Abstract
The primary aim of this study is to present some Early Iron Age brooches found at Érd-Hosszúföldek, including an attempt to clarify some of the cultural connections of the area. The pair of boat-shaped fibulae connected by a chain, the three-footed vessels, and the ribbed cysts indicate a complex and widespread connection network in the period.
Introduction
Research on the Iron Age fortress of Százhalombatta at the northeastern edge of the Mezőföld mesoregion has gained new momentum in recent decades. In 2004, the Early Iron Age finds of Site 9/4,1 excavated in the path of the then-planned M6 motorway, opened up new horizons in the research of the period. The site on the bank of the Benta Stream included a large open settlement in the immediate vicinity of the cemetery and the fortified settlement at Százhalombatta. Just over a third of the 2,423 archaeological features excavated contained archaeological finds with information value. Based on the field documentation, the vast majority, 745 features, were established in the Bronze Age, 148 in the Iron Age, 75 in the Neolithic, 34 in the Roman Period, and three in the Árpád Age. Fourteen of the 84 Early Iron Age features selected for processing were buildings, including a textile workshop and a cremation burial. The Early Iron Age find material comprised several artefacts with outstanding value for the mapping of the chronological and cultural connections of the site; the boat-shaped fibulae, a jewellery type characteristic of the period, are among them.
The pair of bronze brooches recovered from a waste pit of the Early Iron Age site in the Benta Valley is currently the only known specimen in the distribution area of boat-shaped fibulae with both an iron and a bronze chain (Fig. 1).
Distribution of boat-shaped fibulae in the territory of Transdanubia
1. kép. A csónak alakú fibulák elterjedése a Dunántúlon
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
Feature 1321/1875
Feature 1321 was found in the central part of the site, in Square K40-D14 (a documentation unit). It was round, with a diameter of ca. 1.95–2 m; it had a curved, beehive-shaped wall and a convex bottom at a relative depth of 1.22 m. It was intersecting Feature 1320/1874, a pit.
The fill of the feature contained no ceramic artefacts at all but only a few animal bones. A pair of brooches (Fig. 2. 1) were found there at a depth of about 50 cm, close to the pit's wall. The two brooches were interlocked; they were identical in size and shape, the difference between the two manifesting in the design and size of the profiled knob at the end of the catchplate and the engraved decoration of the bow. Both pieces were cast in one piece, have a long, open catchplate terminalling in a profiled knob, a slightly widening, curved, boat-shaped bow, and an asymmetrical spring construction with a single-coil spring on one side, in line with the head end of the bow. The brooches are 10.5 cm long, their maximum width (at the bow) is 1.5 cm, and they have 5.6 cm long catchplates (Fig. 2. 3). No casting marks or seams were visible on their surfaces, indicating that they were mould-cast, while some applied decorative elements, such as the knobs at the end of the catchplate, were engraved and carved in a subsequent production phase.2
The brooch pair from Feature 1321
2. kép. Az 1321. objektum fibulapárja
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
Another special feature of the find is the bronze and iron chains connected to brooch B (Fig. 2. 2) through a bronze loop or ring linked to its spring. Currently, there is no other example from the period where the two materials were used in the same artefact for parts with identical functions.
The origin and analogies of boat-shaped fibulae
Shape is a good starting point for specifying the chronological position of the type. Brooches with a long catchplate and a profiled knob represent the younger variant. The type appeared and became widespread in southern Bavaria and Styria in the HaC2 phase, i.e., from the mid-seventh century BC.3 F. Stare was among the first to study the emergence and spread of this type. He considered the Sanguisuga brooch type to be its possible predecessor, which he assumed to have evolved from single-loop bow brooches of northern Italy, the evolution of which was characterised by a gradual increase in size, resulting in the youngest variants to be unfit for being worn due to their weight. Therefore, the next innovation was the hollowed bow, by which even such large jewellery could be made wearable.4 The fact that the earliest Sanguisuga-type brooches do not appear north of Italy supports the north Italian origin of boat-shaped fibulae.
