The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was first described in the United States of America in 1981 [1]. The worldwide spread of HIV has soon been recognized and AIDS has become one of the most alarming infectious diseases of our days. Its impact has been tremendous, high morbidity and mortality has caused a reversal of socioeconomic gains previously recorded in several developing countries, especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa [2]. Epidemiological data about the HIV and AIDS pandemic are updated by the Joint United Nation Programme on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS (http://www.unaids.org). Their latest report from December 2000 states that in year 2000 approximately 5.3 million people have become newly infected with HIV, of which 2.2 were women and 600 000 children younger than 15 years of age. The estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS globally is 36.1 million, of which 16.4 million are women and 1.4 million are children younger than 15 years of age. Approximately 25.3 million (70%) of these HIV infected people live in Sub-Saharan Africa, 5.8 million in South- and South-East Asia (15%), and 1.4 million in Latin-America (5%). During year 2000, 3 million people died of AIDS (1.3 million women and 500 000 children younger than 15 years of age). This means that an estimated total of 21.8 million persons have died of AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic, including 4.3 million children younger than 15 years of age.
A. S. Fauci. Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease. Nature 384, 529 (1996).
() 384 Nature : 529.
A. W. Martin, K. Brady, S. I. Smith, D. DeCoste, D. Page, A. Malpica, B. Wolf and R. S. Neiman. Immunohistochemical localization of HIV p24 antigen in placental tissue. Hum Pathol 23, 411 (1992).
'Immunohistochemical localization of HIV p24 antigen in placental tissue ' () 23 Hum Pathol : 411.
K. A. R. McGann, D. L. Collman, F. Kolson, G. Gonzales-Scarano, C. Coukos, J. F. Coutifaris, J. F. Strauss and N. Nathanson. HIV type 1 causes productive infection of macrophages in primary placental cell cultures. J Infect Dis 169, 746 (1994).
'HIV type 1 causes productive infection of macrophages in primary placental cell cultures ' () 169 J Infect Dis : 746.
C. De Andreis, G. Simoni, F. Rossella, C. Castagna, E. Pesenti, G. Porta, G. Colucci, S. Giuntelli, G. Pardi and A. E. Semprini. HIV-1 proviral DNA polymerase chain reaction detection in chorionic villi after exclusion of maternal contaminants by variable number of tandem repeats analysis. AIDS 10, 711 (1996).
'HIV-1 proviral DNA polymerase chain reaction detection in chorionic villi after exclusion of maternal contaminants by variable number of tandem repeats analysis ' () 10 AIDS : 711.
W. R. Fear. Differential tropism and chemokine receptor expression of HIV type 1 in neonatal monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and placental macrophages. J Virol 72, 1334 (1998).
() 72 J Virol : 1334.
H. Mano and J. C. Chermann. Fetal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of different organs in the second trimester. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 7, 83 (1991).
'Fetal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of different organs in the second trimester ' () 7 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 83.
J. Leach, D. Sedmark, J. Osborne, B. Rahill, M. Lairemore and C. Anderson. Isolation from human placenta of the IgG transporter, FcRn, and localization to the syncytiotrophoblast. J Immunol 157, 3317 (1996).
'Isolation from human placenta of the IgG transporter, FcRn, and localization to the syncytiotrophoblast ' () 157 J Immunol : 3317.
M. D. Lairmore, P. S. Cuthbert, L. L. Utley, C. J. Morgan, C. S. Dezzutti, C. L. Anderson and D. D. Sedmak. Cellular localization of CD4 in the human placenta. J Immunol 151, 1673 (1993).
'Cellular localization of CD4 in the human placenta ' () 151 J Immunol : 1673.
V. Zachar, B. Spire, I. Hirsch, J. C. Chermann and P. Ebbesen. Human transformed trophoblast-derived cells lacking CD4 receptor exhibit restricted permissiveness for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 65, 2102 (1991).
'Human transformed trophoblast-derived cells lacking CD4 receptor exhibit restricted permissiveness for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ' () 65 J Virol : 2102.
S. Lagaye, M. Derrien, E. Menu, C. Coito, E. Tresoldi, P. Mauclere, G. Scarlatti, G. Chaouat, F. Barre-Sinoussi and M. Bomsel. Cell-to-cell contact results in a selective translocation of maternal HIV-1 quasispecies accross a trophoblastic barrier by both trancytosis and infection. J Virol 75, 4780 (2001).
() 75 J Virol : 4780.
G. S. Vince and P. M. Johnson. Immunobiology of human uteroplacental macrophages-friend and foe? Placenta 17, 191 (1996).
'Immunobiology of human uteroplacental macrophages-friend and foe? ' () 17 Placenta : 191.
D. Zion, L. Gillam and B. Loff. The Declaration of Helsinki, CIOMS and the ethics of research on vulnerable populations. Nat Med 6, 615 (2000).
'The Declaration of Helsinki, CIOMS and the ethics of research on vulnerable populations ' () 6 Nat Med : 615.
P. Lurie and S. M. Wolfe. Unethical trials of interventions to reduce perinatal transmission of the HIV in developing countries. N Engl J Med 337, 853 (1997).
'Unethical trials of interventions to reduce perinatal transmission of the HIV in developing countries ' () 337 N Engl J Med : 853.
R. J. Simonds, M. F. Rogers and T. J. Dondero. Ethics of placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine to prevent the perinatal transmission of HIV in the Third World. N Engl J Med 338, 386 (1998).
'Ethics of placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine to prevent the perinatal transmission of HIV in the Third World ' () 338 N Engl J Med : 386.
F. G. Cunningham, P. C. MacDonald, N. F. Gant, K. J. Leveno and L. C. Gilstrap. Williams obstetrics. P.-H. I. Inc., 1993, Connecticut.
P. Le Bouteiller and V. Mallet. HLA-G and pregnancy. Rev Reprod 2, 7 (1997).
'HLA-G and pregnancy ' () 2 Rev Reprod : 7.
A. King and Y. W. Loke. On the nature and function of human uterine granular lymphocytes. Immunol Today 12, 432 (1991).
'On the nature and function of human uterine granular lymphocytes ' () 12 Immunol Today : 432.
E. Jauniaux, C. Nessmann and M. Imbert. Morphological aspects of the placenta in HIV pregnancies. Placenta 9, 633 (1988).
'Morphological aspects of the placenta in HIV pregnancies ' () 9 Placenta : 633.
D. A. Schwartz, S. Sungkarat, N. Shaffer, J. Laosakkitiboran, W. Supapol, P. Charoenpanich, T. Chuangsuwanich and T. D. Mastro. Placental abnormalities associated with HIV-1 infection and perinatal transmission in Bangkok, Thailand. J Infect Dis 182, 1652 (2000).
'Placental abnormalities associated with HIV-1 infection and perinatal transmission in Bangkok, Thailand ' () 182 J Infect Dis : 1652.
K. Brady, A. Martin, D. Page, S. Purdy and R. S. Neiman. Localization of human immunodeficiency virus in placental tissue. Lab Investig 60, 69A (1989).
'Localization of human immunodeficiency virus in placental tissue ' () 60 Lab Investig : 69A.
