parvoviruses) can also occur in young chicks (Gál et al., 2019; Mándoki et al., 2019; Varga et al., 2018). In such cases, the intestinal villi become desquamated due to diarrhoea and acute, catarrhal enteritis can be observed by pathological examination (Dobos-Ková, 2014; Mándoki et al., 2019).

Viral infections of the intestinal tract are common in young poultry, with a wide range of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic infection to serious disease, causing severe economic losses (Guy, 1998). In pheasants, viral gastrointestinal diseases have been linked to astro-, calici-, corona-, picorna-, parvo- and rotaviruses (Toffan et al., 2016; Baxendale and Mebatsion, 2004; Farkas et al., 2012; Hauck et al., 2016; Kisary et al., 1984; Otto et al., 2006; Kaszab et al., 2024). Avian astroviruses (AAstVs) belong to the genus Avastrovirus, are non-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. The genome of AAstV is 6.1–7.9 kb long and contains three open reading frames (ORFs: ORF1a, ORF1b and ORF2), a 5′ untranslated region (UTR), a 3′ UTR, and a poly (A) tail (Wan et al., 2018).

Materials and methods

In the spring of 2023, five, approximately 2.5-week-old pheasant chicks were sent for autopsy to the Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine. The pheasant chicks were dissected according to the rules of the profession (Vetési et al., 1998) and small pieces of the organs showing changes (mainly the small intestine and the kidney) were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution. After a few days of fixation, the organ parts were embedded in paraffin, then 3–4 µm thin sections were cut, mounted on a glass slide and, after hematoxylin-eosin staining and coverslipping, they were examined under a light microscope.

Samples from the proximal part of the small intestine of the pheasant carcasses, from the opened lumen duodenum, were inoculated onto Columbia blood agar and Drigalski agar (Biolab Zrt.), and then these were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h under aerobic conditions. Bacteria were identified based on colony morphology, growth characteristics and biochemical properties.

During the dissection of the pheasants, as a first step, small pieces of the small intestine and kidney were homogenized using 500 µL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer for virological testing. At the end of the process, centrifugation followed and a 200 µL sample was taken from the supernatant for further nucleic acid isolation. This step was performed using the IndiSpin Pathogen Kit based on the product description and the QIAGEN QIAcube nucleic acid detection and isolation automata (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). For the RT-PCR test, we used the product of Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV) with a length of 607 base pairs (Fw: (5′-AGATACGCTTGCTCGTCTTG-3′), Rev: (5′-CCTCTAACCGGCGATATTCT-3′)) (Mándoki et al., 2006). The Genesy 96T gradient PCR machine (Tianlong Science and Technology Co., Ltd., China) and the QIAGEN OneStep RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were used in the study. After agarose gel electrophoresis, the amplicon was excised and re-isolated from the gel using the QIAquick GEL Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Sequencing and sequence reading were the final steps of the process, which we carried out in cooperation with the staff of Eurofins BIOMI Kft. (Gödöllő).

The MAFFT algorithm of Geneious Prime 2024.0.2 was used for making alignments of nt sequences (https://www.geneious.com) (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the RdRp nt sequences was generated and visualized using MEGA-X with the best fitted model (GTR+G+I model) and with 500 bootstrap replicates (Kumar et al., 2018). Sequence identity values were calculated using the Geneious Prime software.

Results

The pheasants that arrived for the examination were well developed, but in an average state of nutrition. Their plumage was contaminated with diluted excrement around the cloaca. The ends of the toes were also covered with small balls from faecal contamination. In the opened body cavity, the air sacs were intact and transparent. The liver in all individuals was normal in shape and size, brownish red. In the cavity of the glandular and muscular stomachs, a small amount of rough content was found. The lumen of the small intestine was significantly extended and stretchy, mucous contents accumulated in it (Fig. 1). The pancreas showed no abnormality. The kidneys were slightly enlarged, had a paler brownish-red colour and showed granularity on their surface.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Acute catarrhal enteritis in the duodenum

Citation: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2024; 10.1556/004.2024.01076

Bacteriological examination of the proximal part of the small intestine resulted in the isolation of few bacterial colonies belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.

