Acanthamoeba species are free-living amoebae that can be found in almost every range of environments. Within this genus, a number of species are recognized as human pathogens, potentially causing Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, and chronic granulomatous lesions. Soil and water samples were taken from experimental station at Julianna Major of Plant Protection Institute of Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (CAR HAS). We detected living Acanthamoeba spp. based on culture-confirmed detection combined with the molecular taxonomic identification method. Living Acanthamoeba spp. were detected in thirteen (65%) samples. The presence of Acanthamoeba spp. in the samples depends significantly on the rhizosphere plants. The most frequently identified living Acanthamoeba genotype was T4 followed by T11, T2/T6 and T17. Genotypes T4 and T11 of Acanthamoeba, are responsible for Acanthamoeba keratitis as well as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, and should therefore be considered as a potential health risk associated with human activities in the environment.
Lyashko, V. N., Vikulova, V. K., Chernicov, V. G., Ivanov, V. I., Ulmasov, Kh. A., Zatsepina, O. G., Evgen’ev, M. B.: Comparison of the heat shock response in ethnically and ecologically different human populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 12492–12495 (1994).
Evgen’ev M. B. , 'Comparison of the heat shock response in ethnically and ecologically different human populations ' (1994 ) 91 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America : 12492 -12495.
Podlipaeva, Y. I.: Heat shock protein of 70 kDa in Amoeba proteus. Protistology 2, 123–129 (2001).
Podlipaeva Y. I. , 'Heat shock protein of 70 kDa in Amoeba proteus ' (2001 ) 2 Protistology : 123 -129.
Plekhanov, A. Yu., Smurov, A. O., Podlipaeva, Yu. I., Ivanova, L. O., Goodkov, A. V.: Heat shock proteins of freshwater protists and their involvement in adaptation to changes in salinity of environment. Tsitologiya 48, 350–354 (2006).
Goodkov A. V. , 'Heat shock proteins of freshwater protists and their involvement in adaptation to changes in salinity of environment ' (2006 ) 48 Tsitologiya : 350 -354.
Podlipaeva, Ju. I., Shmakova, L. A., Gilichinski, D. A., Goodkov, A. V.: Heat shock protein of hsp70 family revealed in some contemporary freshwater amoebids and in Acanthamoeba sp. excysted from cysts isolated from permafrost samples. Tsitologiya 48, 691–694 (2006).
Goodkov A. V. , 'Heat shock protein of hsp70 family revealed in some contemporary freshwater amoebids and in Acanthamoeba sp. excysted from cysts isolated from permafrost samples ' (2006 ) 48 Tsitologiya : 691 -694.
Podlipaeva, Yu. I., Smurov, A. O., Goodkov, A. V.: Expression of heat-shock protein 70 kDa in Tetrahymena pyriformis during cell adaptation to salinity changes in the medium. Cell and Tissue Biology 2, 373–375 (2008).
Goodkov A. V. , 'Expression of heat-shock protein 70 kDa in Tetrahymena pyriformis during cell adaptation to salinity changes in the medium ' (2008 ) 2 Cell and Tissue Biology : 373 -375.
Shatilovich, A. V., Shmakova, L. A., Gubin, S. V., Goodkov, A. V., Gilichinsky, D. A.: Viable protozoa in late Pleistocene and Holocene permafrost sediments. Doklady Biological Sciences 401, 136–138 (2005).
Gilichinsky D. A. , 'Viable protozoa in late Pleistocene and Holocene permafrost sediments ' (2005 ) 401 Doklady Biological Sciences : 136 -138.
Martinez, A., Visvesvara, G.: Free-living, amphizoic and opportunistic amebas. Brain Pathology 7, 583–598 (1997).
Visvesvara G. , 'Free-living, amphizoic and opportunistic amebas ' (1997 ) 7 Brain Pathology : 583 -598.
Kilvington, S., White, D. G.: Acanthamoeba: Biology, ecology and human disease. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 5, 12–20 (1994).
White D. G. , 'Acanthamoeba: Biology, ecology and human disease ' (1994 ) 5 Reviews in Medical Microbiology : 12 -20.
Rivera, W. L., Adao, D. E. V.: 18S ribosomal DNA genotypes of Acanthamoeba species isolated from contact lens cases in the Philippines. Parasitology Research 105, 1119–1124 (2009).
Adao D. E. V. , '18S ribosomal DNA genotypes of Acanthamoeba species isolated from contact lens cases in the Philippines ' (2009 ) 105 Parasitology Research : 1119 -1124.
Nuprasert, W., Putaporntip, C., Pariyakanok, L., Jongwutiwes, S.: Identification of a novel T17 genotype of Acanthamoeba from environmental isolates and T10 genotype causing keratitis in Thailand. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48, 4636–4640 (2010).
Jongwutiwes S. , 'Identification of a novel T17 genotype of Acanthamoeba from environmental isolates and T10 genotype causing keratitis in Thailand ' (2010 ) 48 Journal of Clinical Microbiology : 4636 -4640.
Prashanth, K., Gunisha Pasricha, Savitri Sharma: Fluorescence amplified fragment length polymorphism for subtyping of genotypes of Acanthamoeba isolated from patients with keratitis. Indian Journal of Medical Research 133, 83–87 (2011).
Prashanth K. , 'Gunisha Pasricha, Savitri Sharma: Fluorescence amplified fragment length polymorphism for subtyping of genotypes of Acanthamoeba isolated from patients with keratitis ' (2011 ) 133 Indian Journal of Medical Research : 83 -87.
Walochnik, J., Aichelburg, A., Assadian, O., Steuer, A., Visvesvara, G., Vetter, N.: Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba amoebae of genotype T2 in a human immunodeficiency virusnegative patient. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46, 338–340 (2008).
Vetter N. , 'Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba amoebae of genotype T2 in a human immunodeficiency virusnegative patient ' (2008 ) 46 Journal of Clinical Microbiology : 338 -340.
Kao, Po-Min, Hsu, Bing-Mu, Chen, Nai-Hsiung, Huang, Kuan-Hao, Huang, Shih-Wei, King, Kuang-Liang, Chiu, Yi-Chou: Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba species from thermal spring environments in southern Taiwan. Experimental Parasitology 130, 354–358 (2012).
Chiu Y.-C. , 'Isolation and identification of Acanthamoeba species from thermal spring environments in southern Taiwan ' (2012 ) 130 Experimental Parasitology : 354 -358.
Kilic, A., Tanyuksel, M., Sissons, J., Jayasekera, S., Khan, N. A.: Isolation of Acanthamoeba isolates belonging to T2, T3, T4 and T7 genotypes from environmental samples in Ankara, Turkey. Acta Parasitologica 49, 246–252 (2004).
Khan N. A. , 'Isolation of Acanthamoeba isolates belonging to T2, T3, T4 and T7 genotypes from environmental samples in Ankara, Turkey ' (2004 ) 49 Acta Parasitologica : 246 -252.
Rezaeian, M., Niyyati, M., Farnia, S., Haghi, A. M.: Isolation of Acanthamoeba spp. from different environmental sources. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 3, 44–47 (2008).
Haghi A. M. , 'Isolation of Acanthamoeba spp. from different environmental sources ' (2008 ) 3 Iranian Journal of Parasitology : 44 -47.
Page, F. C.: A New Key to Freshwater and Soil Gymnamoebae. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK, 1988, 122 pp.
Page F. C. , '', in A New Key to Freshwater and Soil Gymnamoebae , (1988 ) -.
Magliano, A. C., Teixeira, M. M., Alfieri, S. C.: Revisiting the Acanthamoeba species that form star-shaped cysts (genotypes T7, T8, T9, and T17): Characterization of seven new Brazilian environmental isolates and phylogenetic inferences. Parasitology 139, 45–52 (2012).
Alfieri S. C. , 'Revisiting the Acanthamoeba species that form star-shaped cysts (genotypes T7, T8, T9, and T17): Characterization of seven new Brazilian environmental isolates and phylogenetic inferences ' (2012 ) 139 Parasitology : 45 -52.