After the formation phase, the type seems to have spread from the core area in all directions practically simultaneously, appearing in the Central Balkans at the same time as in groups in the territories of today's Slovenia and Austria. In these parts, too, boat-shaped fibulae with a long foot terminalling in a profiled knob were present from the end of the seventh to the beginning of the sixth century BC, corresponding to the Glasinac IV phase.5
Close analogies to the brooch pair in focus have been found in the records of Houses 11 and 14 in Smolenice, Slovakia.6 The length of the catchplate of the wide-bow brooches found there, and the curve and shape of their bow are very similar to the brooches from Feature 1321. In terms of decoration, the incised triangles and oblique line bundles at the two ends of the bow, i.e., the first variant, are identical, but the longitudinal groove is missing. The foot-end knob of the second variant, corresponding to Smolenice, settlement horizons of I (HaC2) and II (HaD1), is evidence of the distinct chronological positions of the first and second variants.7
Most analogies to the decoration of the bow of the brooches in focus are known from northern Italy. The framed, longitudinal, grooved band and its combination with oblique line bundles appear there mainly on Sanguisuga-type brooches.8 The large foot knob variants on specimens from Este and Parre are somewhat younger than the specimen without a foot knob from Grave 363 in Capua. The skyphos from the grave in Capua was dated to Phase IIa of the cemetery, which corresponds to the Late Geometric IIa period, i.e., around 800 BC.9 Navicella brooches with a similar line pattern, most of them representing the variant with a lateral knob, are known from Este, Baldaira, and Chiavari;10 they were dated to the end of the seventh and the beginning of the sixth century BC.11 The closest analogy to our pieces is a specimen from Este,12 the pattern and its division on the bow of which are practically identical to our piece, save that the triangles are missing from it.
Peroni considered the appearance of boat-shaped fibulae with a long catchplate and a foot knob to be typical of HaC2;13 Parzinger and Stegmann-Rajtár also attributed it to this phase in the evaluation of a brooch from Šmarjeta (Slovenia) and dated the variant with an oblique line bundle at the end of the bow to the HaD1 phase.14 Small brooches with an often longitudinally or transversely ribbed bow and two or three knobs appear in Dobrnič together with proto-Certosa brooches and early bucchero-style pottery. Therefore, the chronological position of the latest variants can be set to the Dobrnič IV/ Stična II / Sveti Lucija IIa / Este IIIB.2 / HaD1 phases, corresponding to Phase II of Smolenice in Slovakia. In Bologna, variants with a foot knob are present from Phase IIIa and were the most popular in Phase IIIb.1, i.e., around 750–690 BC.15 The situation is identical in Este (from Phases IIIB.1 to IIIB.2), corresponding to the time of the variants with a side knob.
The horizon of boat-shaped fibulae was radiocarbon-dated with samples taken from Graves 112, 122, and 82 of Kobarid. The results clearly support a dating to the first half of the seventh century BC. B. Teržan and M. Črešnar defined this horizon as Sveti Lucija Ic / Notrajnska III / Ljubljana IIIb / Stična I / Stajerska IIa (/ Dobrnič III).16
Taking into account the closest analogies and the chronologies of Este and Kobarid, the pair of brooches from Feature 1321/1875 can be dated best to the end of the HaC2 phase, i.e., 650–600 BC.
The origin of the brooch pair from the Benta Valley
The wearing of bronze chains and various pendants on boat-shaped fibulae is a characteristic of the cemetery of Este. The type also counts as a rarity in the cultural circle of northern Italy, wherefrom only a dozen such complex artefacts are known (Fig. 3). Eight of the ten brooches recovered from Este feature a suspension loop attached to the pin of the brooch,17 with one to five chains, a decorated stick, a pear-shaped pendant or a spectacle pendant, or a metal sheet triangle with punched decoration hanging from it. Different variations may include plain and twisted wire bronze rings and hoops or even a small boat brooch. Besides Este, the records of the cemeteries of Chiavari, Oppeano, and Baldaria18 contain a brooch with a chain each; in the cemetery of Este, these finds do not mark a chronologically distinct unit.
Core distribution area of brooches with a chain
3. kép. A láncos fibulák elterjedésének magterülete
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
These data suggest that the jewellery, which was rare even in the territory of northern Italy, was imported from there to the site in the Benta Valley. Another important feature of this particular brooch pair, telling it apart from all other known brooches with chains, is the bronze chain threaded through the spring and corroded together with an iron chain.