During the histopathological examination, the desquamation of the villi of the small intestine, the necrosis and detachment of the epithelial cells were evident. The affected intestinal villi were significantly shortened and widened and merged in several areas (Fig. 2). More or less intact epithelial cells were also observed in the crypts of the intestine. Multiple, solitary epithelial cell degeneration was seen in the renal tubules. The nucleus of the affected cells often showed signs of pyknosis, but rhexis was also observed in some places, accompanied by vacuolization of the cytoplasm (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

The fusion and shortening of the denudated intestinal villi

(staining: H. E., 100x)

Citation: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2024; 10.1556/004.2024.01076

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Degeneration of the tubular epithelium in the kidney

(staining: H. E., 100x)

Citation: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2024; 10.1556/004.2024.01076

The genetic material of astrovirus could be detected in the kidney and intestine samples using the PCR test. After sequencing the isolated genome, the ORF-1b gene segment of avian astrovirus (601 base pairs long) was identical to turkey astrovirus 1 (TAstV1) based on BLAST driver analysis.

The partial (601bp)(601bp) ORF-1b sequence of avian astrovirus was deposited in GenBank database. Avian astrovirus isolate Avast_HUN_Ph_1 (OR700006.1) shared 94.12% nt identity with the most closely related GenBank reference sequence turkey astrovirus (NC_002470). In the phylogenetic analysis, the avian astrovirus isolate Avast_HUN_Ph_1 clustered together with turkey astrovirus strains (Fig. 4.).

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Avastrovirus partial RdRp gene sequences.

Sequence identified in this study was highlighted by a dot. The tree was generated by the MEGA-X software with the best fitted GTR + G + I model and with 500 bootstrap replicates. Branch support values lower than 70 were hidden

Citation: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 2024; 10.1556/004.2024.01076

Discussion

In pheasants, acute enteritis caused by several viruses has recently been described in the literature, such as diseases caused by rota-, reo-, corona-, calicivirus (Morishita and Porter, 2023), and in a previous study, diseases caused by astrovirus (Mándoki et al., 2019) were also reported. The disease caused by the astrovirus was described in pheasants at the age of 19–22 days in domestic studies (Mándoki et al., 2019). In our case, we confirmed the disease in 17-day-old pheasants.

The viruses multiply in the intestinal epithelium and cause the destruction of the epithelial cells (Dobos-Ková, 2014; Gál et al., 2019; Morishita and Porter, 2023), as we also have observed, which causes the villi to become desquamated. A large amount of fluid enters the intestinal lumen from the exposed vessels of the denuded villi. Damage to the intestinal epithelium also causes digestive and absorption disorders (maldigestion, malabsorption) in chicks, which results in clinical symptoms of diarrhoea. Pathological abnormalities of this nature were also observed in ostriches (Gál et al., 2024), where damage to the intestinal villi was also reported.

The so-called nephrotropic strain of astroviruses (Morishita and Porter, 2023) is known in ostriches (Mándoki et al., 2019), which reaches the epithelium of the renal tubules during viraemia, as we observed in the pheasant chicks examined. As result of the multiplication of the virus, due to the damage to the tubular epithelial cells, an excretion disorder can also be observed, though it cannot be verified if it was caused by primary virus replication, or it was a secondary consequence by dehydration or endotoxication.

In connection with the case we observed, we confirmed the susceptibility of pheasants (P. colchicus) to turkey astrovirus 1 (TAstV1).

Acknowledgement

The authors are thankful to the assistance of Pop Renáta, Schönhardt Kitti and the personnel from the Laboratory of the Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary. Special thanks to Ciara Reynolds DVM, who helped finalize this article.

References

  • Baxendale, W. and Mebatsion, T. (2004): The isolation and characterisation of astroviruses from chickens. Avian Pathol. 33, 364370.

  • Bicsérdi, Gy., Egri, B., Sugár, L. and Sztojkov, V. (2010): Vadbetegségek (in Hungarian). Mezőgazda Kiadó. Budapest. pp. 1150.

  • Dobos-Kovács, M. (2014): Házimadarak kórbonctana (in Hungarian). MÁOK Kft., Budapest.

