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M. M. Zin Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Street 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary

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E. Márki Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Street 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary

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Sz. Bánvölgyi Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi Street 44, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary

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Consumer concern over artificial food additives has stimulated production of pigments from natural sources. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of process variables on the content of colour compounds (betaxanthin and betacyanin) in beetroot peel juice extracted by conventional method. In this research, the extraction processes were carried out according to the central composite design with different process variables. Quantitative measurements of the basic colour compounds in beetroot extract were performed using spectrophotometer. From our experiment, it was found that the most adequate extraction conditions, which gave the highest yield of colour compounds (952.5 mg l–1 of betaxanthin and 1361 mg l–1 of betacyanin), were extraction time 1 h, operating temperature 20 ºC, and solvent ratio 0.8 w/v. Being a conventional heating method, it is a simple and cost efficient process with relatively high yield.

Abstract

Consumer concern over artificial food additives has stimulated production of pigments from natural sources. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of process variables on the content of colour compounds (betaxanthin and betacyanin) in beetroot peel juice extracted by conventional method. In this research, the extraction processes were carried out according to the central composite design with different process variables. Quantitative measurements of the basic colour compounds in beetroot extract were performed using spectrophotometer. From our experiment, it was found that the most adequate extraction conditions, which gave the highest yield of colour compounds (952.5 mg l–1 of betaxanthin and 1361 mg l–1 of betacyanin), were extraction time 1 h, operating temperature 20 ºC, and solvent ratio 0.8 w/v. Being a conventional heating method, it is a simple and cost efficient process with relatively high yield.

Food safety remains a significant issue especially in developing countries, since the application of food additives continues to increase. However, it is impossible to avoid the application of food colours in food industry, since colour is an important sensory attribute. Natural colorants came into consideration as soon as consumers showed more interest in organic pigments. Nevertheless, their high level of sensitivity to heat, pH, and light, high cost, and low stability are drawbacks for their use.

Common plant pigments, such as betalains, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and carminic acids, are commonly used as natural colourants in medicinal and food applications (Stintzing & Carle, 2004). Among them, betalain, a water soluble compound, is prominent for its biological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, antiradical, and antimicrobial activities (Georgiev et al., 2010). This kind of compound is present in 37 species of 8 genera in the Amaranthaceae family, which is one of the 17 families of the order Caryophyllales (to date) (Slimen et al., 2017; Cai et al., 2005b) and is noticeably found in the beetroot crops, which represent an important source of bioavailable compounds. Nowadays, red beetroots are receiving significant attention from consumers due to their prominent antioxidant activity and high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (Georgiev et al., 2010).

Betalain is composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid, which combines with amino acid and derives red violet betacyanin (betanin 75–95%) and yellow betaxanthin (vulgaxanthin I ∼ 95%) (Cai et al., 2005a). Owing to their hydrophilic nature, betalain compounds can be extracted with pure water, aqueous methanol, or ethanol. However, the extraction method and choice of solvents affect noticeably the content of individual compounds in the extract. In addition, extracted beetroots are susceptible to pH, water activity, temperature, light, oxygen, metal ions, and enzymatic activities (Ravichandran et al., 2013).

Extraction of valuable compounds has recently been realised by ultrasonic extraction method (Sivakumar et al., 2009), microwave assisted extraction method (Singh et al., 2017), and pulse electric field extraction method (López et al., 2009). Undoubtedly, these methods have high efficiency; however, some of them are rather costly compared to traditional extraction methods.

Many observations have been made for the extraction of betalain compounds and phytochemicals from the whole tuber of beetroot. Moreover, there are some accessible investigations of bioactive antioxidants and colour-giving compounds, which are present in the waste part of beetroot such as peel (Singh et al., 2017), pomace (Kushwaha et al., 2018), and stalk (Maran & Priya, 2016). Nevertheless, there is still need to do further investigations of important colour compounds extraction from waste parts of beetroots. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of process variables (solvent ratio, temperature, and extraction time) on the quantities of betalain compounds in beetroot peel extracts.