A previously found brooch fragment also indicates a connection between the early Iron Age community of Százhalombatta and the area delineated above in northern Italy. Already in the first publication of the find (Fig. 4),19 Lajos Márton expressed his opinion that the cross-ribbed brooch with a bow covered entirely in ‘peacock eye’ (dot-circle) patterns could have arrived from the territory of today's Italy. In an overview published later, Mária Fekete did not diverge from this interpretation.20 The dot-circle motif was indeed widely used in the northern parts of Italy to decorate the bows of brooches, as attested by the finds of Este, Manerbio, Caverzano, Baldaria, Sorga, and Santa Christa, where it appears in several combinations.21 This kind of decoration is rare north-east of the core distribution area of the type: Slovenian groups do not use it at all on brooches22 but it is a very popular decorative element there on bronze pendants. Few boat brooches with dot-circle decoration are known from north of today's Slovenia,23 and, besides the specimen in focus, only four more from Transdanubia (two stray finds and two from the Kisravazd hoard).24
Brooch from Százhalombatta with dot-circle patterns on its bow, published by Lajos Márton in 1913
4. kép. A Márton Lajos által 1913-ban publikált Százhalombattai fibula, kengyelén pávaszemes díszítéssel
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
The brooch pair as a clothing accessory
The pair of brooches found in the Benta Valley clearly belong to a single garment. One of the most characteristic elements of the costumes of the period, as reconstructed by Karina Grömer based on contemporary depictions, northern European bog finds, and observations on the arrangement of diverse finds in graves, was a cape-like overgarment,25 clearly a jacket-like outer layer. The depictions on stelae from Vače, Montebelluna, Dolenjska Toplice, Magdalenska Gora, and Certosa, as well as a mirror from Castelvetro26 show men wearing headgear (hats) in every case but in fight and symplegma scenes, while helmet was an attribute that clearly belonged to another social group, the military class. The predominant element of the female costume was a jilbab-like shawl falling from the top of the head to the waist, leaving the face free but covering the chest; according to representations, it was always worn. It is uncertain whether, in this canonised visual world, this motif was no more than a standard gender marker or a faithful depiction of everyday clothing. It seems reasonable to assume that wearing brooches was associated mainly with women27 and logical to presume that the size (weight) of the brooch and the thickness of its pin are related to the type of material of the related garment28 (albeit wearing position may has counterbalanced the weight of the jewellery).
Only a few brooch pairs are known from early Hallstatt graves in Transdanubia. While the grave unearthed at Vaskeresztes-Diófás II could be identified as a dual burial (of a male and a female), based on the characteristics of the site, the composition of the grave assemblage, and the calcined remains, the two identical brooches recovered from the feature were likely a pair.29 Three fragments of identical boat-shaped fibulae were found in Keszthely-Vadaskert, Grave 6; based on existing reconstructions, an attire with three brooches is also a realistic possibility. The assemblages of Keszthely-Árpád Street, Grave 4730 and a grave unearthed at Zamárdi31 each contained identical pieces that could be pairs; however, the high number of finds they included point rather at accumulation or the special social position of the deceased.
Two interpretations seem plausible for the interlinked jewellery found in the Benta Valley. Since the find was recovered from a settlement feature, one is accumulation; however, as there is no evidence of external or internal conflict in or around the nearby fortified settlement, of which our site was a satellite settlement, this is unlikely. The second possibility, ritual activity, is corroborated by the fact that both pieces are not only fit for use but in remarkably good condition and that their relative position within the feature indicates that they were carefully placed rather than simply thrown in (Fig. 5). At present, we are not aware of the documented traces of any similar offering or cultic activity from the period, while the site in the Benta Valley yielded several phenomena the analysis of which may lead to a similar interpretation.32
In The brooch pair in situ in Feature 1321
5. kép. Az 1321. objektum fibulapárja in situ pozíciója
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
The connections of the Dobrnič grave
In terms of decoration, one of the closest analogies to our find is a fragment from Grave 3/1 in Dobrnič (Dolenjska, Eastern Slovenia). This specimen is very fragmentary, but the incised, longitudinal line bundles and the triangle motif closing the pattern are clearly discernible.33 Parzinger assigned the grave to the third phase of the cemetery. The connections outlined by the finds of the assemblage of Grave 3/1 are interesting. For example, the three-footed vessel it contained is atypical in the period, but it has analogies in Dobrnič (Dolenjsko) and Poštela (Stajerska) in Slovenia,34 while in Transdanubia, fragments of such three- (sometimes four-) footed vessels are only known from our site (Features 52/106 [textile workshop], 420/538, 421/539, 464/668, and 138/213 [Fig. 6]), save for a piece found in Trench V, Pit Γ at Százhalombatta-Brickworks (Inv. no. MNM 67.62.118).35
Three-footed vessel fragments from diverse features in Érd-Hosszúföldek
6. kép. Háromlábú edények töredékei Érd-Hosszúföldek lelőhely különböző objektumaiból
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
North of these sites, fragments of such vessels are currently known only from Budapest-Harsánylejtő (District 3).36 It is not possible to determine yet whether they represent local development or reflect external influence, but the few published finds37 indicate that the type was used south of Lake Balaton and, thus, may have spread there from the territory of today's Slovenia and Styria.