  • Farkas, T., Fey, B., Hargitt, E., Parcells, M., Ladman, B., Murgia, M. and Saif, Y. (2012): Molecular detection of novel picornaviruses in chickens and turkeys. Virus Genes 44, 262272.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gál, J. and Marosán, M. (2019): A fácán vírusos bélgyulladásai (in Hungarian). V. Fácánnevelési szakmai nap és konferencia. Kecel. március 8. pp. 1–12.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gál, J., Marosán, M., Makrai, L., Andócs, G., Tenk, M., Lőrincz, M., Ziszisz, Á., Hoitsy, M., Tóth, T. and Mándoki, M. (2024): First description of astroviral enteritis and nephritis in Hungarian ostrich (Struthio camelus) colony. Hungar. Vet. J. 146(1), 5158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Guy, J. S. (1998): Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Poult Sci. 77(8), 11661175. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hauck, R., Gallardo, R. A., Woolcock, P. R. and Shivaprasad, H. L. (2016): A Coronavirus associated with runting stunting syndrome in broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 60, 528535.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaszab, E., Bali, K., Marton, S., Ursu, K., Farkas, S. L., Fehér, E., Domán, M., Martella, V. and Bányai, K. (2024): Metagenomic identification of novel eukaryotic viruses with small DNA genomes in pheasants. Animals 14(2), 237.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kisary, J., Nagy, B. and Bitay, Z. (1984): Presence of parvoviruses in the intestine of chickens showing stunting syndrome. Avian Pathol. 13, 339343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. and Tamura, K. (2018): MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 15471549.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mándoki, M., Bakonyi, T., Ivanics, E., Nemes, C., Dobos-Kovács, M. and Rusvai, M. (2006 Jun): Phylogenetic diversity of avian nephritis virus in Hungarian chicken flocks. Avian Pathol. 35(3), 224229.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mándoki, M., Dénes, L., Dobra, P. and Gál, J. (2019): Viral enteritis in certain galliformes. Hungar. Vet. J. 141, 523531.

  • Morishita, T. Y. and Porter, R. E. (2023): Gamebird Medicine and Management. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, USA. pp. 1368.

  • Otto, P., Liebler-Tenorio, E. M., Elschner, M., Reetz, J., Löhren, U. and Diller, R. (2006): Detection of rotaviruses and intestinal lesions in broiler chicks from flocks with runting and stunting syndrome (RSS). Avian Dis. 50, 411418.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Toffan, A., Bano, L., Montesi, F., Serena Beato, M., De Nardi, R., Terregino, C. and Capua, I. (2016): Detection of caliciviruses in young pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) with Enteritis in Italy. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 4, 300302.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Varga, J., Rusvai, M. and Fodor, L. (2018): A háziállatok fertőző betegségei (in Hungarian). Budapest: MÁOK Kft.

  • Vetési F. and Mészáros M. J. (1998): A háziállatok diagnosztikai boncolása (in Hungarian). Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 1–287.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wan, C. H., Chen, C. T., Cheng, L. F., Liu, R. C., Shi, S. H., Fu, G. H., Fu, Q. L., Chen, H. M. and Huang, Y. (2018): A novel group of avian Avastrovirus in domestic geese, China. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 18(80(5)), 798801.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Baxendale, W. and Mebatsion, T. (2004): The isolation and characterisation of astroviruses from chickens. Avian Pathol. 33, 364370.

  • Bicsérdi, Gy., Egri, B., Sugár, L. and Sztojkov, V. (2010): Vadbetegségek (in Hungarian). Mezőgazda Kiadó. Budapest. pp. 1150.

  • Dobos-Kovács, M. (2014): Házimadarak kórbonctana (in Hungarian). MÁOK Kft., Budapest.