1 Materials and methods

1.1 Sample acquisition and preparation

Beetroots (Beta vulgaris L., Rhonda type, harvested in 2019) were collected from local supermarket and transported to the laboratory for subsequent analysis. The purchased raw beetroots were cleaned gently with sponge to remove dust and debris. The cleaned beetroots were peeled with a sharp knife about 1 mm thick manually. The peels were then blended in a mixer for 2 min to obtain a pulp.

1.2 Analytical procedures

The pulp (50 g) was mixed with (15%) aqueous ethanol in different peel-to-solvent ratios (0.2, 0.6, 1.0 w/v). The extraction processes were carried out with a thermostat water bath maintaining temperature at 20 ºC, 35 ºC, 50 ºC and three different operation times (1 h, 3 h, 5 h) with stirring at 215 r.p.m. After centrifuging the extracted juices for 25 minutes at 6000 r.p.m., the coloured supernatant was collected and kept under refrigeration prior to instrumental analysis.

1.3 Spectrophotometry analysis

Spectrophotometric analysis for quantification of two basic colour compounds was done by using DR/2400 UV-visible spectrophotometer. The absorbance values were recorded at 480 nm for betaxanthin compound (Kushwaha et al., 2018) and 535 nm for betacyanin compound (Singh et al., 2017). Appropriate dilutions were done for each type of measurements with distilled water. And the concentrations of the respective betalain compounds were calculated according to the following equation as determined by Ravichandran and co-workers (2013):
BC=A×MW×DF×100ε×L
where A is the absorbance; MW is the molecular weight; DF is the dilution factor; Ԑ is the molar extinction coefficient, and L is path length. For quantification of betaxanthin and betacyanin, molar extinction coefficients in water and molecular weights were applied as Ԑ=48 000 l mol–1 cm–1 and MW=308 g mol–1, Ԑ=60 000 l mol–1 cm–1, and MW=550 g mol–1, respectively.

1.4 Statistical evaluations

Empirical design of experiment: Response Surface Methodology was used as a statistical tool to optimize the multivariable process. RSM is one of the statistical tools that are mainly used for the modelling and investigation of multivariable systems in which a response of interest is influenced by several variables (Singh et al., 2017).

2 Results and discussion

2.1 Spectrophotometric analysis

The significance test of model fit was performed by central composite design of Design Expert software version 11.0.3, based on analysis of variance (ANOVA). The cubic model gave false results, whereas the quadratic model was statistically highly significant and so was applied for the next analysis. Based on the small P-value for the quadratic terms, we decided to fit the second-order model to the yield response. It can be deduced that the models are significant as the F value is high and the Prob>F value is less than 0.0001 (Table 1). Lack of fit is non-significant, meaning that the model is significant for three variables, whereas the high coefficient of determination (R2) account for 0.8758 and 0.9181 for the total variation in betaxanthin and betacyanin extraction, respectively.

Table 1.

ANOVA values and regression coefficients of second-order polynomial model in terms of coded form for the response variables

VariableDFEstimated coefficientF valueP value
BetaxanthinBetacyaninBetaxanthinBetacyaninBetaxanthinBetacyanin
Model425.8734.4326.4542.02< 0.0001< 0.0001
A1–0.88–1.451.353.70.26420.0737
B1–0.90–1.561.424.30.25160.0558
C15.997.1962.6690.89< 0.0001< 0.0001
C21–6.80–8.8740.3569.19< 0.0001< 0.0001
Lack of fit1010
R20.87580.9181
Adj R20.84270.8962
Pred R20.77810.8353
C.V%10.667.95

A: extraction time (1 h, 3 h, 5 h); B: operating temperature (20 ºC, 35 ºC, 50 ºC); C: peel-to-solvent ratio (0.2, 0.6, 1.0 w/v)

It was also revealed from the data that the solid-to-liquid ratio was the only significant parameter affecting these three variables at linear and quadratic terms. The values of adjusted R2 and predicted R2 differ by less than 0.2, meaning that these two values are in reasonable agreement with one another. The coefficients of variation, which measure the residual variability in the data, are expressed as percentage. Twenty treatments (runs) were conducted according to a central composite experimental design (Table 2). As the results of the different variables, the yield of colour compounds vary from 122.3 mg l–1 to 952.5 mg l–1 for betaxanthin and 148.5 mg l–1 to 1361 mg l–1 for betacyanin, respectively.

Table 2.

Treatment variables and their corresponding responses

SampleTime (h)Temperature (ºC)Solvent ratio (w/v)Betaxanthin(mg l–1)Betacyanin(mg l–1)
15201607.6971.7
23200.6670.11360.8
33350.6829.21321.4
41201952.51266.8
51350.6662.01322.3
65200.2191.9472.5
73350.6531.61031.7
83350.2209.6441.8
93351592.71260.4
101500.2170.0347.9
113350.6644.31122.0
123350.6522.7996.9
133350.6753.21196.3
143350.6556.71059.2
155500.2122.3148.5
165350.6691.01200.8
173500.6877.61273.3
185501470.1784.7
191501564.11118.3
201200.2167.2331.8

Even though the effects of extraction temperature and time on the colour compound yield were non-significant, lower extraction temperature and time were preferred to give better yield. The possible explanation may be the sensitivity of natural colour compounds to heat. Many phytochemicals are destroyed by high operation time and temperature as reported by Herbach and co-workers (2006); Aguirre-Joya and co-workers (2013); Ravichandran and co-workers (2013). Figure 1A and B shows the interaction effects of temperature and time on colour compounds when solvent ratio is maintained at constant level.

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

A, B, C, D, E, F. RSM for extractions of betaxanthin and betacyanin

A: Correlational effect of temperature and time on betaxanthin quantity

B: Correlational effect of temperature and time on betacyanin quantity

C: Correlational effect of temperature and solvent ratio on betaxanthin quantity

D: Correlational effect of temperature and solvent ratio on betacyanin quantity

E: Correlational effect of time and solvent ratio on betaxanthin quantity

F: Correlational effect of time and solvent ratio on betacyanin quantity

Citation: Acta Alimentaria Acta Alimentaria 49, 2; 10.1556/066.2020.49.2.5

As it can be seen in Figure 1A and B, the decrease in time and temperature leads to increase in yield. This correlation can be explained by the findings of Herbach and co-workers (2006), who investigated the impact of heating period on colour compounds.

The significance of the quadratic term for the peel-to-solvent ratio indicates that this variable has impact on the extraction efficiency. According to Figure 1A, the highest yield of betaxanthin cannot be seen within the investigated time (1–5 h) and temperature (20–50 ºC) ranges, when the solvent ratio is fixed at centre point. It means that the yield mainly depends on the solvent ratio, which is in agreement with the findings of De Azeredo and co-workers (2009). On the contrary, in the case of betacyanin, the highest yield can be seen with the fixed solvent ratio in Figure 1B. It might be because of the different properties of specific colour compounds. The interaction effects of temperature and solvent ratio are depicted in Figure 1C and D, when time was fixed as constant. It was found that the yield increased when solvent ratio increased, with highest yield between 0.6 w/v and 1.0 w/v solvent ratio with low temperature around 20 ºC for betaxanthin compound. In case of betacyanin, the highest yield was obtained around 0.8 w/v of solvent ratio. Conversely, there was a minimal decrease in yield beyond that solvent ratio range for all colour compounds. The possible explanation is that the maximum extraction limit of colour compounds was reached, and further increment in solvent ratio became unnecessary for any driving force to occur with mass transfer. The same situation was observed when the temperature was fixed at 35 ºC, providing the highest yield after 60 min as shown in Figure 1E and F. The operating conditions were optimised to achieve the highest yields of basic colour compounds: betaxanthin and betacyanin with a desirability of 0.951 (Figure 2).

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Optimum condition for extraction of colour compounds with desirability of 0.951

Citation: Acta Alimentaria Acta Alimentaria 49, 2; 10.1556/066.2020.49.2.5

The regression equations for obtaining betalain concentrations at any given parameters were given as

Sqrt (Betaxanthin) (mg l–1) = +5.00–0.44A–0.06B+65.99C–42.51C2

Sqrt (Betacyanin) (mg l–1) = +9.50–0.73A–0.10B+84.52C–55.46C2

3 Conclusions

Central composite design used in this study suggested that the quadratic model with optimum conditions of extraction time 1 h, operating temperature 20 ºC, and solvent ratio 0.8 w/v gave a yield of 839.115 mg l–1 betaxanthin and 1512.14 mg l–1 betacyanin. Since we only used traditional extraction, our study encourages the use of this reasonably efficient method with cost efficiency.

*

The project is supported by the European Union and co-financed by the European Social Fund (grant agreement no. EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00005) and the Tempus Public Foundation under the Stipendium Hungaricum Scholarship Program.

References

  • Aguirre-Joya, J., De La Garza-Toledo, H., Zugasti-Cruz, A., Belmares-Cerda, R. & Aguilar, C.N. (2013): The optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) skin in a reflux system using response surface methodology. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 3(6), 436-442.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cai, Y.Z., Sun, M. & Corke, H. (2005a): Characterization and application of betalain pigments from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Trends Food Sci. Tech., 16, 370-376.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cai, Y.Z., Sun, M. & Corke, H. (2005b): HPLC Characterization of betalains from plants in the Amaranthaceae. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 43, 454-460.

  • De Azeredo, H.M.C., Pereira, A.C., De Souza, A.C.R., Gouveia, S.T. & Mendes, K.C.B. (2009): Study on efficiency of betacyanin extraction from red beetroots. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech., 44, 2464-2469.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Georgiev, V.G., Weber, J., Kneschke, E.M., Denev, P.N., Bley, T. & Pavlov, A.I. (2010): Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of betalain extracts from intact plants and hairy root cultures of the red beetroot Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit daik red. Plant Food Hum. Nutr., 65, 105-111.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Herbach, K.M., Stintzing, F.C. & Carle, R. (2006): Stability and color changes of thermally treated betanin. phyllocactin. and hylocerenin solutions. J. Agr. Food Chem., 54, 390-398.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kushwaha, R., Kumar, V, Vyas, G. & Kaur, J. (2018): Optimization of different variable for eco-friendly extraction of betalains and phytochemicals from beetroot pomace. Waste Biomass Valori., 9, 1485-1494.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • López, N., Puértolas, E., Cóndon, S., Raso, J. &Alvarez, I. (2009): Enhancement of the extraction of betanine from red beetroot by pulsed electric fields. J. Food Eng., 90, 60-66.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maran, J.P. & Priya, B. (2016): Multivariate statistical analysis and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural pigments from waste red beet stalks. J. Food Sci. Tech. ,53(1), 792-799.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ravichandran, K., Saw, N.MT., Mohdaly, A.A.A., Gabr, A.M.M., … & Smetanska, I. (2013): Impact of processing of red beet on betalain content and antioxidant activity. Food Res. Int. ,50(2), 670-675.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Singh, A., Ganesapillai, M. & Gnanasundaram, N. (2017): Optimization of extraction of betalain pigments from beta vulgaris peels by microwave pretreatment. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 263, 032004.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sivakumar, V., Anna, J.L., Vijayeeswarri, J. &Swaminathan, G. (2009): Ultrasound assisted enhancement in natural dye extraction from beetroot for industrial applications and natural dyeing of leather. Ultrason. Sonochem., 16, 782-789.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Slimen, I B., Najar, T. & Abderrabba, M (2017): Chemical and antioxidant properties of betalains. J. Agr. Food Chem. 65 ,675-689.