This type in the Poštela settlement is most characteristic of Phase III,38 corresponding to the HaC/D (HaC2/D1) phases, and of Phase III in Dobrnič, coeval with the Stična I /Sveti Lucija Ic / Este IIIB.1–2 horizon, i.e., the HaC2 phase. In summary, this vessel type was in fashion in the territory of Slovenia during the HaC2 and D1 phases; this corresponds to the dating of the building of Feature 52/106 at Érd-Hosszúföldek, dated to the end of the HaC2 and the beginning of the HaD1 phases.
The brooch from Feature 144/221, a building
The third boat-shaped fibula from the settlement in the Benta Valley was found in the fill of a building (Feature 144/221, Fig. 7). The structure has an irregular ground plan, with a row of postholes and a kiln on one side (Fig. 8).
Boat-shaped fibula fragment from Feature 144, a building
7. kép. A 144. számú épület csónak alakú fibulatöredéke
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
Ground plan of Feature 144, a building
8. kép. A 144. számú épület objektumrajza
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
The pin of the cast-in-one brooch is incomplete, and its long, open catchplate is fragmentary. The back of the highly curved bow was divided into three fields by symmetrically positioned, longitudinal herringbone line bundles, while its two ends are closed by oblique line bundles. This pattern is closely similar to that of the cast-in-one Šmarjeta-type brooches, while the long, open catchplate, the decoration, and the quality of execution also connect it with Kisravazd-type brooches (Fig. 9).39
Brooch fragment from Feature 144, a building
9. kép. A 144. objektum fibulatöredékének rajza
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
Ceramic material and dating of the building
The ceramic record of the feature consists predominantly of medium-quality utilitarian pottery types. The barrel-shaped pot fragments cannot be dated precisely; the local pottery is rooted in Urnfield Period traditions, some (related to pots) of which persisted until the La Tène Period. Their decoration consists exclusively of applied ornaments, such as knobs, ribs, and finger-press rows, appearing in different combinations. The three basic pot types are the straight-edged, the barrel-shaped, and the ones with a high shoulder. Barrel-shaped pot variants appeared relatively early in the ceramic record and swiftly became one of the most common forms of HaD pottery. The piece from the early HaC rampart of Sopron-Burgstall is one of the earliest Early Iron Age examples in Transdanubia,40 while fragments from Vradiště,41 Koroncó,42 Tatabánya-Dózsakert,43 and Százhalombatta attest to the popularity of the type in the HaC2 phase.44 Exact analogies to the piece decorated with a circular row of finger-press marks and tongue-like knobs below the rim (Inv. no. 144.164.l) are known from Szigetszentmárton45 and House 21 in Smolenice,46 both representing HaD contexts. Both horizontal applied ribs, round, oval or tongue-shaped bosses, and finger-press rows appear in the pottery of the Benta Valley site and sites inhabited from the HaC2 phase in the Danube Region.
S-profile bowls are also an Early Iron Age vessel type that remained in fashion for long; however, its design is rather characteristic. The piece Inv. no. 144.171 represents a widespread, common variant (Fig. 10) with excellent analogies in late HaC2 contexts in Phase II of Maissau,47 Malá nad Hronom, and Hegyfalu, Grave 6.48 The evolution of the type between the HaC2 and HaD1 phases can be traced in the materials of Phases I and III of the Kleinklein burial, which also attests to their increasing frequency in the ceramic record.
S-profile bowl from Feature 144
10. kép. S-profilú tál a 144. objektumból
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
The popularity of the type akin to the one in the settlement in the Benta Valley could be observed in Phase III of Poštela (HaC2/D1),49 while close analogies from HaD1 contexts are also known from the pottery records of Unterparschenbrunn50 and Wien-Leopoldsberg,51 as well as House 28 in Smolenice,52 and Hoste. The youngest appearances of the type, in the records of Barndorf-Kaiserköpperl53 and Szigetszentmárton,54 could be dated to the end of the period (HaD2–3). Based on the context of the pieces from our site and identical analogies in Upper Austrian sites, this piece could be assigned to the beginning of the HaD1 phase.
The most interesting and characteristic pottery find from the feature is Inv. no. 2004.7.144.157, the fragment of a so-called Rippenziste (ribbed cyst) (Fig. 11), which, based on the distribution of the type, likely arrived from Kalenderberg territory. Based on analogies in Smolenice,55 Unterparschenbrunn,56 Maiersch,57 and Bad Fischau,58 the type first appeared in the HaD1 phase. The ribbing (or, as J. Dular refers to it, ‘wrinkling’)59 of the vessel surface was widespread in the territory of Slovenia at the time, appearing not only in cysts but also pythoi and situlae, e.g., in grave assemblages in Dolenjske Toplice60 and Most na Soci.61
Ribbed pottery cyst from Feature 144
11. kép. Kerámia bordás ciszta a 144. objektumból
Citation: Archaeologiai Értesítő 2024; 10.1556/0208.2024.00072
The chronological positions of the boat-shaped fibula and the ribbed cyst date Feature 144 to the beginning of the HaD1 phase.
Summary
The settlement in the Benta Valley sheds completely new light on Early Iron Age settlement network and settlement hierarchy. The riverside settlement, the fortified settlement at Százhalombatta, and the tumulus field form a single system not only in physical but also in economic and cognitive terms. The boat-shaped fibulae indicate that the flat settlement was more than a mere agricultural production unit or village: it was an integral part of the economic network maintained by the nearby fortified settlement, thus linked to the long-distance communication network of the area. Of course, a full interpretation of such a find, taken here arbitrarily out of its context, in light of the respective economic, social, and cognitive systems requires the processing of the complete find material of the site. However, even at this stage, it is proof of the lively communication between the diverse economic units of the period in a network that covered Central Europe. The spread of cultural elements and local developments resulted in the emergence of a plethora of local patterns, all focused on the same point: to express the power of the elite. The characteristic fashion of the period arrived at our site together with the boat-shaped fibulae, bringing about an advanced textile production, which itself was an element of power representation.
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The basics of metal casting have remained almost unchanged to this day. Our own experience corroborates the use of two-part or multi-part casting moulds. Miklós Jenei and I have been making replicas of Iron Age jewellery for museums for many years. In any case, the minimal differences in the design of the two Ardennes-type brooches support the reconstructed chaîne opératoire described above.
As Variant D of the already mentioned type with incised decoration and side knobs, based on Benvenuti, Grave 83.
von Eles Masi (1986) T. 63, 861, T. 65, 888, T. 72, 958, T. 73, 966, T. 77, 988, T. 82, 1035, 1037, T. 89, 1084; with the loop linked in the spring: T. 81, 1035, T. 101, 1172; with a loop on the bow: T. 94, 1121.
von Eles Masi (1986) T. 44, 654, T. 46, 666–996, T. 49, 717–718, T. 50, 719–725, T. 53, 753, T. 55, 769, T. 54, 754.
A rare Slovenian exception is known from Most na Soči, Grave 1999/E; see Teržan et al. (1985) 200.
A stray find from the cemetery of Frög (Tomedi (2002) T. 100, 5) and a Slovakian specimen of unknown provenance (Novotná (2001) T. 22, 248) were also identified as Italian imports.
Teržan and Črešnar (2014) 716. Ch. Huth reconstructed the system of power symbols from contemporary representations, which also indicate that the production of expensive textiles was the responsibility of women in the higher echelons of society: Huth (2019) 459. In this system, the making and wearing of fine textiles were interconnected; pins and spindle whorls indicate a similar role for women in society. Nevertheless, one cannot exclude that men also wore brooches, e.g., to fasten their cloaks or overgarments (the most practical way to do that), as depicted in multiple scenes on the Certosa situla.
Horváth (2014) 78, 11. kép; two Šmarjeta-type variants and seven variants with side buttons and a bow ribbed crosswise.
