Inverse gas chromatography in characterization of polymer blends

Kasylda Milczewska; Adam Voelkel; Aleksandra Borkowska

doi:10.1556/1326.2025.01330

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Acta Chromatographica

Volume/Issue:: Accepted Manuscript / Online First

Inverse gas chromatography in characterization of polymer blends

Authors:

Kasylda Milczewska

Kasylda Milczewska Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

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Kasylda.Milczewska@put.poznan.pl https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2614-2691

Adam Voelkel

Adam Voelkel Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

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, and

Aleksandra Borkowska

Aleksandra Borkowska Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

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Online Publication Date:: 06 Mar 2025

Publication Date:: 06 Mar 2025

Article Category:: Research Article

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1556/1326.2025.01330

Keywords:: Flory-Huggins interaction parameters; inverse gas chromatography; polymer blend

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Abstract

The magnitude of the interactions between two phases may be deduced from results collected by various experimental techniques. One of them is Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC).

The aim of the work was to compose and examine various polymer blends of PVC/PMMA, PMMA/PS and PVC/PS. Behavior of these blends was characterized by using the Flory-Huggins parameters estimated by means of the IGC. Based on the obtained results, the miscibility of the components in the tested polymer blends was determined. Characteristics derived from IGC data were compared with literature data calculated from equilibrium solvent (methanol) absorption.

Abstract

The magnitude of the interactions between two phases may be deduced from results collected by various experimental techniques. One of them is Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC).

Introduction

Polymer blending has attracted much attention as an easy and cost-effective method of creating polymeric materials compared to synthesizing new polymers. Polymer blends are materials that macroscopically constitute a homogeneous mixture of at least two polymers. Depending on the value of the free energy of mixing, polymer blends are divided into miscible, partially miscible and immiscible. When mixing two polymers, complete phase separation usually occurs due to the repulsive interaction between the components. In order to combine the components and obtain the desired morphology, polymer blends are compatibilized. A polymer blend is a mixture of at least two polymers or copolymers that have been combined together to create a new material with different physical properties [1, 2].

An attempt to theoretically describe the phenomena accompanying polymer mixing encounters many difficulties and is the subject of many studies.

There are also many methods that can be used to characterize the miscibility of polymer blends. The most commonly used techniques include: X-ray scattering (SAXS) [3, 4] and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) [5], differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) [6] and inverse gas chromatography (IGC) [7, 8]. Microscopic (e.g. TEM, SEM) [9] or spectroscopic (e.g. FTIR) [9–11] techniques can also be used to determine the miscibility of polymer blends. The miscibility of polymer compositions can be determined based on the solvent absorption measurements [12, 13]. The solubility and diffusion of low molecular weight compounds in polymer blends depend on the physical properties of the compound and the interactions occurring in blend [14]. The advantage of IGC results is the possibility of reusing the tested materials (polymer blends). Moreover, the standard gas chromatograph with a packed column can be used. Measurements using this technique are fast and accurate.

A miscible polymer blend is a mixture that is homogeneous in the molecular level and associated with a negative value of the free energy of mixing [8]. This type of blend is characterized by having one glass transition temperature (T_g). Polymer blending is one of the most important industrial tools to obtain a more efficient and attractive product for various applications.

Considering environmental issues, polymer blends also extend the life of the starting polymer. Blending is the most effective way to meet requirements of the properties of advanced materials from both a scientific and commercial point of view. And of course, it enables the maximization of important properties based on designing in one material certain combinations of the desired properties exhibited by individual component polymers [15].

The term miscibility describes the homogeneity of polymer mixtures at a specific temperature. It may be influenced by various factors, such as morphology or intermolecular interactions [9]. Miscibility between two components is determined by thermodynamics based on the Gibbs free energy of mixing [9, 16]:

Δ G_{m} = Δ H_{m} - T Δ S_{m}

(1)

where: ΔG_m – free energy of mixing; ΔH_m – the enthalpy of mixing; ΔS_m – the entropy of mixing; T – the temperature.

The TΔS_m value is always positive because entropy increases during mixing. Therefore, the sign of ΔG_m depends only on the value of the enthalpy factor ΔH_m. Polymer blends can be completely miscible, partially miscible or immiscible, depending on the ΔG_m value [17].