S. Chandwani, M. A. Greco, K. Mittal, C. Antoine, K. Krasinski and W. Borkowsky. Pathology and human immunodeficiency virus expression in placentas of seropositive women. J Infect Dis 163, 1134 (1991).
'Pathology and human immunodeficiency virus expression in placentas of seropositive women ' () 163 J Infect Dis : 1134.
P. M. Johnson, T. W. Lyden and J. M. Mwenda. Endogenous retroviral expression in the human placenta. Am J Reproduc Immunol 23, 115 (1990).
'Endogenous retroviral expression in the human placenta ' () 23 Am J Reproduc Immunol : 115.
S. M. Wolinsky, C. M. Wike, B. T. M. Korber, C. Hutto, W. P. Parks, L. L. Rosenblum, K. J. Kunstman, M. R. Furtado and J. L. Munoz. Selective transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 variants from mothers to infants. Science 255, 1134 (1992).
() 255 Science : 1134.
J. N. Bulmer and P. M. Johnson. Macrophage populations in the human placenta and amniochorion. Clin Exp Immunol 57, 393 (1948).
'Macrophage populations in the human placenta and amniochorion ' () 57 Clin Exp Immunol : 393.
A. M. Kesson, W. R. Fear, F. Kazazi, J. M. Mathijs, J. Chang, N. J. C. King and A. L. Cunningham. HIV-1 infection of placental macrophages. J Infect Dis 168, 571 (1993).
'HIV-1 infection of placental macrophages ' () 168 J Infect Dis : 571.
UNAIDS. HIV in pregnancy: a review. 1999, World Health Organization, Geneva.
UNAIDS. HIV in pregnancy: a review , ().
S. Kliks, C. H. Contag, H. Corliss, G. Learn, A. Rodrigo, D. Wara, J. I. Mullins and J. A. Levy. Genetic analysis of viral variants selected in transmission of human immunodeficiency viruses to newborns. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16, 1223 (2000).
'Genetic analysis of viral variants selected in transmission of human immunodeficiency viruses to newborns ' () 16 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 1223.
G. C. Douglas and B. F. King. Isolation of pure cytotrophoblast from term human placenta using immunomagnetic microspheres. J Immunol Methods 119, 259 (1989).
'Isolation of pure cytotrophoblast from term human placenta using immunomagnetic microspheres ' () 119 J Immunol Methods : 259.
B. Lee, N. Ordonez, E. J. Popek, J. Lu, A. Helfgott, N. Eriksen, H. Hammill, C. Kozinetz, M. Doyle, M. Kline, C. Langston, W. Shearer and J. M. Reuben. Inflammatory cytokine expression is correlated with the level of HIV transcripts in HIV-infected placental trophoblastic cells. J Virol 71, 3628 (1997).
'Inflammatory cytokine expression is correlated with the level of HIV transcripts in HIV-infected placental trophoblastic cells ' () 71 J Virol : 3628.
V. Zachar, V. Zacharova, T. Fink, R. A. Thomas, B. King, P. Ebbesen, T. B. Jones and A. Goustin. Genetic analysis ongoing HIV-1 evolution in infected placental trophoblast. AIDS Research and Hum Retroviruses 15, 1673 (1999).
'Genetic analysis ongoing HIV-1 evolution in infected placental trophoblast ' () 15 AIDS Research and Hum Retroviruses : 1673.
R. T. Kilani, L. Chang, M. I. Garcia-Lloret, D. Hemmings, B. Winkler-Lowen and L. J. Guilbert. Placental trophoblasts resist infection by multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 variants even with cytomegalovirus coinfection but support HIV replication after provirus transfection. J Virol 71, 6359 (1997).
'Placental trophoblasts resist infection by multiple human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 variants even with cytomegalovirus coinfection but support HIV replication after provirus transfection ' () 71 J Virol : 6359.
H. Mano and J.-C. Chermann. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary cultured placental cells. Res Virol 142, 95 (1991).
'Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary cultured placental cells ' () 142 Res Virol : 95.
Ciaranfi, A. Curchod and N. Odartchenko. Survie de lymphocytes foetaux dans le sang maternel post-partum. Schweiz Med Wschr 107, 134 (1977).
'Survie de lymphocytes foetaux dans le sang maternel post-partum ' () 107 Schweiz Med Wschr : 134.
R. G. Desai and W. P. Creger. Maternofetal passage of leucocytes and platelets in man. Blood 21, 665 (1963).
'Maternofetal passage of leucocytes and platelets in man ' () 21 Blood : 665.
M. Peuchmaur, J.-F. Delfraissy, J.-C. Pons, D. Emilie, R. Vazeux, C. Rouzioux, Y. Brossard and E. Papiernik. HIV proteins absent from placentas of 75 HIV-1 positive women studied by immunochemistry. AIDS 5, 741 (1991).
'HIV proteins absent from placentas of 75 HIV-1 positive women studied by immunochemistry ' () 5 AIDS : 741.
C. F. T. Mattern, K. Murray, A. Jensen, H. Farzadegan, J. Pang and J. F. Modin. Localization of human immunodeficiency virus core antigen in term placentas. Pediatrics 89, 207 (1992).
'Localization of human immunodeficiency virus core antigen in term placentas ' () 89 Pediatrics : 207.
G. J. Burton, S. O'Shea, T. Rostron, J. E. Mullen, S. Aiyer, J. N. Skepper, R. Smith and J. E. Banatvala. Significance of placental damage in vertical transmission of HIV. J Med Virol 50, 237 (1996).
'Significance of placental damage in vertical transmission of HIV ' () 50 J Med Virol : 237.
M. H. Naghavi, S. Schwartz, A. Sönnerborg and A. Vahlne. Long terminal repeat promoter/enhancer activity of different subtypes of HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 15, 1293 (1999).
'Long terminal repeat promoter/enhancer activity of different subtypes of HIV-1 ' () 15 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 1293.
G. M. Orloff, M. L. Kalish, J. Chiphangwi, K. E. Potts, C. Y. Ou, G. Schochetman, G. Dallabetta, A. I. Saah and P. G. Miotti. V3 loops of HIV-1 specimens from pregnant women in Malawi uniformly lack a potential N-linked glycosylation site. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 9, 705 (1993).
'V3 loops of HIV-1 specimens from pregnant women in Malawi uniformly lack a potential N-linked glycosylation site ' () 9 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 705.
A. W. Artenstein, P. A. Hegerich, C. Beyrer, K. Rungruengthanakit, N. L. Michael and C. Natpratan. Sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the nef gene from Thai subjects harboring subtype E HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 12, 557 (1996).
'Sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the nef gene from Thai subjects harboring subtype E HIV-1 ' () 12 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 557.
A. L. Edinger, T. L. Hoffman, M. Sharron and et al. Use of GPR1, GPR15, and STRL33 as coreceptors by diverse HIV-1 and SIV envelope proteins. Virology 249, 367 (1998).
'Use of GPR1, GPR15, and STRL33 as coreceptors by diverse HIV-1 and SIV envelope proteins ' () 249 Virology : 367.
S. Pohlmann, M. Krumbiegel and F. Kirchhoff. Coreceptor usage of BOB/GPR15 and Bonzo/STRL33 by primary isolates of HIV-1. J Gen Virol 80, 1241 (1999).