  • Stintzing, F.C. & Carle, R. (2004): Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends Food Sci. Tech., 15, 19-38.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aguirre-Joya, J., De La Garza-Toledo, H., Zugasti-Cruz, A., Belmares-Cerda, R. & Aguilar, C.N. (2013): The optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) skin in a reflux system using response surface methodology. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 3(6), 436-442.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cai, Y.Z., Sun, M. & Corke, H. (2005a): Characterization and application of betalain pigments from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Trends Food Sci. Tech., 16, 370-376.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cai, Y.Z., Sun, M. & Corke, H. (2005b): HPLC Characterization of betalains from plants in the Amaranthaceae. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 43, 454-460.

  • De Azeredo, H.M.C., Pereira, A.C., De Souza, A.C.R., Gouveia, S.T. & Mendes, K.C.B. (2009): Study on efficiency of betacyanin extraction from red beetroots. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech., 44, 2464-2469.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Georgiev, V.G., Weber, J., Kneschke, E.M., Denev, P.N., Bley, T. & Pavlov, A.I. (2010): Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of betalain extracts from intact plants and hairy root cultures of the red beetroot Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit daik red. Plant Food Hum. Nutr., 65, 105-111.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Herbach, K.M., Stintzing, F.C. & Carle, R. (2006): Stability and color changes of thermally treated betanin. phyllocactin. and hylocerenin solutions. J. Agr. Food Chem., 54, 390-398.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kushwaha, R., Kumar, V, Vyas, G. & Kaur, J. (2018): Optimization of different variable for eco-friendly extraction of betalains and phytochemicals from beetroot pomace. Waste Biomass Valori., 9, 1485-1494.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • López, N., Puértolas, E., Cóndon, S., Raso, J. &Alvarez, I. (2009): Enhancement of the extraction of betanine from red beetroot by pulsed electric fields. J. Food Eng., 90, 60-66.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maran, J.P. & Priya, B. (2016): Multivariate statistical analysis and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of natural pigments from waste red beet stalks. J. Food Sci. Tech. ,53(1), 792-799.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ravichandran, K., Saw, N.MT., Mohdaly, A.A.A., Gabr, A.M.M., … & Smetanska, I. (2013): Impact of processing of red beet on betalain content and antioxidant activity. Food Res. Int. ,50(2), 670-675.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Singh, A., Ganesapillai, M. & Gnanasundaram, N. (2017): Optimization of extraction of betalain pigments from beta vulgaris peels by microwave pretreatment. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 263, 032004.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Sivakumar, V., Anna, J.L., Vijayeeswarri, J. &Swaminathan, G. (2009): Ultrasound assisted enhancement in natural dye extraction from beetroot for industrial applications and natural dyeing of leather. Ultrason. Sonochem., 16, 782-789.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Slimen, I B., Najar, T. & Abderrabba, M (2017): Chemical and antioxidant properties of betalains. J. Agr. Food Chem. 65 ,675-689.

  • Stintzing, F.C. & Carle, R. (2004): Functional properties of anthocyanins and betalains in plants, food, and in human nutrition. Trends Food Sci. Tech., 15, 19-38.

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
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Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: András Salgó