The Flory-Huggins lattice theory is the most frequently used thermodynamic model of polymer systems [18]. It can be formally applied also to polymer blends, which provides a rough estimation of the miscibility of the polymers [18, 19]. This is a mean-field model, i.e. only medium interactions are taken into account.

For two-component systems, the Flory-Huggins equation can be written as [18, 19]:

\frac{{∆ G}_{m}}{n_{o}} = R T [\frac{φ_{1}}{r_{1}} \ln φ_{1} + \frac{φ_{2}}{r_{2}} \ln φ_{2} + φ_{1} φ_{2} χ_{12}]

(2)

where:

n_{o} = \frac{V}{V_{r}}

(

V

is the total volume of the lattice and

V_{r}

is the molar volume of lattice sites) φ_i – volume fraction of component i (1 or 2); r_i – the number of polymer segments (which is proportional to the degree of polymerization); R – gas constant;

χ_{12}

is the Flory-Huggins binary interaction parameter.

The first two terms of the right-hand side in Equation (2) are related to the entropy of mixing and the third term is originally assigned to the enthalpy of mixing. For polymers having infinite molar mass (i.e. r_i is infinite) the entropic contribution is very small and the miscibility or immiscibility of the system mainly depends on the value of the enthalpy of mixing (Eq. (2)). Miscibility can only be achieved when $χ_{12}$ is negative.

The miscibility of polymer compositions can be also determined based on solvent absorption measurements [12]. The solubility and diffusion of low molecular weight compounds in polymer blends depend on the morphology of the polymer, the physical properties of the compound and the interactions occurring in the blend [14]. The equilibrium solvent absorption, as well as the diffusion coefficient, can be determined based on the numerical solution of the Fick equation. Solvent absorption in polymer blends depends on polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions. If the polymer-solvent interaction parameter

χ_{12}

is independent of the volume of solvent (φ₁) in binary mixtures the activity of the solvent (α₁) absorbed in the polymer blend can be determined from the equation [12]:

\ln α_{1} = \ln φ_{1} + (1 - φ_{1}) + (χ_{12} φ_{2} + χ_{13} φ_{3}) (1 - φ_{1}) - χ_{23}^{'} φ_{2} φ_{3}

(3)

where: index 1 – solvent, index 2 – polymer 1, index 3 – polymer 2,

φ_{i}

– volume fraction of the respective component of the system;

χ_{12}

denotes the magnitude of interactions between solvent and component 2 (polymer 1),

χ_{13}

denotes the magnitude of interactions between solvent and component 3 (polymer 2) while

χ_{23}^{'}

represents the magnitude of interactions between two polymeric components of the system.

The parameter of the interactions of the solvent with the homogeneous polymer blend (

χ_{1 m}

) depends on the

χ_{23}^{'}

according to the equation [20, 21]:

χ_{1 m} = χ_{12} φ_{2} + χ_{13} φ_{3} - χ_{23}^{'} φ_{2} φ_{3}

(4)

The amount of solvent absorbed by blend is lower than by pure polymers, when the interactions between the components of the polymer blend are stronger ( $χ_{23}^{'}$ is more negative).

In the study by Sabzi and Boushehri [22], the $χ_{1 m}$ value was used to estimate the interaction parameter $χ_{23}^{'}$ for the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) - poly(cis-1,4-butadiene) (cis-Bu) system. A more negative $χ_{23}^{'}$ value was obtained in pentane than in hexane or acetonitrile. It can be concluded that the solvent (solvent playing role of testing solute in IGC experiment) used for testing affects the value of $χ_{23}^{'}$ . Values of Flory–Huggins $χ_{23}^{'}$ parameter depend on chemical structure of the solute. It has been interpreted as a result of preferential interactions of the test solute with one of two components. This phenomenon for polymer blends was described by Fernandez-Sanchez et al. [23] Fernandez-Sanchez et al. and Olabisi [24] independently attributed this to properties of the stationary phase exhibiting preferential affinity to one of the components.

Zhao and Choi [25, 26] discovered that the problem of solvent dependency essentially originates from the improper choice of reference volumes used in the calculations of the binary interaction parameter between various solvents and the pure polymers as well as their blends. Traditionally, in the Flory–Huggins theory as the reference volume (V_o) is usually the molar volume of the solvent (V₁). The problem is occurred for ternary systems. Zhao and Choi proposed to use a ‘‘common reference volume’’ that ceases the problem [27]. The problem of the test solute dependence of $χ_{23}^{'}$ was extensively discussed in [27].

The authors propose using of inverse gas chromatography to determine the miscibility of polymers in the blend. The retention parameters obtained from IGC allow the determination of the Flory-Huggins parameters. The idea of determining the parameters $χ_{1 m}$ and $χ_{23}^{'}$ from chromatographic data will be explained in the Materials and methods section.

In order to verify the correctness of the method used, in this study we used blends for which Flory-Huggins parameters were determined using a different technique (solvent sorption). After reviewing the literature, a set of polymer blends was selected. The primary criterion for their selection was solely the ability to achieve reproducible results within a short timeframe.

Materials and methods

The authors chose three polymers: poly(vinyl chloride), poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. The molar masses and densities of the polymers used in the experiment are listed in Table 1. In the study, nine PVC/PMMA, PMMA/PS and PVC/PS mixtures were prepared with three selected compositions, i.e. 20/80, 50/50, 80/20. The weighed masses of the samples and their designations are presented in Table 2. A solvent method was used to mix the polymeric materials. The polymers were dissolved in 15 ml of solvent (xylene for PMMA/PS or chloroform for PVC/PMMA and PVC/PS blends), then heated (to the boiling point of solvent) and stirred until the sample components were mixed. After the mixing process was completed, the solvent was evaporated.

Table 1.

Properties of polymers

Polymer	Molecular weight [g mol⁻¹]	Density [g cm⁻³]
PMMA	101,000	1.20
PVC	150,000	1.41
PS	54,600	1.05

Table 2.

Composition and designations of the composition

No.	Material	Symbol	Polymer 1 [g]	Polymer 2 [g]	Polymer ratio [w:w]
1	PVC/PMMA	1.1	1.6002	0.4003	80:20
2		1.2	1.0001	1.0005	50:50
3		1.3	0.4004	1.6008	20:80
4	PMMA/PS	2.1	1.6014	0.4128	80:20
5		2.2	0.9993	0.9991	50:50
6		2.3	0.4087	1.6084	20:80
7	PVC/PS	3.1	1.6037	0.4139	80:20
8		3.2	1.0022	1.0028	50:50
9		3.3	0.4007	1.6121	20:80

The research was carried out using the inverse gas chromatography technique. The experiment was conducted on a Chrom5 gas chromatograph (Prague, Czech Republic). The columns (i.d. 0.3 cm, 50 cm long) were packed with polymer blends (15%w/w) with inert Chromosorb PAW (100/120Mesh) as a carrier to ensure the continuity of the stationary phase. Analysis was also performed for columns filled with the component polymers. The following solvents were used as test solutes: hexane (C6), heptane (C7), octane (C8), nonane (C9), decane (C10), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtAc), acetonitrile (ACN), ethanol (ETOH) and 1,4-dioxane (DIOX). Measurements were performed at infinite dilution of test solutes. Before measurements columns were conditioned with helium at a temperature of 110 °C. The retention parameters of test solutes were used to calculate the values of physicochemical parameters characterizing blended materials [7].

The appropriate retention volume V_N [cm³ g⁻¹] was calculated from the obtained retention times (

t_{r}^{'})

according to the equation [28]:

V_{N} = \frac{F_{c} * t_{r}^{'} * j * 273}{m_{w}}

(5)

where: F_c – flow rate of helium at room temperature, m_w – mass of material in column, j – James-Martin coefficient.

The values of the Flory-Huggins parameter

χ_{1 m}

for all tested compositions (blends) were calculated from equation (6) [29]:

χ_{1 m} = \ln (\frac{273, 15 * R}{p_{1} * V_{N} * M_{1}}) - \frac{p_{1}}{R * T} (B_{11} - V_{1}) + \ln (\frac{ρ_{1}}{ρ_{m}}) - 1

(6)

where: index 1 – test solute, index m – means the mixture (blend), M₁ – molar mass, B₁₁ – second virial coefficient, V₁ – molar volume, ρ – density.

The last step was the calculation of Flory-Huggins parameter

χ_{23}^{'}

, which is the measure of the strength of interactions between components of the blend:

χ_{23}^{'} = \frac{1}{φ_{2} * φ_{3}} * ({χ_{12} * φ}_{2} + χ_{13} * φ_{3} - χ_{1 m})

(7)

where: index 2 and 3 mean the components of the investigated blend (i.e. 2 – PVC, 3 – PS in PVC/PS blend), φ_i are the volume fractions of components,

χ_{12}, χ_{13}

χ_{1 m}

– Flory-Huggins parameter

χ_{1 m}

calculated for the first polymer (2), the second polymer (3) and their blend (m).

To obtain $χ_{23}^{'}$ for a polymer blend or composition by means of IGC, $χ_{12}$ values for all components have to be known. Therefore, three columns are usually prepared: two for single components and the third one for a composition of the two components used. A further three columns containing different compositions of components can also be prepared if the effect of the weight fraction of the mixture on the examined property needs to be explored. These columns should be studied under identical conditions of column temperature, carrier gas flow rate, inlet pressure of the carrier gas, and with the same test solutes [27–29].

To eliminate the dependence of the value of the

χ_{23}^{'}

parameter on the test compounds, the calculations were performed according to the Zhao-Choi procedure [25–29]. Zhao-Choi [25] proposed to use ‘common reference volume’ as the reference volume (

V_{o}

) in the Flory-Huggins theory instead of molar volume of the solvent (

V_{1}^{o}

). They applied the molar volume of the smallest polymer segment as the reference state. Flory-Huggins parameter for blends they calculated from equations:

χ_{1 m} = \frac{V_{o}}{V_{1}^{o}} (\ln \frac{273.15 ∙ R}{M_{1} ∙ V_{g} ∙ p_{1}^{o}} - 1 + (1 - \frac{V_{1}^{o}}{V_{2}^{o}}) ∙ φ_{2} + (1 - \frac{V_{1}^{o}}{V_{3}^{o}}) ∙ φ_{3} - (\frac{B_{11} - V_{1}^{o}}{R ∙ T}) ∙ p_{1}^{o})

(8)

χ_{1 m} = φ_{2} ∙ χ_{12} + φ_{3} ∙ χ_{13} - φ_{2} ∙ φ_{3} ∙ χ_{23}^{Z C}

(9)

Plotting $χ_{1 m}$ versus ( $φ_{2} ∙ χ_{12} + φ_{3} ∙ χ_{13})$ one obtains a straight line with a slope 1 and intercept of ( $- φ_{2} ∙ φ_{3} ∙ χ_{23}^{Z C}$ ) where $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ represents $χ_{23}^{'}$ which is independent on the nature of the test solute.

Zhao-Choi procedure was successfully applied in examination of various polymeric systems [25, 26, 30–32].

The more negative values of Flory-Huggins parameter $χ_{23}^{'}$ or/and $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ indicate the stronger interactions between the components in the studied material.

Results and discussion

At the beginning, Flory-Huggins $χ_{1 m}$ parameters were calculated for each of prepared polymer blend. Results are presented in Fig. 1. Obtained values were compared with parameters for single polymers. These values expressed the interactions between examined polymer/polymer blend although are, of course influenced by material composition.

Fig. 1.

Values of $χ_{1 m}$ parameter for investigated blends and component’ polymers a) PVC/PMMA, PVC, PMMA, b) PMMA/PS, PMMA, PS, c) PVC/PS, PVC, PS

Citation: Acta Chromatographica 2025; 10.1556/1326.2025.01330

For all polymers and compositions, positive values of Flory-Huggins parameter were obtained.