I would certainly separate this phenomenon – the presumed accumulation of valuable items – from the few known hoards of the period, the composition of which is much more diverse.
Százhalombatta-Brickworks, excavated by Tibor Kovács in 1962. The triangular Trench V, of ca. 60 m2, was opened on the eastern edge of the fortified settlement above the Danube. According to the entry on Page 14 of the excavation log, the pit, which Kovács dated to the Early Iron Age, contained a significant amount of Bronze Age pottery, and only a piece of corroded iron helped date it.
Personal communication by Gábor Szilas.
Based on the material of Százhalombatta-Sáncalja, excavated by Erzsébet Marton.
Csónak alakú fibulák Érd és Százhalombatta kora vaskori lelőhelyeiről
A százhalombattai kora vaskori kulturális egység területén eddig előkerült csónak alakú fibulák közül talán a legérdekesebb az a láncos fibulapár, mely 2004-ben látott napvilágot a Benta-patak partján fekvő, Érd-Hosszúföldek lelőhelyen. A teljesen sértetlen ékszerkombináció objektumon belüli helyzete egyfajta votív funkciót vagy tezaurálást feltételez. Sem a fibulapárnak, sem pedig a telep egyik épületéből előkerült fibulatöredéknek nem ismerjük pontos párhuzamát, ugyanakkor a láncos fibulavariációk kizárólag Észak-Itália temetőiben tűnnek fel, ott is ritkán. A lelet egyediségét adja, hogy bronzláncos fibulapárt nem ismerünk, ahogy vas és bronzlánc egyidejű alkalmazására sem találunk példát. A területen megjelenő itáliai, esetleg szlovén eredetű tárgyak korábbi példája a Márton Lajos által publikált pávaszemes díszítésű, százhalombattai eredetű, de szórvány csónakfibula is. A párban hordott ruhakapcsolótűk, mint női viseleti elemek ritkán foghatóak meg, de a Vaskeresztes-Diófás-dűlő 2. halma esetében feltételezhetjük, hogy a kor jellegzetes viseletét tükrözi a két egyforma darab jelenléte.
A fibulapár kengyelét díszítő motívumokhoz legközelebb álló Dobrnič 3/1 sír töredéke azért is érdekes számunkra, mert a sírban egy olyan háromlábú edény is volt, mely az érdi lelőhelyen több példánnyal is reprezentált. A kevésbé jellemző forma megjelenik a Százhalombatta-Téglagyár egyik kora vaskori objektumában és szórványosan a Balaton hosszanti tengelyétől délre több más lelőhely anyagában is, de igazán a szlovén csoportoknál jellemző.
A lelőhely egyik épületéből előkerült fibulatöredéket egy olyan jellegzetes kerámia, ún. bordás ciszta datálta, mely elsősorban a burgenlandi területekről ismert, de maga a díszítéstechnika, az edények felületének vízszintes bordázása, egyes szlovén csoportoknál is elterjedt.
A Benta-völgyi település egészen új aspektusba helyezi a kora vaskori településhálózat és a települési hierarchia sajátosságait. A patakparti település, a százhalombattai földvár és halomsírmező nem csak fizikailag, hanem gazdasági és szellemi szempontból is egy rendszert alkotott. A csónak alakú fibulák ékszeregyüttese egyértelműen jelzi, hogy a nyílt telep nem egy hagyományos értelemben vett mezőgazdasági termelő egység, falu, hanem a közeli földvár gazdasági rendszerének szerves része és ily módon kapcsolódik a távolsági kommunikációs hálózatba. Természetesen ezek a kiragadott leletek igazán a teljes település anyagának szisztematikus feldolgozásával válnak majd a gazdasági-kulturális rendszer részévé. Azt azonban már így is jelzik, hogy a korszak gazdasági egységei élénken kommunikáltak egymással egy Közép-Európát behálózó rendszerben. Az egyes kulturális elemek áramlása és a helyi fejlődés számtalan lokális mintázat létrejöttét hozhatta létre, melyek mindegyikében egyetlen közös pont volt, az elit hatalmának reprezentációja. A csónak alakú fibulák magukkal hozták a korszak jellegzetes viseletét és vele együtt a textilgyártás fejlődését is, mely a reprezentáció újabb elemét jelenti.