'Coreceptor usage of BOB/GPR15 and Bonzo/STRL33 by primary isolates of HIV-1 ' () 80 J Gen Virol : 1241.
Y. J. Zhang, T. Dragic, Y. Cao, L. Kostrikis, D. S. Kwon, D. Littman, V. Kewal-Ramani and J. P. Moore. Use of coreceptors other than CCR5 and CXCR4 by adult and pediatric isolates of HIV-1 is rare in vitro. J Virol 72, 9337 (1998).
'Use of coreceptors other than CCR5 and CXCR4 by adult and pediatric isolates of HIV-1 is rare in vitro ' () 72 J Virol : 9337.
Y. J. Zhang and J. P. Moore. Will multiple coreceptors need to be targeted by inhibitors of HIV-1 entry? J Virol 73, 3443 (1999).
'Will multiple coreceptors need to be targeted by inhibitors of HIV-1 entry? ' () 73 J Virol : 3443.
M. H. Naghavi, M. O. Salminen, A. Sönnerborg and A. Vahlne. DNA sequence of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 subtype A through G. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 15, 485 (1999).
'DNA sequence of the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 subtype A through G ' () 15 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 485.
M. A. Montano, C. P. Nixon, T. Ndung'u, H. Bussmann, V. A. Novitsky, D. Dickman and M. Essex. Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C in Southern Africa is associated with an NF-kappaB enhancer gain-of-function. J Infect Dis 181, 76 (2000).
'Elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C in Southern Africa is associated with an NF-kappaB enhancer gain-of-function ' () 181 J Infect Dis : 76.
S. Pöhlmann, M. Krumbiegel and F. Kirchhof. Coreceptor usage of BOB/GPR15 and Bonzo/STRL33 by primary isolates of HIV-1. J Gen Virol 80, 1241 (1999).
'Coreceptor usage of BOB/GPR15 and Bonzo/STRL33 by primary isolates of HIV-1 ' () 80 J Gen Virol : 1241.
G. Scarlatti, E. Tresoldi, Å. Björndal, R. Fredriksson, C. Colognesi, H. Deng, M. S. Malnati, A. Plebani, A. G. Siccardi, D. R. Littman and P. Lusso. In vivo evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. Nature Medicine 3, 1259 (1997).
'In vivo evolution of HIV-1 coreceptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression ' () 3 Nature Medicine : 1259.
A. Coutsoudis. Breastfeeding in women with HIV. JAMA 284, 956 (2000).
'Breastfeeding in women with HIV ' () 284 JAMA : 956.
M. A. Nowak. Variability of HIV infections. J Theor Biol 155, 1 (1992).
() 155 J Theor Biol : 1.
C. Tscherning-Casper, E. Carlenor, P. Clevestig, J. Bont, T. Leitner, J. Albert, B. Anzén, K. Lidman, L. Navér, E. Belfrage, A. B. Bohlin, C. Ottenblad, Lindgren S., E. M. Fenyö and A. Ehrnst. Coreceptor Usage of HIV-1 Isolates Representing Different Genetic Subtypes Obtained from Pregnant Women and Their Infected Children. Manuscript 2000.
T. R. Kollman, M. Pettoello-Mantovani, N. F. Katopolis and et al. Inhibition of acute in vivo HIV infection by human IL-10 treatment of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93, 3126 (1996).
'Inhibition of acute in vivo HIV infection by human IL-10 treatment of SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver ' () 93 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA : 3126.
H. Deng, D. Unutmaz, V. N. KewalRamani and D. R. Littman. Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 388, 296 (1997).
'Expression cloning of new receptors used by simian and human immunodeficiency viruses ' () 388 Nature : 296.
B. Mognetti, M. Moussa, J. Croitoru, E. Menu, D. Dorment, P. Roques and G. Chaouat. HIV-1 coreceptor expression on trophoblastic cells from early placentas and permissivity to infection by several HIV-1 primary isolates. Clin Exp Immunol 119 (2000).
'HIV-1 coreceptor expression on trophoblastic cells from early placentas and permissivity to infection by several HIV-1 primary isolates ' () 119 Clin Exp Immunol .
B. Mognetti, E. Menu, C. Colognesi, G. Scarlatti and G. Chaouat. Studies on permissivity of human trophoblastic cells to in vitro infection by several natural HIV-1 isolates. 1998, Keystone symposia, Park City, Utah.
N. Papadogiannakis. Traffic of leucocytes through the maternofetal placental interface and its possible consequences. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 222, 141 (1997).
'Traffic of leucocytes through the maternofetal placental interface and its possible consequences ' () 222 Curr Top Microbiol Immunol : 141.
D. F. Loetscher, D. F. Amara, D. F. Oberlin, D. F. Brass and D. F. Legler. TYMSTR, a putative chemokine receptor selectively expressed in activated T cells, exhibits HIV-1 co-receptor function. Curr Biol 7, 652 (1997).
'TYMSTR, a putative chemokine receptor selectively expressed in activated T cells, exhibits HIV-1 co-receptor function ' () 7 Curr Biol : 652.
F. Liao, G. Alkhatib, W. C. Peden, G. Sharma, E. A. Berger and J. M. Farber. STRL33, a novel chemokine receptor like protein, functions as a fusion cofactor for both macrophage-tropic and T-cell line-tropic HIV-1. J Exp Med 185, 2015 (1997).
'STRL33, a novel chemokine receptor like protein, functions as a fusion cofactor for both macrophage-tropic and T-cell line-tropic HIV-1 ' () 185 J Exp Med : 2015.
L. Mandelbrot, M. Burgard, J. P. Teglas, J. L. Benifla, C. Khan, P. Blot, E. Vilmer, S. Matheron, G. Firtion, S. Blanche, M. J. Mayaux and C. Rouzioux. Frequent detection of HIV-1 in the gastric aspirates of neonates born to HIV-infected mothers. AIDS 13, 2143 (1999).
'Frequent detection of HIV-1 in the gastric aspirates of neonates born to HIV-infected mothers ' () 13 AIDS : 2143.
G. D'Arena, P. Musto, N. Cascavilla and et al. Flow cytometric characterization of human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes: immunophenotypic features. Haematologica 83, 197 (1998).
'Flow cytometric characterization of human umbilical cord blood lymphocytes: immunophenotypic features ' () 83 Haematologica : 197.
M. Bulterys, S. Nesheim, E. J. Abrams, P. Palumbo, J. Farley, M. Lampe and M. G. Fowler. Lack of evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the offspring of HIV-infected women. Retrospective review of perinatal exposure to antiretroviral drugs in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. Ann N Y Acad Sci 918, 212 (2000).
'Lack of evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the offspring of HIV-infected women. Retrospective review of perinatal exposure to antiretroviral drugs in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study ' () 918 Ann N Y Acad Sci : 212.
S. Blanche, M. Tardieu, P. Rustin, A. Slama, B. Barret, G. Firtion, N. Ciraru-Vigneron, C. Lacroix, C. Rouzioux, L. Mandelbrot, I. Desguerre, A. Rotig, M. J. Mayaux and J. F. Delfraissy. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Lancet 354, 1084 (1999).
'Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction and perinatal exposure to antiretroviral nucleoside analogues ' () 354 Lancet : 1084.