For PVC/PMMA mixtures, the values for alkanes increase with chain length. For each alkane, the $χ_{12}$ values for the blends exceed those obtained for the pure PVC polymer and are lower than the values for PMMA. In the case of polar solutes, the $χ_{12}$ values for the mixtures exceed those calculated for the component’ polymers. The lowest values of the parameter for PVC/PMMA blends were obtained for ethyl acetate (EtAc).

No retention time for dichloromethane (DCM) was received with the PMMA/PS composition. That indicates DCM was irreversibly retained by the material in the chromatographic column. The values of $χ_{12}$ parameter for alkanes obtained for the composition exceed those for the component’ polymers. For 2.1 and 2.2 blends, the lowest values were also obtained for EtAc. For the 2.3 blend, the lowest values can be observed for C7 and ACN.

For PVC/PS blends, the values $χ_{12}$ for alkanes increase with test solute chain elongation. All $χ_{12}$ parameter values for alkanes obtained for blends are higher than those obtained for PVC. The lowest parameter values were achieved for ethyl acetate. DCM results were not obtained for blends 3.1 and 3.3. For the PVC/PS blend series, almost all test solutes proved to be good solvents.

The strength of interactions between components of blend was estimated at the base of Flory-Huggins $χ_{23}^{'}$ parameter. Negative values of this parameter were obtained for all tested polymer blends (Fig. 2), which indicates strong interactions between polymers in the blend. The $χ_{23}^{'}$ parameter determined by the classical method depends on the test compounds used [25, 26]. The strongest interactions were observed in blends containing PVC and in the presence of polar solvents.

Fig. 2.

Values of $χ_{23}^{'}$ parameter for blends a) PVC/PMMA, b) PMMA/PS, c) PVC/PS

Citation: Acta Chromatographica 2025; 10.1556/1326.2025.01330

The last parameter characterizing the obtained blends was the Zhao-Choi $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ parameter. The interactions between polymers in the blend determined by this procedure are independent of the probes used. Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that all components of tested PVC/PMMA compositions are characterized by strong interactions (Fig. 3). As the amount of PMMA in the compositions increases, the values of the $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ parameter increase. It means that the magnitude of interactions between polymer blend weaken.

Fig. 3.

Values of $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ parameter for blends (1. PVC/PMMA, 2. PMMA/PS, 3. PVC/PS)

Citation: Acta Chromatographica 2025; 10.1556/1326.2025.01330

Positive values of $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ were obtained for PVC/PS blends, which decreased when the amount of PS in the blends increases. In the case of PMMA/PS blends, a negative value was obtained only for blend 2.1. The weakest interactions, based on the value of the $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ parameter, were determined for 2.2 blend.

Finally, the results were compared with those received by Fekete et al. [33].

Negative values of the polymer-polymer interaction parameter $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ were obtained for the PVC/PMMA blend in the entire composition range. For the remaining two blends, positive values of the interaction parameter $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ were obtained in the almost entire composition range. For the PMMA/PS mixture, the $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ have value of 0.6 for 50/50 composition. For the PVC/PS blend the values of $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ are decreasing with the addition of PS from 0.1 to 0.03. Our conclusions are consistent with Fekete et al. [33] findings. Anyway, the results indicate that almost all investigated blends are instable – calculated parameters change in different ways with the polymers ratio.

Conclusions

For the investigated blends the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, $χ_{23}^{'}$ , was calculated using the standard method and with the Zhao-Choi procedure. For almost all materials, negative values for the $χ_{23}^{'}$ parameter were obtained using the standard method, indicating strong interactions. With the Zhao-Choi procedure, negative $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ values were obtained only for the PVC/PMMA mixtures. The comparison of the methods for calculating $χ_{23}^{'}$ confirms that this parameter is dependent on the solvent used. It means that for proper characterization of the magnitude of interactions between blend components should be carried out using $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ determined by Zhao-Choi procedure.

In the literature [33], the highest degree of miscibility was achieved for the PVC/PMMA blend. The PMMA/PS and PVC/PS compositions were deemed immiscible based on experimental results. The PVC/PMMA mixture in Fekete's studies is a miscible polymer blend. Fekete's studies [30] indicate that in the PMMA/PS blends, the difference in composition has a negligible effect on the interaction parameter $χ_{23}^{'}$ , which assumes a constant value over the entire range of compositions. In results obtained via IGC no influence of the composition of polymer blends on the value of interaction parameter was established.