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., Lipman, D. J.: Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology 215, 403–410 (1990).
Lipman D. J. , 'Basic local alignment search tool ' (1990 ) 215 Journal of Molecular Biology : 403 -410.
Corpet, F.: Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering. Nucleic Acids Research 16, 10881–10890 (1988).
Corpet F. , 'Multiple sequence alignment with hierarchical clustering ' (1988 ) 16 Nucleic Acids Research : 10881 -10890.
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S.: MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28, 2731–2739 (2011).
Kumar S. , 'MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods ' (2011 ) 28 Molecular Biology and Evolution : 2731 -2739.
Siddiqui, R., Khan, N. A.: Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasites & Vectors 10, 5–6 (2012).
Khan N. A. , 'Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba ' (2012 ) 10 Parasites & Vectors : 5 -6.
Alves, D. S., Moraes, A. S., Nitz, N., de Oliveira, M. G., Hecht, M. M., Gurgel-Gonçalves, R., Cuba, C. A.: Occurrence and characterization of Acanthamoeba similar to genotypes T4, T5, and T2/T6 isolated from environmental sources in Brasília. Experimental Parasitology 131, 239–244 (2012).
Cuba C. A. , 'Occurrence and characterization of Acanthamoeba similar to genotypes T4, T5, and T2/T6 isolated from environmental sources in Brasília ' (2012 ) 131 Experimental Parasitology : 239 -244.
Gast, R. J., Ledee, D. R., Fuerst, P. A., Byers, T. J.: Subgenus systematics of Acanthamoeba: Four nuclear 18S rDNA sequence types. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 43, 498–504 (1996).
Byers T. J. , 'Subgenus systematics of Acanthamoeba: Four nuclear 18S rDNA sequence types ' (1996 ) 43 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology : 498 -504.
Heredero, I., Copa, J. L., Soliveri, J., Perez, J.: T17c3, a strain of Acanthamoeba castellanii isolated from a cooling tower. Parasitology Research 110, 2563–2567 (2012).
Perez J. , 'T17c3, a strain of Acanthamoeba castellanii isolated from a cooling tower ' (2012 ) 110 Parasitology Research : 2563 -2567.
Stothard, D. R., Schroeder-Diedrich, J. M., Awwad, M. H., Gast, R. J., Ledee, D. R., Rodriguez-Zaragoza, S., Dean, C. L., Fuerst, P. A., Byers, T. J.: The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45, 45–54 (1998).
Byers T. J. , 'The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types ' (1998 ) 45 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology : 45 -54.
Khan, N. A., Jarroll, E. L., Paget, T. A.: Molecular and physiological differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Acanthamoeba. Current Microbiology 45, 197–202 (2002).
Paget T. A. , 'Molecular and physiological differentiation between pathogenic and nonpathogenic Acanthamoeba ' (2002 ) 45 Current Microbiology : 197 -202.
Sharifi, N., Botero-Kleiven, S., Ohman, D., Barragan, A., Winiecka-Krusnell, J.: Genotypic characterization of Acanthamoeba spp. causing ocular infections in Swedish patients: Identification of the T15 genotype in a case of protracted keratitis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 42, 781–786 (2010).
Winiecka-Krusnell J. , 'Genotypic characterization of Acanthamoeba spp. causing ocular infections in Swedish patients: Identification of the T15 genotype in a case of protracted keratitis ' (2010 ) 42 Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases : 781 -786.
Stothard, D. R., Schroeder-Diedrich, J. M., Awwad, M. H., Gast, R. J., Ledee, D. R., Rodriguez-Zaragoza, S., Dean, C. L., Fuerst, P. A., Byers, T. J.: The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 45, 45–54 (1998).
Byers T. J. , 'The evolutionary history of the genus Acanthamoeba and the identification of eight new 18S rRNA gene sequence types ' (1998 ) 45 Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology : 45 -54.