R. I. Connor, K. E. Sheridan, S. Ceradini, S. Choe and N. R. Landau. Change in coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med 185, 621 (1997).
'Change in coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1-infected individuals ' () 185 J Exp Med : 621.
N. L. Michael, G. Chang, L. G. Louie, J. R. Mascola, D. Dandero, D. L. Birx and H. W. Sheppard. The role of viral phenotype and CCR5 gene defects in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nature Med 3, 338 (1997).
'The role of viral phenotype and CCR5 gene defects in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression ' () 3 Nature Med : 338.
M. Dean, C. Carrington, G. A. Winkler, M. W. Huttley, R. Smith, J. J. Allikmets, S. P. Goedert, E. Buchbinder, Vittinghoff, E., E. Gomperts, S. Dongfield, D. Vlahov, A. Kaslow, A. Saah, R. Rinaldo, Detels R. and S. J. O'Brien. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Science 273, 1856 (1996).
'Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene ' () 273 Science : 1856.
P. A. Zimmerman, A. Buckler-White, G. Alkhatib, T. Spalding, J. Kubofcik, C. Combadiere, D. Weissman, O. Cohen, A. Rubbert, G. Lam, M. Vaccarezza, P. E. Kennedy, V. Kumaraswami, J. V. Giorgi, R. Detels, J. Hunter, M. Chopek, E. A. Berger, A. S. Fauci, T. B. Nutman and P. M. Murphy. Inherited resistance to HIV-1 conferred by inactivating mutation in CC chemokine receptor 5: studies in populations with contrasting clinical phenotypes, defined racial background and quantified risk. Mol Med 3, 23 (1997).
'Inherited resistance to HIV-1 conferred by inactivating mutation in CC chemokine receptor 5: studies in populations with contrasting clinical phenotypes, defined racial background and quantified risk ' () 3 Mol Med : 23.
Y. Huang, W. A. Paxton, S. M. Wolinsky, A. U. Neumann, L. Zhang, T. He, S. Kang, D. Ceradini, Z. Jin, K. Yazdanbakhsh, K. Kunstman, D. Erickson, E. Dragon, N. R. Landau, J. Phair, D. D. Ho and R. A. Koup. The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Nat Med 2, 1240 (1996).
'The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression ' () 2 Nat Med : 1240.
O. J. Cohen, S. Paolucci, S. M. Bende, M. Daucher, H. Morinchi, M. Morinchi, C. Cicala, R. T. Davey, B. Baird and A. S. Fauci. CXCR4 and CCR5 genetic polymorphisms in long-term nonprogressive HIV infection: lack of association with mutations other than CCR5-delta32. J Virol 72, 6215 (1998).
'CXCR4 and CCR5 genetic polymorphisms in long-term nonprogressive HIV infection: lack of association with mutations other than CCR5-delta32 ' () 72 J Virol : 6215.
C. Tscherning, A. Alaeus, R. Fredriksson, Å. Björndal, H. Deng, D. R. Littman, E. M. Fenyö and J. Albert. Differences in chemokine coreceptor usage between genetic subtypes of HIV-1. Virology 241, 181 (1998).
'Differences in chemokine coreceptor usage between genetic subtypes of HIV-1 ' () 241 Virology : 181.
C. Tscherning-Casper, D. Vödrös, E. Menu, K. Aperia, R. Fredriksson, G. Dolcini, G. Chaouat, F. Barre-Sinoussi, J. Albert, E. M. Fenyö and the European Network for in utero transmission of HIV-1. Coreceptor usage of HIV-1 isolates representing different genetic subtypes obtained from pregnant Cameroonian women. J AIDS 24, 1 (2000).
'European Network for in utero transmission of HIV-1. Coreceptor usage of HIV-1 isolates representing different genetic subtypes obtained from pregnant Cameroonian women ' () 24 J AIDS : 1.
C. Tscherning-Casper, N. Papadogiannakis, M. Anvret, L. Stolpe, S. Lindgren, A. B. Bohlin, J. Albert and E. M. Fenyö. The trophoblastic epithelial barrier is not infected in full-term placentae of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive mothers undergoing antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 73, 9673 (1999).
'The trophoblastic epithelial barrier is not infected in full-term placentae of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive mothers undergoing antiretroviral therapy ' () 73 J Virol : 9673.
A. Alaeus, K. Lidman, A. Bjorkman, J. Giesecke and J. Albert. Similar rate of disease progression among individuals infected with HIV-1 genetic subtypes A-D. AIDS 13, 901 (1999).
() 13 AIDS : 901.
N. Galai, A. Kalinkovich, R. Burstein, D. Vlahov and Z. Bentwich. African HIV-1 subtype C and rate of progression among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Lancet 349, 180 (1997).
'African HIV-1 subtype C and rate of progression among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel ' () 349 Lancet : 180.
F. Simon, P. Mauclere, P. Roques, I. Loussert-Ajaka, Müller-Trutwin M. C., S. Saragosti, M.-S. Georges-Courbot and F. Brun-Vezinet. Identification of a new HIV-1 distinct from group M and group O. Nature Medicine 9, 1032 (1998).
'Identification of a new HIV-1 distinct from group M and group O ' () 9 Nature Medicine : 1032.
D. L. Robertson, J. P. Anderson, J. A. Bradac, J. K. Carr, B. Foley, R. K. Funkhouser, F. Gao, B. H. Hahn, M. L. Kalish, C. Kuiken, G. H. Learn, T. Leitner, F. McCutchan, S. Osmanov, M. Peeters, D. Pieniazek, M. Salminen, P. M. Sharp, S. Wolinsky and B. Korber. HIV-1 nomenclature proposal. Science 288, 55 (2000).
'HIV-1 nomenclature proposal ' () 288 Science : 55.
C. L. Kuiken, B. Foley, B. Hahn, B. Korber, F. McCutchan, P. A. Marx, J. W. Mellors, J. I. Mullins, J. Sodroski and S. Wolinksy. Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1999: A Compilation and Analysis of Nucleic Acid and Amino Acid Sequences. L. A. N. L. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, 1999, Los Alamos, NM.
Human Retroviruses and AIDS 1999: A Compilation and Analysis of Nucleic Acid and Amino Acid Sequences , ().
K. Triques, A. Bourgeois, N. Vidal, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, C. Mulanga-Kabeya, N. Nzilambi, N. Torimiro, E. Saman and Delaporte. Near-full-length genome sequencing of divergent African HIV type 1 subtype F viruses leads to the identification of a new HIV type 1 subtype designated K. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16, 139 (2000).
'Near-full-length genome sequencing of divergent African HIV type 1 subtype F viruses leads to the identification of a new HIV type 1 subtype designated K ' () 16 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 139.
B. Åsjö, L. Morfeldt-Månson, J. Albert, G. Biberfeld, A. Karlsson, K. Lidman and E. M. Fenyö. Replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus from patients with varying severity of HIV infection. Lancet ii, 660 (1986).
'Replicative capacity of human immunodeficiency virus from patients with varying severity of HIV infection ' () ii Lancet : 660.
M. Koot, I. P. M. Keet, A. H. V. Vos, R. E. Y. de Goede, M. T. L. Roos, R. A. Coutinho, F. Miedema, P. T. A. Schellekens and M. Tersmette. Prognostic value of HIV-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype for rate of CD4+ cell depletion and progression to AIDS. Ann Intern Med 118, 681 (1993).
'Prognostic value of HIV-1 syncytium-inducing phenotype for rate of CD4+ cell depletion and progression to AIDS ' () 118 Ann Intern Med : 681.
M. Peeters, R. Vincent, J. L. Perret, M. Lasky, D. Patrel, F. Liegois, V. Courgnaud, R. Seng, T. Matton, S. Molinier and E. Delaporte. Evidence for differences in MT2 cell tropism according to genetic subtypes ofHIV-1: syncytium-inducing variants seem rare among subtype C HIV-1 viruses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 20, 115 (1999).
'Evidence for differences in MT2 cell tropism according to genetic subtypes ofHIV-1: syncytium-inducing variants seem rare among subtype C HIV-1 viruses ' () 20 J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol : 115.
B. Johansson, K. Sherefa and A. Sönnerborg. Multiple enhancer motifs in HIV-1 strains from Ethiopia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 11, 761 (1995).
'Multiple enhancer motifs in HIV-1 strains from Ethiopia ' () 11 AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses : 761.
J. J. Holland, J. C. De la Torre and D. A. Steinhauer. RNA virus populations as quasispecies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 176, 1 (1992).
'RNA virus populations as quasispecies ' () 176 Curr Top Microbiol Immunol : 1.
L. G. Gürtler, P. H. Hauser, J. Eberle and et al. A new subtype of HIV-1 (MVP-5180) from Cameroon. J Virol 68, 1581 (1994).
'A new subtype of HIV-1 (MVP-5180) from Cameroon ' () 68 J Virol : 1581.
H. Schuitemaker, N. A. Koostra, R. E. Y. De Goede, F. De Wolf, F. Miedema and M. Tersmette. Monocytotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants detectable in all stages of HIV-1 infection lack T-cell line tropism and syncytium-inducing ability in primary T-cell culture. J Virol 65, 356 (1991).
'Monocytotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants detectable in all stages of HIV-1 infection lack T-cell line tropism and syncytium-inducing ability in primary T-cell culture ' () 65 J Virol : 356.
F. Cocchi, A. L. DeVico, A. Garzino-Demo, S. K. Arya, R. C. Gallo and P. Lusso. Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells. Science 270, 1811 (1995).
'Identification of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells ' () 270 Science : 1811.
Å. Björndal, A. Sönnerborg, C. Tscherning and E. M. Fenyö. Phenotypic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C isolate of Ethiopian AIDS-patients. AIDS Res Hum Retro 15, 647 (1999).
'Phenotypic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C isolate of Ethiopian AIDS-patients ' () 15 AIDS Res Hum Retro : 647.
A. Abebe, D. Demissie, J. Goudsmit, M. Brouwer, C. L. Kuiken, G. Pollakis, H. Schuitemaker, A. L. Fontanet and T. F. Rinke de Wit. HIV-1 subtype C syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing phenotypes and coreceptor usage among Ethiopian patients. AIDS 13, 1305 (1999).
'HIV-1 subtype C syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing phenotypes and coreceptor usage among Ethiopian patients ' () 13 AIDS : 1305.
Y. Feng, C. C. Broder, P. E. Kennedy and E. A. Berger. HIV-1 entry cofactor - functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 272, 872 (1996).
'HIV-1 entry cofactor - functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor ' () 272 Science : 872.
C. C. Bleul, M. Farzan, H. Choe, C. Parolin, I. Clark-Lewis, J. Sodroski and T. A. Springer. The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry. Nature 382, 829 (1996).
'The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry ' () 382 Nature : 829.
E. Oberlin, A. Amara, F. Bachelerie, C. Bessia, J.-L. Virelizier, F. Arenzana-Seisdedos, O. Schwartz, J.-M. Heard, I. Clark-Lewis, D. F. Legler, M. Loetscher, M. Baggiolini and B. Moser. The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1. Nature 382, 833 (1996).
'The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 ' () 382 Nature : 833.
E. A. Berger, R. W. Doms, E. M. Fenyö, B. T. M. Korber, D. R. Littman, J. P. Moore, Q. J. Sattentau, H. Schuitemaker, J. Sodroski and R. A. Weiss. A new classification for HIV-1. Nature 391, 240 (1998).
'A new classification for HIV-1 ' () 391 Nature : 240.
E. M. Fenyö. Biological phenotype and coreceptor usage of HIV (a short review). Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 47, 131 (2000).
'Biological phenotype and coreceptor usage of HIV (a short review) ' () 47 Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung : 131.
C. Cheng-Mayer, D. Seto, M. Tateno and J. A. Levy. Biological features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host. Science 240, 80 (1988).
'Biological features of HIV-1 that correlate with virulence in the host ' () 240 Science : 80.
M. Tersmette, B. A. Gruters, F. de Wolf, R. E. Y. de Goede, J. M. A. Lange, P. T. A. Schellekens, J. Goudsmit, H. G. Huisman and F. Miedema. Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential isolates. J Virol 63, 2118 (1989).
'Evidence for a role of virulent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: studies on sequential isolates ' () 63 J Virol : 2118.
R. I. Connor, H. Mohri, Y. Cao and D. Ho. Increased viral burden and cytopathicity correlate temporally with CD4+ T lymphocyte decline and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol 67, 1772 (1993).
'Increased viral burden and cytopathicity correlate temporally with CD4+ T lymphocyte decline and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals ' () 67 J Virol : 1772.
M. G. Fowler. Update: transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child. Obstet Gynecol 9, 343 (1997).
'Update: transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child ' () 9 Obstet Gynecol : 343.
European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 353, 1035 (1999).
'European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial ' () 353 Lancet : 1035.
A. Coutsoudis. Promotion of exclusiver breastfeeding in the face of the HIV pandemic. Lancet 356, 1620 (2000).
'Promotion of exclusiver breastfeeding in the face of the HIV pandemic ' () 356 Lancet : 1620.
R. P. Brettle, Raab, G. M., A. Ross, K. L. Fielding, S. M. Gore and A. G. Bird. HIV infection in women: immunological markers and the influence of pregnancy. AIDS 9, 1177 (1995).
'HIV infection in women: immunological markers and the influence of pregnancy ' () 9 AIDS : 1177.
S. Lindgren, C. Martin, B. Anzén, H. Strand, U. Bredberg-Råden and A. Ehrnst. Pattern of HIV viremia and CD4 levels in relation to pregnancy in HIV-1 infected women. Scand J Infect Dis 28, 425 (1996).
() 28 Scand J Infect Dis : 425.
M. Temmerman, N. Nagelkerke, J. Bwayo, E. N. Chomba, J. Ndinya-Achola and P. Piot. HIV-1 and immunological changes during pregnancy: a comparison between HIV-1 seropositive and HIV-1 seronegative women in Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS 9, 1057 (1995).
() 9 AIDS : 1057.
European Collaborative Study and Swiss HIV Pregnancy Cohort. Immunological markers in HIV-infected pregnant women. AIDS 11, 1859 (1997).
'European Collaborative Study and Swiss HIV Pregnancy Cohort. Immunological markers in HIV-infected pregnant women ' () 11 AIDS : 1859.
Centers for Disease Control. Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infection in infants-New York, New Jersey, California. MMWR 31, 665 (1982).
() 31 MMWR : 665.
G. B. Scott, C. Hutto, R. W. Makuch, M. T. Mastrucci, T. O'Connor, C. D. Mitchell, E. J. Trapido and W. P. Parks. Survival in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 21, 1791 (1989).
() 21 N Engl J Med : 1791.
P. A. Tovo, M. De Martino, C. Gabiano, N. Cappello, R. D'Elia, A. Loy, A. Plebani, G. V. Zuccotti, P. Dallacasa, G. Ferraris, D. Caselli, C. Fundaró, P. D'Argenio, L. Galli, N. Principi, M. Stegagno, E. Ruga, E. Palomba and The Italian Register for HIV infection in children. Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Lancet 339, 1249 (1992).
'The Italian Register for HIV infection in children. Prognostic factors and survival in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection ' () 339 Lancet : 1249.
L. Galli, M. de Martino, P. A. Tovo and et al. Onset of clinical signs in children with HIV-1 perinatal infection. AIDS 9, 455 (1995).
() 9 AIDS : 455.
European Collaborative Study. Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission. Lancet 337, 253 (1991).
'European Collaborative Study. Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission ' () 337 Lancet : 253.
European Collaborative Study. Natural history of vertically acquired HIV-1 infection. Pediatrics 94, 815 (1994).
'European Collaborative Study. Natural history of vertically acquired HIV-1 infection ' () 94 Pediatrics : 815.
R. Bobat, D. Moodley, A. Coutsoudis, H. Coovadia and E. Gouws. The early natural history of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection in African children from Durban, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr 18, 187 (1998).
() 18 Ann Trop Paediatr : 187.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised classification system for HIV infection in children less than 13 years of age. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 43, 1 (1994).
'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised classification system for HIV infection in children less than 13 years of age ' () 43 Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep : 1.
D. N. Burns and L. M. Mofenson. Pediatric HIV-1 infection. Lancet 354, SII1 (1999).
'Pediatric HIV-1 infection ' () 354 Lancet : SII1.
European Collaborative Study. Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 339, 1007 (1992).
'European Collaborative Study. Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 ' () 339 Lancet : 1007.
R. W. Ryder, W. Nsa, S. E. Hassig, F. Behets, M. Rayfield, B. Ekungola, A. M. Nelson, U. Mulenda, H. Francis, K. Mwandagalirwa, F. Davachi, M. Rogers, N. Nzilambi, A. Greenberg, J. Mann, T. C. Quinn, P. Piot and J. W. Curran. Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire. N Engl J Med 320, 1637 (1989).
'Perinatal transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to infants of seropositive women in Zaire ' () 320 N Engl J Med : 1637.
M. L. Newell. Mechanisms and timing of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. AIDS 12, 831 (1998).
'Mechanisms and timing of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 ' () 12 AIDS : 831.
The Working Group on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. Rates of mother-to-child transmission in HIV-1 in Africa, America and Europe: results from 13 perinatal studies. JAIDS 8, 506 (1995).
'The Working Group on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. Rates of mother-to-child transmission in HIV-1 in Africa, America and Europe: results from 13 perinatal studies ' () 8 JAIDS : 506.
F. Dabis, P. Msellati, D. Dunn, P. Lepage, M.-L. Newell, C. Peckham, P. Van de Perre and The Working Group on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. Estimating the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Report of a workshop on methodological issues, Ghent (Belgium). AIDS 7, 1139 (1993).
'The Working Group on Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV. Estimating the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Report of a workshop on methodological issues, Ghent (Belgium) ' () 7 AIDS : 1139.
E. Backé, E. Jimenez, M. Unger, A. Schäfer, E. Jauniaux and M. Vogel. Demonstration of HIV-1 infected cells in human placenta by in situ hybridisation and immunostaining. J Clin Pathol 45, 871 (1992).
() 45 J Clin Pathol : 871.
S. Sprecher, G. Soumenkoff, F. Puissant and M. Degueldre. Vertical transmission of HIV in 15-week fetus. Lancet 288 (1986).
'Vertical transmission of HIV in 15-week fetus ' () 288 Lancet .
E. Jovaisas, M. A. Koch and A. Schafer. LAV/HTLVIII in 20-week fetus. Lancet 1129 (1985).
'LAV/HTLVIII in 20-week fetus ' () 1129 Lancet .
S. H. Lewis, C. Reynolds-Kohler, H. E. Fox and J. A. Nelson. HIV-1 in trophoblastic and villous Hofbauer cells, and hematologic precursors in eight week fetuses. Lancet 335, 565 (1990).
() 335 Lancet : 565.
Y. Brossard, J. T. Aubin and L. Mandelbrot. Frequency of early in utero HIV-1 infection: a blind DNA polymerase chain reaction study on 100 fetal thymuses. AIDS 9, 359 (1995).
() 9 AIDS : 359.
A. Ehrnst, S. Lindgren, M. Dictor, B. Johansson, A. Sönnerborg, C. Czajkowski, G. Sundin and A.-B. Bohlin. HIV in pregnant women and their offspring: evidence for late transmission. Lancet 338, 203 (1991).
() 338 Lancet : 203.
J. Goedert, A.-M. Duliege, C. Amos, S. Felton, R. J. Biggar and The international registry of HIV-exposed twins. High risk of HIV-1 infection for first-born twins. Lancet 338, 1471 (1991).
() 338 Lancet : 1471.
European Collaborative Study. Ceasarian section and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection. Lancet 343, 1464 (1994).
'European Collaborative Study. Ceasarian section and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection ' () 343 Lancet : 1464.
L. M. Koonin, T. V. Ellerbrock, H. K. Atrash, M. F. Rogers, J. C. Smith, C. J. Hogue, M. A. Harris, W. Chavkin, A. L. Parker and G. J. Halpin. Pregnancy-associated deaths due to AIDS in the United States. JAMA 261, 1306 (1989).
() 261 JAMA : 1306.
H. L. Minkoff, A. Willoughby, H. Mendez, G. Moroso, S. Holman, J. J. Goedert and S. H. Landesman. Serious infections during pregnancy among women with advanced HIV infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 162, 30 (1990).
() 162 Am J Obstet Gynecol : 30.
P. B. Matheson, P. A. Thomas, E. J. Abrams, V. Pliner, G. Lambert, M. Bamji, K. Krasinski, R. Steketee, M. A. Chiasson and D. M. Thea. Heterosexual behavior during pregnancy and perinatal transmission of HIV-1. New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group. AIDS 10, 1249 (1996).
'Heterosexual behavior during pregnancy and perinatal transmission of HIV-1. New York City Perinatal HIV Transmission Collaborative Study Group ' () 10 AIDS : 1249.
L. A. Guay, P. Musoke, T. Fleming, D. Bagenda, M. Allen, C. Nakabiito, J. Sherman, P. Bakaki, C. Ducar, M. Deseyve, L. Emel, M. Mirochnick, M. G. Fowler, L. Mofenson, P. Miotti, K. Dransfield, D. Bray, F. Mmiro and J. B. Jackson. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 354, 795 (1999).
'Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial ' () 354 Lancet : 795.
J. Pitt, D. Brambilla, P. Reichelderfer, A. Landay, K. McIntosh, D. Burns, G. V. Hillyer, H. Mendez and M. G. Fowler. Maternal immunologic and virologic risk factors for infant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: findings from the Women and Infants Transmission Study. J Infect Dis 175, 567 (1997).
'Maternal immunologic and virologic risk factors for infant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: findings from the Women and Infants Transmission Study ' () 175 J Infect Dis : 567.
E. M. Connor, R. S. Sperling, R. Gelber, P. Kiselev, G. Scott, M. J. O'Sullivan, R. VanDyke, M. Bey, W. Shearer, R. L. Jacobsson, E. Jimenez, E. O'Neill, B. Bazin, J.-F. Delfraissy, M. Culnane, R. Coombs, M. Elkins, J. Moye, P. Stratton, J. Balsley and for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. New England J Med 331, 1173 (1994).
'Balsley and for the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment ' () 331 New England J Med : 1173.
H. Minkoff, D. N. Burns, S. Landesman, J. Youchah, J. J. Goedert, R. P. Nugent, L. R. Muenz and A. D. Willoughby. The relationship of the duration of ruptured membranes to vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173, 585 (1995).
'The relationship of the duration of ruptured membranes to vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus ' () 173 Am J Obstet Gynecol : 585.
P. J. Boyer, M. Dillon, M. Navaie, A. Deveikis, M. Keller, S. O'Rourke and Y. J. Bryson. Factors predictive of maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1. Preliminary analysis of zidovudine given during pregnancy and/or delivery. JAMA 271, 1925 (1994).
'Factors predictive of maternal-fetal transmission of HIV-1. Preliminary analysis of zidovudine given during pregnancy and/or delivery ' () 271 JAMA : 1925.
M. Misrahi, J. P. Teglas, N. N'Go, M. Burgard, M. J. Mayaux, C. Rouzioux, J. F. Delfraissy and S. Blanche. CCR5 chemokine receptor variant in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and disease progression in children. JAMA 279, 277 (1998).
'CCR5 chemokine receptor variant in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and disease progression in children ' () 279 JAMA : 277.
K. S. MacDonald, J. Embree, S. Njenga, N. J. Nagelkerke, I. Ngatia, Z. Mohamme, B. H. Barber, J. Ndinya-Achola, J. Bwayo and F. A. Plummer. Mother-child class I HLA concordance increases perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. J Infect Dis 177, 551 (1998).
'Mother-child class I HLA concordance increases perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission ' () 177 J Infect Dis : 551.
J. J. Goedert, H. Mendez, J. E. Drummond, M. Robert-Guroff, H. L. Minkoff, S. Holman, R. Stevens, A. Rubinstein, W. A. Blattner, A. Willoughby and S. H. Landesman. Mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1: association with prematurity or low anti-gp 120. Lancet ii, 1351 (1989).
'Mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1: association with prematurity or low anti-gp 120 ' () ii Lancet : 1351.
E. R. Steihm. Newborn factors in maternal-infant transmission of pediatric HIV infection. J Nutr 126, 2632S (1996).
'Newborn factors in maternal-infant transmission of pediatric HIV infection ' () 126 J Nutr : 2632S.
L. M. Mofenson. Mother-child transmission: timing and determinants. Obstetr Gynecol Clin North Am 24, 759 (1997).
'Mother-child transmission: timing and determinants ' () 24 Obstetr Gynecol Clin North Am : 759.
K. S. MacDonald, J. E. Embree, N. J. Nagelkerke, J. Castillo, S. Ramhadin, S. Njenga, J. Oyug, J. Ndinya-Achola, B. H. Barber, J. J. Bwayo and F. A. Plummer. The HLA A2/6802 supertype is associated with reduced risk of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. J Infect Dis 183, 503 (2001).
'The HLA A2/6802 supertype is associated with reduced risk of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission ' () 183 J Infect Dis : 503.
European Collaborative Study. Vertical transmission of HIV-1: maternal immune status and obstetric factors. AIDS 10, 1675 (1996).
'European Collaborative Study. Vertical transmission of HIV-1: maternal immune status and obstetric factors ' () 10 AIDS : 1675.
R. D. Semba, N. Kumwenda, D. R. Hoover, T. E. Taha, T. C. Quinn, L. Mtimavalye, R. J. Biggar, R. Broadhead, P. G. Miotti, L. J. Sokoll, L. van der Hoeven and J. D. Chiphangwi. Human immunodeficiency virus load in breast milk, mastitis, and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 180, 93 (1999).
'Human immunodeficiency virus load in breast milk, mastitis, and mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ' () 180 J Infect Dis : 93.
D. Dunn, C. D. Brandt, A. Krivine and et al. The sensitivity of HIV-1 PCR in the neonatal period and the relative contributions of intrauterine and intrapartum transmission. AIDS 9, F7 (1995).
'The sensitivity of HIV-1 PCR in the neonatal period and the relative contributions of intrauterine and intrapartum transmission ' () 9 AIDS : F7.
D. T. Dunn, M. L. Newell, A. E. Ades and C. S. Peckham. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding. Lancet 340, 585 (1992).
'Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission through breastfeeding ' () 340 Lancet : 585.
C. Kind, C. Rudin, C. A. Siegrist, C. A. Wyler, K. Biedermann, U. Lauper, O. Irion, J. Schupbach, D. Nadal and T. S. N. H. S. Group. Prevention of vertical transmission: additive protective effect of Cesarean section and zidovudine prophylaxis. AIDS 12, 205 (1998).
() 12 AIDS : 205.
S. H. Landesman, L. Kalish, D. N. Burns and et al. Obstetrical factors and the transmission of HIV-1 from mother-to-child. N Engl J Med 334, 1617 (1996).
() 334 N Engl J Med : 1617.
A. Coutsoudis, K. Pillay, E. Spooner, L. Kuhn and H. M. Coovadia. Influence of infant-feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa: a prospective cohort study. South African Vitamin A Study Group. Lancet 354, 471 (1999).
'Influence of infant-feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa: a prospective cohort study. South African Vitamin A Study Group ' () 354 Lancet : 471.
A. Coutsoudis. Influence of infant feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci 918, 136 (2000).
'Influence of infant feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa ' () 918 Ann N Y Acad Sci : 136.
M. de Martino, P.-A. Tovo, A. E. Tozzi, P. Pezzotti, L. Galli, S. Liviadiotti, D. Caselli, E. Massironi, E. Ruga, F. Fioredda, A. Plebani, C. Gabiano and G. V. Zuccotti. HIV-1 transmission through breast-milk: appraisal of risk according to duration of feeding. AIDS 6, 991 (1992).
'HIV-1 transmission through breast-milk: appraisal of risk according to duration of feeding ' () 6 AIDS : 991.
S. L. Lamers, J. W. Sleasman, J. X. She, K. A. Barrie, S. M. Pomeroy, D. J. Barrett and M. M. Goodenow. Persistence of multiple maternal genotypes of HIV-1 in infants infected by vertical transmission. J Clin Invest 93, 380 (1994).
'Persistence of multiple maternal genotypes of HIV-1 in infants infected by vertical transmission ' () 93 J Clin Invest : 380.