  • Farkas, T., Fey, B., Hargitt, E., Parcells, M., Ladman, B., Murgia, M. and Saif, Y. (2012): Molecular detection of novel picornaviruses in chickens and turkeys. Virus Genes 44, 262272.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gál, J. and Marosán, M. (2019): A fácán vírusos bélgyulladásai (in Hungarian). V. Fácánnevelési szakmai nap és konferencia. Kecel. március 8. pp. 1–12.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gál, J., Marosán, M., Makrai, L., Andócs, G., Tenk, M., Lőrincz, M., Ziszisz, Á., Hoitsy, M., Tóth, T. and Mándoki, M. (2024): First description of astroviral enteritis and nephritis in Hungarian ostrich (Struthio camelus) colony. Hungar. Vet. J. 146(1), 5158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Guy, J. S. (1998): Virus infections of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Poult Sci. 77(8), 11661175. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.8.1166.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hauck, R., Gallardo, R. A., Woolcock, P. R. and Shivaprasad, H. L. (2016): A Coronavirus associated with runting stunting syndrome in broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 60, 528535.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kaszab, E., Bali, K., Marton, S., Ursu, K., Farkas, S. L., Fehér, E., Domán, M., Martella, V. and Bányai, K. (2024): Metagenomic identification of novel eukaryotic viruses with small DNA genomes in pheasants. Animals 14(2), 237.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kisary, J., Nagy, B. and Bitay, Z. (1984): Presence of parvoviruses in the intestine of chickens showing stunting syndrome. Avian Pathol. 13, 339343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. and Tamura, K. (2018): MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 35, 15471549.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mándoki, M., Bakonyi, T., Ivanics, E., Nemes, C., Dobos-Kovács, M. and Rusvai, M. (2006 Jun): Phylogenetic diversity of avian nephritis virus in Hungarian chicken flocks. Avian Pathol. 35(3), 224229.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mándoki, M., Dénes, L., Dobra, P. and Gál, J. (2019): Viral enteritis in certain galliformes. Hungar. Vet. J. 141, 523531.

  • Morishita, T. Y. and Porter, R. E. (2023): Gamebird Medicine and Management. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, USA. pp. 1368.

  • Otto, P., Liebler-Tenorio, E. M., Elschner, M., Reetz, J., Löhren, U. and Diller, R. (2006): Detection of rotaviruses and intestinal lesions in broiler chicks from flocks with runting and stunting syndrome (RSS). Avian Dis. 50, 411418.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Toffan, A., Bano, L., Montesi, F., Serena Beato, M., De Nardi, R., Terregino, C. and Capua, I. (2016): Detection of caliciviruses in young pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) with Enteritis in Italy. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 4, 300302.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Varga, J., Rusvai, M. and Fodor, L. (2018): A háziállatok fertőző betegségei (in Hungarian). Budapest: MÁOK Kft.

  • Vetési F. and Mészáros M. J. (1998): A háziállatok diagnosztikai boncolása (in Hungarian). Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest. pp. 1–287.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wan, C. H., Chen, C. T., Cheng, L. F., Liu, R. C., Shi, S. H., Fu, G. H., Fu, Q. L., Chen, H. M. and Huang, Y. (2018): A novel group of avian Avastrovirus in domestic geese, China. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 18(80(5)), 798801.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
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Senior editors

Editor-in-Chief: Ferenc BASKA

Editorial assistant: Szilvia PÁLINKÁS

 

Editorial Board

  • Mária BENKŐ (Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Gábor BODÓ (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Béla DÉNES (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest Hungary)
  • Edit ESZTERBAUER (Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Hedvig FÉBEL (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • László FODOR (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • János GÁL (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Balázs HARRACH (Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Peter MASSÁNYI (Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic)
  • Béla NAGY (Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Tibor NÉMETH (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Zsuzsanna NEOGRÁDY (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Dušan PALIĆ (Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany)
  • Alessandra PELAGALLI (University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy)
  • Kurt PFISTER (Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany)
  • László SOLTI (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • József SZABÓ (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Péter VAJDOVICH (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • János VARGA (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Štefan VILČEK (University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic)
  • Károly VÖRÖS (University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary)
  • Herbert WEISSENBÖCK (University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria)
  • Attila ZSARNOVSZKY (Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary)

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Acta Veterinaria Hungarica
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation
1951
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year
4
Founder Magyar Tudományos Akadémia
Founder's
Address
H-1051 Budapest, Hungary, Széchenyi István tér 9.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 0236-6290 (Print)
ISSN 1588-2705 (Online)

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