Co-ordinating Editor(s) Marianna Tóth-Markus

Co-editor(s): A. Halász

       Editorial Board

  • L. Abrankó (Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary)
  • D. Bánáti (University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary)
  • J. Baranyi (Institute of Food Research, Norwich, UK)
  • I. Bata-Vidács (Agro-Environmental Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Budapest, Hungary)
  • F. Békés (FBFD PTY LTD, Sydney, NSW Australia)
  • Gy. Biró (National Institute for Food and Nutrition Science, Budapest, Hungary)
  • A. Blázovics (Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • F. Capozzi (University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)
  • M. Carcea (Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics Rome, Italy)
  • Zs. Cserhalmi (Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Budapest, Hungary)
  • M. Dalla Rosa (University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)
  • I. Dalmadi (Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • K. Demnerova (University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic)
  • M. Dobozi King (Texas A&M University, Texas, USA)
  • Muying Du (Southwest University in Chongqing, Chongqing, China)
  • S. N. El (Ege University, Izmir, Turkey)
  • S. B. Engelsen (University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark)
  • E. Gelencsér (Food Science Research Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, Budapest, Hungary)
  • V. M. Gómez-López (Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain)
  • J. Hardi (University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia)
  • H. He (Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China)
  • K. Héberger (Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary)
  • N. Ilić (University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia)
  • D. Knorr (Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany)
  • H. Köksel (Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey)
  • K. Liburdi (Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy)
  • M. Lindhauer (Max Rubner Institute, Detmold, Germany)
  • M.-T. Liong (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia)
  • M. Manley (Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa)
  • M. Mézes (Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary)
  • Á. Németh (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
  • P. Ng (Michigan State University,  Michigan, USA)
  • Q. D. Nguyen (Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary)
  • L. Nyström (ETH Zürich, Switzerland)
  • L. Perez (University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain)
  • V. Piironen (University of Helsinki, Finland)
  • A. Pino (University of Catania, Catania, Italy)
  • M. Rychtera (University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic)
  • K. Scherf (Technical University, Munich, Germany)
  • R. Schönlechner (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria)
  • A. Sharma (Department of Atomic Energy, Delhi, India)
  • A. Szarka (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
  • M. Szeitzné Szabó (National Food Chain Safety Office, Budapest, Hungary)
  • S. Tömösközi (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary)
  • L. Varga (University of West Hungary, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary)
  • R. Venskutonis (Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania)
  • B. Wróblewska (Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn, Poland)

 

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1
Reviews
Scimago
28
H-index
Scimago
0,237
Journal Rank
Scimago
Food Science Q3
Quartile Score
 
Scopus
248/238=1,0
Scite Score
 
Scopus
Food Science 216/310 (Q3)
Scite Score Rank
 
Scopus
0,349
SNIP
 
Days from
100
submission
 
to acceptance
 
Days from
143
acceptance
 
to publication
 
Acceptance
16%
Rate
2019  
Total Cites
WoS
522
Impact Factor 0,458
Impact Factor
without
Journal Self Cites
0,433
5 Year
Impact Factor
0,503
Immediacy
Index
0,100
Citable
Items
60
Total
Articles
59
Total
Reviews
1
Cited
Half-Life
7,8
Citing
Half-Life
9,8
Eigenfactor
Score
0,00034
Article Influence
Score
0,077
% Articles
in
Citable Items
98,33
Normalized
Eigenfactor
0,04267
Average
IF
Percentile
7,429
Scimago
H-index
27
Scimago
Journal Rank
0,212
Scopus
Scite Score
220/247=0,9
Scopus
Scite Score Rank
Food Science 215/299 (Q3)
Scopus
SNIP
0,275
Acceptance
Rate
15%

 

Acta Alimentaria
Publication Model Hybrid
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 1100 EUR/article
Printed Color Illustrations 40 EUR (or 10 000 HUF) + VAT / piece
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Editorial Board / Advisory Board members: 50%
Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%
Subscription fee 2023 Online subsscription: 776 EUR / 944 USD
Print + online subscription: 896 EUR / 1090 USD
Subscription Information Online subscribers are entitled access to all back issues published by Akadémiai Kiadó for each title for the duration of the subscription, as well as Online First content for the subscribed content.
Purchase per Title Individual articles are sold on the displayed price.

Acta Alimentaria
Language English
Size B5
Year of
Foundation
1972
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year
4
Founder Magyar Tudományos Akadémia    
Founder's
Address
H-1051 Budapest, Hungary, Széchenyi István tér 9.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 0139-3006 (Print)
ISSN 1588-2535 (Online)

 

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