G. Scarlatti, V. Hodara, P. Rossi, L. Muggiasca, A. Bucceri, J. Albert and E. M. Fenyö. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from mother-to-child correlates with viral phenotype. Virology 197, 624 (1993).
'Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from mother-to-child correlates with viral phenotype ' () 197 Virology : 624.
K. McIntosh. Antiretroviral resistance and HIV vertical transmission. Acta Pediatr Suppl 421, 29 (1997).
'Antiretroviral resistance and HIV vertical transmission ' () 421 Acta Pediatr Suppl : 29.
G. Scarlatti, T. Leitner, E. Halapi, J. Wahlberg, P. Marchisio, M. A. Clerici-Schoeller, H. Wigzell, E. M. Fenyö, J. Albert, M. Uhlén and P. Rossi. Comparison of variable region 3 sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from infected children with the RNA and DNA sequences of the virus populations of their mothers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 1721 (1993).
'Comparison of variable region 3 sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from infected children with the RNA and DNA sequences of the virus populations of their mothers ' () 90 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA : 1721.
P. M. Garcia, L. A. Kalish, J. Pitt, H. Minkoff, T. C. Quinn, S. K. Burchett, J. Kornegay, B. Jackson, J. Moye, C. Hanson, C. Zorrilla and J. F. Lew. Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group. N Engl J Med 341, 394 (1999).
'Maternal levels of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. Women and Infants Transmission Study Group ' () 341 N Engl J Med : 394.
G. Scarlatti, J. Albert, P. Rossi, V. Hodara, P. Biraghi, L. Muggiasca and E. M. Fenyö. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: correlation with neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates. J Infect Dis 168, 207 (1993).
'Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: correlation with neutralizing antibodies against primary isolates ' () 168 J Infect Dis : 207.
S. C. Kilks, D. W. Wara, D. V. Landers and J. A. Levy. Features of HIV-1 that could influence maternal-child transmission. JAMA 272, 467 (1994).
'Features of HIV-1 that could influence maternal-child transmission ' () 272 JAMA : 467.
R. D. Semba, P. G. Miotti, J. D. Chiphangwi, A. J. Saah, J. K. Canner, G. A. Dallabetta and D. R. Hoover. Maternal vitamin A deficiency and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 343, 1593 (1994).
'Maternal vitamin A deficiency and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 ' () 343 Lancet : 1593.
L. Mandelbrot, M. J. Mayaux, A. Bongain et al. Obstetric factors and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: the French perinatal cohorts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175, 661 (1996).
'Obstetric factors and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: the French perinatal cohorts ' () 175 Am J Obstet Gynecol : 661.
M. S. Gottlieb, R. Schroff, H. M. Schanker, J. D. Weisman, P. T. Fan, R. A. Wolf and A. Saxon. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men. Evidence of a new acquired immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 305, 1425 (1981).
'Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men. Evidence of a new acquired immunodeficiency ' () 305 N Engl J Med : 1425.
T. J. Philipson and R. A. Posner. Private choices and public health: the AIDS epiodemic in an economic perspective. H. U. Press, 1993, Cambridge, Massachusets.
Private choices and public health: the AIDS epiodemic in an economic perspective , ().
D. Baltimore and M. B. Feinberg. HIV revealed: toward a natural history of the infection. N Engl J Med 321, 1673 (1989).
'HIV revealed: toward a natural history of the infection ' () 321 N Engl J Med : 1673.
J. W. Mellors, C. R. Rinaldo, P. Gupta, R. M. White, J. A. Todd and L. A. Kingsley. Prognosis of HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 272, 1167 (1996)
() 272 Science : 1167.
W. A. O'Brien, P. M. Hartigan, D. Martin, J. Esinhart, A. Hill, S. Benoit, M. Rubin, M. S. Simberkoff and J. D. Hamilton. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N Engl J Med 334, 426 (1996).
'Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS ' () 334 N Engl J Med : 426.
A. S. Fauci, G. Pantaleo and S. Stanley. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1. Ann Intern Med 124, 654 (1996).
'Immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1 ' () 124 Ann Intern Med : 654.
V. Leroy, M. L. Newell, F. Dabis, C. Peckham, P. Van der Perre, M. Bulterys, C. Kind, R. J. Simonds, S. Wiktor and P. Msellati. International multicentre pooled analysis of late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. Lancet 352, 597 (1998).
'International multicentre pooled analysis of late postnatal mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 ' () 352 Lancet : 597.
Y. J. Bryson, K. Luzuriaga, J. L. Sullivan and D. W. Wara. Proposed definitions for in utero versus intrapartum transmission of HIV-1. N Engl J Med 327, 1246 (1992).
'Proposed definitions for in utero versus intrapartum transmission of HIV-1 ' () 327 N Engl J Med : 1246.
G. Fang, H. Burger, R. Grimson, P. Tropper, S. Nachman, D. Mayers, O. Weislow, R. Moore, C. Reyelt, N. Hutcheon, D. Baker and B. Weiser. Maternal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 level: A determinant and projected threshold for mother-to-child transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92, 12100 (1995).
'Maternal plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 level: A determinant and projected threshold for mother-to-child transmission ' () 92 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA : 12100.
European Collaborative Study. Maternal viral load and vertical transmission of HIV-1: an important factor but not the only one. AIDS 13, 1377 (1999).
'European Collaborative Study. Maternal viral load and vertical transmission of HIV-1: an important factor but not the only one ' () 13 AIDS : 1377.
A. Kumar, D. L. Madden and G. A. Nankervis. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to herpes virus antigens during pregnancy-a longitudinal study. J Clin Immunol 4, 412 (1984).
() 4 J Clin Immunol : 412.
E. Weinberg. Pregnancy-associated depression of cell-mediated immunity. Rev Infect Dis 6, 814 (1984).
() 6 Rev Infect Dis : 814.
K. Biedermann, M. Flepp, W. Fierz, H. Joller-Jermelka and P. Kleihues. Pregnancy, immunosuppression and reactivation of latent toxoplasmosis. J Perinat Med 23, 191 (1995).
() 23 J Perinat Med : 191.
Degenne, S. Canepa, C. Lecomte, M. Renoux and P. Bardos. Serial study of T-lymphocytes subsets in women during very early pregnancy. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 48, 187 (1988).
'Serial study of T-lymphocytes subsets in women during very early pregnancy ' () 48 Clin Immunol Immunopathol : 187.
F. D. Johnstone, K. J. Thong, A. Graham Bird and J. Whitelaw. Lymphocyte subpopulations in very early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 83, 941 (1994).
() 83 Obstet Gynecol : 941.
C. C. J. Carpenter, M. A. Fischl, S. M. Hammer, M. S. Hirsch, D. M. Jacobsen, D. A. Katzenstein, J. S. G. Montaner, D. D. Richman, M. S. Saag, R. T. Schooley, M. A. Thompson, S. Vella, P. G. Yeni and P. A. Volberding. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1997. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel. JAMA 277, 1962 (1997).
() 277 JAMA : 1962.
V. Sridama, F. Pacino, S. L. Yang, A. Moawad, M. Reilly and L. de Groot. Decreased levels of helper T-cells. A possible cause of immunodeficiency in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 307, 352 (1982).
() 307 N Engl J Med : 352.