Jelen tanulmány célja a Szülői Bevonódás a Sportban Kérdőív magyar változatának (PISQ-H) pszichometriai vizsgálata, a mérőeszköz reliabilitásának és validitásának ellenőrzése.
A keresztmetszeti kutatás keretében a kérdőív érvényességét és megbízhatóságát 13-21 év közötti (M = 16,76 év; SD = 2,79 év) 471 fős (40,3% fiú és 54,2% lány, 5,5% hiányzó adat) kényelmi mintán ellenőriztük. A fent említett kérdőív mellett felvételre került az Észlelt Szülői Autonómiatámogatás Kérdőív is.
A feltáró faktoranalízis során négy elkülönülő faktort kaptunk (Dicséret és támogatás, Szülői nyomásgyakorlás, Aktív bevonódás, valamint Direkt, kontrolláló viselkedés). A kérdőív alskáláinak belső megbízhatósága megfelelőnek bizonyult (Cronbach-α: 0,640,85). A mérőeszköz időbeli stabilitásának vizsgálata során szignifikáns (p < 0,001), pozitív irányú, erős teszt-reteszt korrelációs együtthatókat kaptunk (Dicséret és támogatás alskála: r(67) = 0,82; Szülői nyomásgyakorlás alskála: r(67) = 0,81; Direkt, kontrolláló viselkedés alskála: r(67) = 0,93; és Aktív bevonódás alskála: r(67) = 0,94. A konstruktum validitás vizsgálata során a korábbi kutatásokkal megegyező, gyenge-mérsékelt erősségű korrelációt kaptunk a PISQ-H két alskálája és az Észlelt Szülői Autonómiatámogatás Kérdőív között (r = 0,30–0,56; p < 0,001).
A Szülői Bevonódás a Sportban Kérdőív kérdőív magyar változata pszichometriailag megfelelő mérőeszköznek tekinthető.
Amado, D., Sánchez-Oliva, D., González-Ponce, I., Pulido-González, J.J., & Sánchez-Miguel, P.A. (2015). Incidence of parental support and pressure on their children's motivational processes towards sport practice regarding gender. Plos One, 10(6). Doi:.
Averill, P., & Power, T. (1995). Parental attitudes and children's experiences in soccer: Correlates of effort and enjoyment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18(2), 263-276.
Balyi, I., Way, R., & Higgs, C. (2013). Long-term athlete development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bois, J.E., Lalanne, J., & Delforge, C. (2009). The influence of parenting practices and parental presence on childrens and adolescents pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 995-1005.
Clarke, N.J., & Harwood, C.G. (2014). Parenting experiences in elite youth football: A phenomenological study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 528-537.
Costello, A.B., Osborne, J.W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Côté, J. & Hay, J. (2002). Family influences on youth sport participation and performance. In J.M. Silva, & D. Stevens (Eds.), Psychological foundations of sport (503-519). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Danioni, F., Barni, D., & Rosnati, R. (2017). Transmitting sport values: The importance of parental involvement in children's sport activity. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 75-92.
Dorsch, T.E., Smith, A.L., & Dotterer, A.M. (2016). Individual, relationship, and context factors associated with parent support and pressure in organized youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 23, 132-141.
Ede, S., Kamphoff, C.S., Mackey, T., & Armentrout, S.M. (2012). Youth hockey athletes' perceptions of parental involvement: They want more. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35(1), 3-18.
Fejes, B.J. (2018). Az osztálytársak szerepe a motivációs klíma észlelésében. Iskolakultúra, 28(10-11), 39-54.
Gagné, M. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(4), 372-390.
Giannitsopoulou, E., Kosmidou, E., & Zisi, V. (2010). Examination of parental involvement in Greek female athletes. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 5(22), 176-187.
Goodman M., & James I.A. (2017). Parental involvement in young footballers' development: A comparison of the opinions of children and their parents. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 13(1), 2-9.
Grolnick, W.S., Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (1991). Inner resources for school achievement: Motivational mediators of children's perceptions of their parents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 508-517.
Grolnick, W.S., & Slowiaczek, M.L. (1994). Parents' involvement in children's schooling: A multidimensional conceptualization and motivational model. Child Development, 65(1), 237-252.
Hagger, M.S., Chatzisarantis, N.L., Hein, V., Pihu, M., Soós, I., & Karsai, I. (2007). The perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings (PASSES): Development, validity, and cross-cultural invariance in young people. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 632-653.
Hellstedt, J. (1987). The coach/parent/athlete relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 1(2), 151-160.
Henriksen, K., Stambulova, N., & Roessler, K.K. (2010). Holistic approach to athletic talent development environments: A successful sailing milieu. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 212-222.
Holt, N., Tamminen, K., Black, D., Mandigo, J., & Fox, K. (2009). Youth sport parenting styles and practices. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 37-59.
Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M. (1997). Why do parents become involved in their children's education? Review of Educational Research, 67(1), 3-42.