The results of $χ_{23}^{'}$ obtained for PVC/PMMA blends, investigated both by using IGC and by solvent absorption [33], indicate miscibility of the components in those blends. In contrast, the PMMA/PS and PVC/PS polymer blends are immiscible. The values of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter $χ_{23}^{'}$ , both in experimental studies and literature, are positive.

For the PVC/PS blends from Fekete's studies, it can be noted that the higher amount of polystyrene (PS) in the composition, increases the values of the interaction parameter $χ_{23}^{'}$ . An increase in PS content leads to weaker interactions in the blends. Results obtained from IGC showed an inverse relationship. As PS content increases in the composition, the miscibility of components also increases. This discrepancy may arise from differences in the research methods used.

Both the solvent absorption method and gas chromatography indicated that PVC/PMMA blends are miscible, while PMMA/PS and PVC/PS blends might be unstable. No conclusions can be drawn regarding the values of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ in relation to the components ratio of the studied polymer blends.

According to the Flory-Huggins lattice theory, the values of the $χ_{23}^{'}$ or $χ_{23}^{Z C}$ parameter should be constant for each blend. In reality, they depend in a complex manner on many parameters, such as temperature, molecular weights, mixture composition. Various experimental techniques used for materials characterization might lead to different conclusions.

IGC method is a good, precise and very simple method of characterization of polymeric materials, especially polymer blends and might be proposed as an alternative procedure.

CRediT autoship contribution statement

Kasylda Milczewska: Conceptualization, Methodology, Manuscript composition, Writing – Original Draft, Visualization; Adam Voelkel: Funding Acquisition, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing; Aleksandra Borkowska: Carrying out measurement.

Compliance with ethical standards

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

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Acta Chromatographica

Online ISSN:: 2083-5736

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sajewicz, Mieczyslaw, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Editors(s)

Danica Agbaba, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia (1953-2024)
Łukasz Komsta, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Ivana Stanimirova-Daszykowska, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Monika Waksmundzka-Hajnos, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland

Editorial Board

Ravi Bhushan, The Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
Jacek Bojarski, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Bezhan Chankvetadze, State University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
Michał Daszykowski, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Tadeusz H. Dzido, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Attila Felinger, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Kazimierz Glowniak, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Bronisław Glód, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Siedlce, Poland
Anna Gumieniczek, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Urszula Hubicka, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Krzysztof Kaczmarski, Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
Huba Kalász, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Katarina Karljiković Rajić, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Imre Klebovich, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Angelika Koch, Private Pharmacy, Hamburg, Germany
Piotr Kus, Univerity of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Debby Mangelings, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
Emil Mincsovics, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
Ágnes M. Móricz, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
Gertrud Morlock, Giessen University, Giessen, Germany
Anna Petruczynik, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Robert Skibiński, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Bernd Spangenberg, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Tomasz Tuzimski, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Adam Voelkel, Poznań University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
Beata Walczak, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Wiesław Wasiak, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Igor G. Zenkevich, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

SAJEWICZ, MIECZYSLAW
E-mail:mieczyslaw.sajewicz@us.edu.pl

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2023
Web of Science
Journal Impact Factor	1.7
Rank by Impact Factor	Q3 (Chemistry, Analytical)
Journal Citation Indicator	0.43
Scopus
CiteScore	4.0
CiteScore rank	Q2 (General Chemistry)
SNIP	0.706
Scimago
SJR index	0.344
SJR Q rank	Q3

Acta Chromatographica
Publication Model	Online only Gold Open Access
Submission Fee	none
Article Processing Charge	700 EUR/article
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency	World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50% World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts	Editorial Board / Advisory Board members: 50% Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%
Subscription Information	Gold Open Access
Purchase per Title

Acta Chromatographica
Language	English
Size	A4
Year of Foundation	1988
Volumes per Year	1
Issues per Year	4
Founder	Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia
Founder's Address	PL-40-007 Katowice, Poland, Bankowa 12
Publisher	Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's Address	H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible Publisher	Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN	2083-5736 (Online)