Hoyle, R.H., & Leff, S.S. (1997). The role of parental involvement in youth sport participation and performance. Adolescence, 32(125), 233-244.
Kanters M.A., Bocarro J., & Casper J.M. (2008). Supported or pressured? An examination of agreement among parents and children on parent's role in youth sports. The Journal of Sport Behavior, 31(1), 1-17.
Kerr, G.A., & Stirling, A.E. (2012). Parents' reflections on their child's experiences of emotionally abusive coaching practices. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(2), 191-206.
Kovács, K., Gyömbér, N., F. Földi, R. & Lénárt, Á. (in press). Észlelt Autonómia támogatás Kérdőívek hazai adaptációja. Alkalmazott Pszichológia.
Lagacé-Séguin, D.G., & Case, E. (2010). Extracurricular activity and parental involvement predict positive outcomes in elementary school children. Early Child Development and Care, 180(4), 453-462.
Lazopoulou V. (2006). Exploration of perceived parental involvement in sports by athletes and parents. Unpublished dissertation. Trikala: University of Thessaly.
Lee, M, & Maclean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers. European Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 167-177.
Leff, S., & Hoyle, R. (1995). Young athletes' perceptions of parental support and pressure. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(2), 187-203.
Marsh, A., Zavilla, S., Acuna, K., & Poczwardowski, A. (2015). Perception of purpose andparental involvement in competitive youth sport. Health Psychology Report, 1, 13-23.
Mageau, G.A., & Vallerand, R.J. (2003). The coach-athlete relationship: A motivationalmodel. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(11), 883-904.
O'Rourke, D.J., Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L., & Cumming, S.P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: Is parental pressure always harmful? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(4), 398-412.
Ponseti, F.J., Sese, A., Garcia-Mas, A. (2016). The impact of competitive anxiety and parental influence on the performance of young swimmers, Revista Iberoamericana De Psicología Del Ejercicio Y El Deporte, 11(2), 229-237.
Power, T.G., & Woolger, C. (1994). Parenting practices and age-group swimming: A correlational study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(1), 59-66.
Ridley, M.J. (2013). Parental perceptions of their sport involvement with late adolescent student athletes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ball State University. Letöltve: 2018. január 11-én: http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/123456789/197517.
Rodis, A.G. (2013). Swedish swimmers' perception of parental involvement. Letöltve: 2018. január 11-én: http://idrottsforum.org/rodis131126/.
Ryan, R.M., Deci, E.L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. In E. L Deci & R.M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (3-33). New York: The University of Rochester Press.
Sacks, D.N., Tenenbaum, G., & Pargman, D. (2006): Providing sport psychology services to families. In. J. Dosil (Ed.), The sport psychologist's handbook: A guide for sport-specific performance enhancement (39-61). New York: Wiley & Sons.
Sánchez-Miguel, P.A., Leo, F.M., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Amado, D., & García-Calvo, T. (2013). The importance of parents' behavior in their children's enjoyment and amotivation in sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 36(1), 169-177.
Siekañska, M. (2013). Athletes' perception of parental support and its influence in sports accomplishments - A retrospective study. Human Movement, 13(4), 380-387.
Smoll, F.L., Cumming, S.P., & Smith, R.E. (2011). Enhancing coach-parent relationships in youth sports: Increasing harmony and minimizing hassle. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 6(1), 3-26.
Stein, G.L., Raedeke, T.D., & Glenn, S.D. (1999). Children's perceptions of parent involvement: it's not how much, but to what degree that's important. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(4), 591-601.
Stroebel, L.C. (2006). Parental involvement in sport: perceptions of competitive adolescent swimmers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of the Free State). Letöltve: 2018 január 11-én: https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/handle/11660/1708.
Székelyi, M., & Barna, I. (2002). Túlélőkészlet az SPSS-hez. Többváltozós elemzési technikákról társadalomkutatók számára. Budapest: Typotex Kiadó.
Tofler, I.R., Knapp, P.K., & Lardon, M.T. (2005). Achievement by proxy distortion in sports: A distorted mentoring of high-achieving youth. Historical perspectives and clinical intervention with children, adolescents, and their families. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 24(4), 805-828.
Torregrosa, M., Cruz, J., Sousa, C., Viladrich, C., Villamarín, F., Garcia-Mas, A., et al. (2007). La influencia de padres y madres en el compromiso deportivo de futbolistas jóvenes. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 39(2), 227-237.
Udry, E., Gould, D., Bridges, D., & Tuffey, S. (1997). People Helping People? Examining the Social Ties of Athletes Coping with Burnout and Injury Stress. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19(4), 368-395.
Wolfenden, L.E., & Holt, N.L. (2005). Talent development in elite junior tennis: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(2), 108-126.
Wuerth, S., Lee, M.J., & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes' career in youth sport, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 21-33.
Wylleman, P., & Lavallee, D. (2004). A developmental perspective on transitions faced by athletes. In M.R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (507-527). Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology.