Abstract
Worldwide, precast and hybrid construction methods are becoming increasingly popular in the construction industry. But many problems occur during the fabrication, such as segregation, bleeding, scaling, plastic shrinkage, dust formation, honeycombing, sintering, high sorptivity, and high permeability and transportation. This problem may be caused by an ineffective curing process that affects the quality of concrete and construction. In addition, it provides inadequate and incomplete cement hydration that has a 20% negative effect on the desired properties of the concrete. Various researchers have demonstrated the components of self-curing lightweight concrete that can enhance strength and physicochemical properties, and address the above-mentioned issues. In this review, the role of the self-curing mechanism in lightweight concrete based on the various self-curing chemical admixtures such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), superabsorbent polymer (SAP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium lignosulfonate and calcium lignosulfonate as self-curing agents are discussed in detail. Also, this paper briefly reports on the scope, significance, mechanisms, and tests for self-curing lightweight concrete. Overall, this review analyzes the possibilities of future research perspectives on self-curing lightweight concrete with sustainable materials and fibres with comparative technical information.
1 Introduction
With the advancement of industrialization, concrete has become a crucial component of construction. Concrete is the skill of reshaping something by having a pleasing look into a useful shape. Concrete can be divided into three categories: heavyweight aggregate concrete, normal-weight concrete, and lightweight concrete. The development of lightweight aggregate concrete represents important current and future breakthroughs in concrete [1, 2]. Making artificial aggregates is one method of lowering environmental pollution and halting the loss of natural resources. This helps with the disposal of industrial waste and reduces the need for natural aggregates in the construction industry. Although there are many various types of artificial aggregates available, lightweight aggregates including expandable shale and slate, foamed slag, sintered fly ash aggregate, artificial cinders, and lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) are the most frequently used. Significant recent and prospective technological advances in concrete can be seen in the development of lightweight aggregate concrete. This lowers the requirement for natural aggregates in the construction industry and helps in the elimination of industrial waste. Although there are many different kinds of artificial aggregates available, the most widely used ones include lightweight aggregates like foamed slag, LECA, sintered fly ash aggregate, expandable shale and slate, artificial cinders, and artificial cinders. Despite variances in raw materials, water absorption, and strength, the aggregates listed above have one characteristic in agreement: low density and high porosity. Table 1 depicts the classification of lightweight aggregate. In comparison to conventional weight concrete, lightweight aggregate concrete is more fire resistant, thermally insulating, and has a higher specific strength. The density of lightweight aggregate concrete ranges from 1,120 kg m−3 to 1,920 kg m−3. To reduce the dead weight of structural components, multi-story building constructions can be built with lightweight aggregates. It contributes to reducing the use of natural aggregate, which has a shortage in supply due to natural deposits. Lightweight aggregate has numerous environmental benefits that are vital to the foreseeable future. Natural resources should be used sparingly in order to protect riverbeds and reduce CO2 emissions. Concrete with lightweight aggregate has a weaker link between the cement matrix and the lightweight concrete, resulting in a lower compressive strength, higher deformability, and lower curing strength. Fibres can be introduced along with a self-curing additive to solve the mentioned issues of lightweight aggregate concrete [3, 4]. In terms of fast growing urban infrastructural development, particularly when increasing numbers of structures are consuming more space, the availability of water resource is more and more limited. This could be due to inefficient water consumption or a lack of knowledge about how to use it efficiently. Water is a natural resource that is used in the construction industry whenever possible. Water is mostly used in building for casting and curing. Any major structure necessitates a large amount of water; this cannot be overlooked while utilising concrete as the most often utilized material nowadays. Water is in short supply everywhere due to increased global demand. An overview of the mechanical and durability properties of research works carried out by many researchers in self-curing materials is provided in Table 2.
Classification of lightweight aggregate
| Natural lightweight aggregate | Artificial lightweight aggregate |
|
|
An overview of many mechanical and durability research on self-curing materials
| Author's name & year | Curing agent | Grade of concrete & concrete type | Curing agent replacement | Curing condition | Mechanical properties | Durability properties |
| Jasmine et al. 2021 [5] | Liquid Paraffin Wax (LPW) &PEG – 4000 & PVA. | M30, & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-4000-1.5% PVA-0.5% LPW- 1% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Joseph, Xavier 2016 [6] | PVA &PEG – 4000 | M30 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-4000, PVA- 1%, 2%, 3%. | Cured in water |
| – |
| Kamal et al. 2018 [7] | PEG –400, 600& LECA | Cement content −425, 900 kg m3& Normal Strength Concrete, High strength concrete. | PEG-400,600 - 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%. & LECA-1%, 2%, 3%, 4%. | Cured in water |
| – |
| Sri Rama Chand et al. 2020 [8] | LPW & PEG – 4000 | M60, & High Strength Concrete. | PEG-4000, LPW- 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%. | Cured at room temperature (270c) & Elevated Temperature (600c). |
|
|
| Saravanan et al. 2021 [9] | Saturated Scoria and Fly ash aggregate. | M20& Normal Strength Concrete. | Scoria- 5%–20%&FAA- 15% | Cured in water | – |
|
| Kushwaha, Parihar 2018 [10] | PVA, &PEG | M40& Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG- 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% & PVA-0.12%, 0.24%, 0.36%, 0.48% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Bashandy et al. 2017 [11] | PEG – 400 & Poly Acrylamide (PAM) | M30& Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG- 400- 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% & PAM-0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%. | Cured in water |
| – |
| Gopi et al. 2018 [12] | PEG-300,400,600 | M60& High Strength Concrete. | PEG-300,400, 600-0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%. | Cured in dry –air condition |
| – |
| Mousa et al. 2015 [13, 14] | Saturated LECA &PEG. | Cement content – 300, 400 and 500 kg m−3. Water cement ratio- 0.3, 0.4, 0.5. & Normal Strength Concrete. | LECA- 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%. PEG- 1%, 2%, 3% | Cured in Dry-air (250C) |
|
|
| Chandrakasu et al. 2022 [15] | PEG-600 | M40 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-600-0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Santosh, Nagarjuna 2022 [16] | PVA | M20 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PVA- 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.24%, 0.48% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Ali Khan et al. 2022 [17] | Calcium lignosulfonate | M30 & Normal Strength Concrete. | calcium lignosulfonate – 0%–0.5% | Cured in Ambient condition |
|
|
| Amin et al. 2021 [18] | PEG – 6000 | M30, M60 & Normal and High Strength Concrete. | PEG-6000-1%, 2%, 3%, 4% | Cured in ambient condition in room temperature. |
|
|
| Sowdambikai et al. 2021 [19] | PEG | M30 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG - 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Sebastin, Franchis David 2021 [20] | SAP | M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | SAP- 0.5% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Shravan Kumar et al. 2021 [21] | PEG – 600 | M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-600- 0.3%, 0.6%, 1%, 2%. | Cured in water |
| – |
| Dharani, Gowtham Rajan 2022 [22] | PEG – 400 | M30, & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-400– 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%. | Cured in Dry-Air (250c) |
| – |
| Vijayan et al. 2020 [2] | PEG -1500 | M30 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-1500- 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Venkatesan et al. 2020 [23] | PEG-400 | M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-400- 0%, 0.50%, 0.70%, 0.75%, 0.80% 1% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Udayabanu et al. 2020 [24] | PEG-400 | M20 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-400- 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Gunasekar, Santhi 2020 [25] | PEG-400 | M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-400- 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%. | Cured in water |
| – |
| Chaitanya et al. 2019 [26] | LECA | M30& Normal Strength Concrete. | LECA- 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Ravinder et al. 2019 [27] | SAP | M40, & Normal Strength Concrete. | SAP-0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%. | Cured in air (250c) & Elevated temperature (500c). |
| – |
| Mandiwal, Jamle 2018 [28] | PEG - 400 | M20, M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG- 400 -0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4%, 3.2% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Poovizhiselvi, Karthik 2017 [29] | PEG - 400 | M20, M30 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-400- 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Suresh et al. 2019 [30] | PEG – 6000 | M30, M40 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-6000- 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Dayalan. 2016 [31] | SAP | M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | SAP- 0%, 0.12%,0.24%, 0.48% | Cured in water |
|
|
| Bashandy et al. 2016 [32] | PEG -400 | M25 & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-400- 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% | Cured in water |
| – |
| Sri Rama Chand et al. 2016 [33] | PEG -4000, 200 | M25, & Normal Strength Concrete. | PEG-4000, 200 – 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%. | Cured in Dry-Air (250c) |
|
|
| Deshmukh, Chandak 2015 [34] | SAP | M20, M30 & Normal Strength Concrete. | SAP-0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% | Cured in water |
| – |
Water is the primary cause of cement hardening in concrete. Water is also used in building to cure materials. Curing is an important phase in the construction process since it affects the structure's strength and their longevity. Curing requires substantially more water than mixing in the construction of the structure. The amount of water required to cure 1 m3 of concrete is 3 m3. In 2019, Chennai was hit by a major water shortage, which led to the collapse of the construction industry. Following the event, many of the construction firms were unable to access quality water from the ground and were forced to purchase tanker water, which was exceedingly expensive and increased the cost of construction.
Alternative approaches, like as self-curing, are considered as critical at the present time in order to reduce the use for water in the curing process of concrete [35]. In self-consolidating concrete, high-performance concrete, mass concrete, and lightweight concrete, self-curing chemicals are often utilized. Polyvalent alcohol, chosen from a range of molecules that includes polyethylene glycol, is one of the chemical agents that can be used to manufacture self-curing concrete. A self-curing chemical ingredient was added to concrete in doses ranging from 0.1 to 5% of the cement weight. Internal curative agents are presently used all over the world. In desert (hot and dry) climate regions, self-curing concrete will increase concrete strength. According to the study, internal curing improves cement hydration at the start of the procedure. Self-curing concrete hardens within 2–3 days of mixing, yielding an immediate result [36].
The novelty of the paper is to bring out the focus and exhaustive coverage on the self-curing mechanism, various types of self-curing agents and their replacement levels, curing condition, performances of mechanical and durability characteristics, etc. This paper will provide a platform covering intensive basic and in-depth understanding knowledge to the new researcher in the research domain of self-curing lightweight concrete. The conclusions have provided the broad outcomes of the past investigations and there are no doubts that this paper will elicit to explore the probable research gaps to be addressed in the future/incoming research works.
The other papers are also available but limited in providing only with basic superficial understandings on this topic. The new researcher will find it hard way to identify the past and present engaged works and the technical information contained therein.
2 Self-curing mechanism
The term “self-curing” describes the method by which cement hydrates on its own due to the presence of additional internal water that is not included in the mixing water. According to Raoult's Law, if the vapour pressure of a solvent of a solution is less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent in a pure state, adding such a chemical to the concrete will reduce the vapour pressure of water above the concrete. The surface would lose less water as a result. It is also expected that the decrease in the partial vapour pressure would be further decreased if the molecules of the solute and solvent are hydrogen bonded. Increasing demand for such high-quality water, however, leads to the need for self-curing or internal curing [37, 38]. As a result of chemical shrinkage, cement produces empty holes and loses relative humidity during hydration. This causes the cement paste to self-desiccate and dry, resulting in capillary pores and micro-cracks, which constitute the matrix's weak link. By maintaining steady relative humidity, self-curing prevents self-desiccation [39]. According to ACI-308, self-curing cement results from the inclusion of additional internal water, which is removed from mixing water and causes the cement to hydrate [40]. Self-curing concrete integrates polymers that cured internally into the concrete will tend to decrease water evaporation and increase water retention capacity [41].
3 Self-curing materials
While self-curing is done to conserve water, curing is often done from the exposed surface to the interior of the concrete. Self-curing concrete compositions have been researched by various researchers by utilizing a range of curing agents, including superabsorbent polymers, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyethylene glycol. In the following subsections, several curing chemicals used in self-curing concrete are described [42].
3.1 Superabsorbent polymers (SAP)
From the 1980s onwards, superabsorbent polymers have been widely used in a wide range of industries, in addition to serving as a water reservoir and having the ability to expand and hold water. Concrete has been reinforced with superabsorbent polymers to increase freeze-thaw resilience, reduce autogenous shrinkage, and drying shrinkage. Superabsorbent polymers may expand to create an insoluble gel at osmotic pressure and have three-dimensional cross-link networks, which allows them to absorb a large amount of liquid in comparison to their volume. Superabsorbent polymers can cause an aqueous solution to either shrink or swell by a chemical reaction that takes place when they come into contact. Figure 1 shows how osmotic pressure develops between polymer chains and cross-links during the absorption of superabsorbent polymers. Osmotic pressure develops when floating ions are collected in the space between the gel and the solution. Cement paste pores get absorbed back into the structure as the humidity of the concrete decreases, and voids are progressively evacuated from the concrete as water is gently released from superabsorbent polymers [43–45].
Representation of superabsorbent polymers linking mechanism
Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 2; 10.1556/1848.2023.00695
3.2 Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Polyethylene glycol removes substances that cannot be dissolved in water. Polyethylene glycol can dissolve low molecular weight molecules. PEG-n denotes the average number of repeated oxy-ethylene groups, where oxy-ethylene is a condensation polymer composed of ethylene oxide and water. Polyethylene glycol's insoluble components include ether, paraffin, oils, and fats, all of which are easily soluble in ethanol, glycol, water, chloroform, and acetone. Polyethylene glycol, which is non-toxic, odourless, neutral, lubricating, non-volatile, and non-irritating, is used in a range of healthcare products which helps in sustaining sanitary conditions. A thin shell around each water molecule, in addition to PEG, contributes to the entrapment of water particles in concrete. A shell will form around the water particles, preventing it from evaporating and making it available for hydration. Because water is present during the early stages of strength increase, there will be fewer early-stage cracks. Water is also conserved because external curing is reduced. Figure 2 demonstrates the interaction of water molecules' PEG hydrogen bonds with concrete [46].
PEG hydrogen bonds interaction with the water molecule (Republished under under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license)
Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 2; 10.1556/1848.2023.00695
3.3 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
Polyvinyl alcohol is a white, granular substance that dissolves exclusively in hot water. Polyvinyl alcohol, which forms in solution form, offers a wide variety of applications. Transparent films with a high tensile strength and tear resistance are created by the evaporation of water. The polyvinyl alcohol's binder properties enable excellent adherence to porous, water-absorbent surfaces. Polyvinyl alcohol is commercially produced from polyvinyl acetate using a continuous approach. It can be used as an addition to concrete for reducing shrinkage [47]. The PVA hydrogen bonds of the hot water-soluble solution of concrete are illustrated in Fig. 3.
Representation of PVA hydrogen bonds interaction
Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 2; 10.1556/1848.2023.00695
3.4 Expanded shale, expanded clay, and pumice aggregate
During curing, cement paste is hydrated within lightly weighted aggregates to create a network of capillary pores. The water is taken up by the drier cement paste by capillary suction and delivered to the un-hydrated cement by surface tension because of the difference in vapour pressure between the pores of the cement paste and those of the lightweight aggregate. The pores are constrained by un-hydrated cement particles that have been hydrated to produce hydration products, allowing the pores to keep absorbing water from the light aggregate. Lightweight aggregates can be utilized in coarse or fine aggregate forms as a curing agent in self-curing concrete; the most popular types are expanded shale, expanded clay, and pumice [48].
3.5 Wood powders
Wood strands and powders act as self-curing agents in cement-based fabrics because they absorb and hold water during expansion. Wood-derived fibres that are utilized to self-cure concrete include eucalyptus mush, kenaf fibres, and cellulose fibres. By means of capillary action and the effect of osmotic weight on the concentration gradient (dissemination), water develops in wood fibres. The wood-derived fibres feature two pores: a larger, free-water-containing lumen and a smaller one. Both of these pores are crucial for moving moisture from the wood mash to the nearby cement. Additionally, because the pores In the cement-based fabric are soluble, they have the ability to expand or contract, delaying the movement of water and altering the size of the pores [49–52].
4 Self-curing concrete
In the past research studies from various researchers [53, 54], specimens of self-curing concrete, special concrete, and conventional concrete that had been treated with and without a self-curing ingredient were examined for their strength and durability characteristics. Past research studies from various researchers [41, 55] contrasted self-curing concrete with specialty concrete, regular concrete used for water curing, and non-curing concrete. The past research studies from various researchers such as [41, 56, 57] looked into how varied amounts of self-curing agents affected the mechanical qualities of self-curing concrete. Additionally investigated are workability, thickness, toughness, and water ingress resistance. When calcium lignosulfonate concentrations are increased until they reach 0.5%, the workability of the self-curing agent applied to fresh concrete grows nonlinearly. Drop values grew as the polyethylene glycol component increased, and dropped values fell as the polyacrylamide material increased. Additionally, according to past studies [58–60], the ideal concentrations of polyethene glycol, polyacrylamide, and calcium lignosulfonate are 0.3%, 1.5%, and 0.01%, respectively. Calcium lignosulfonate, polyethene glycol, and polyacrylamide are used as self-curing agents. The resulting 28-day compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength are 34.63 MPa, 36.43, and 28.35, 1.63, 1.89, and 0.95, and 4.60, 6.38, and 2.34 Mpa, respectively [10, 11, 17]. The controlled sample is impacted by the salt solution, losing 18.32% of its compressive strength, but the specimen made of calcium lignosulfonate, polyethene glycol, and polyacrylamide actually increases strength after exposure to the salt solution, increasing by 20.01%. The lower strength value may be caused by the fact that the concrete without calcium lignosulfonate, polyethene glycol, and polyacrylamide has a weaker resistance to water penetration with a penetration depth of 5.0 mm in comparison to the concrete with calcium lignosulfonate, polyethene glycol, and polyacrylamide, which has a penetration depth of only 2.2 mm. The use of self-curing concrete with pre-saturated lightweight expanded clay aggregate, PEG, PVA, SAP, and other additives is a tried-and-true method of reducing self-desiccation and autogenously shrinkage, according to the past research studies from various researchers, In special concrete and self-curing concrete, lightweight expanded clay aggregate also serves as a self-curing agent. Therefore, in both special concrete and regular concrete, strength is achieved by using 15% of the recommended proportion of lightweight expanded clay aggregate. The ideal obtained value for the ratio of cement content as an additive is 3% and 2% for normal-strength self-curing self-compacting concrete and high-strength self-curing self-compacting concrete, respectively. In comparison to regular concrete, additives such polyethylene glycol, liquid paraffin wax, pre-saturated lightweight expanded clay aggregate, PVA, SAP, and others are better at retaining water. However, self-compacting concrete that has been water cured and has the right amounts of polyethylene glycol, liquid paraffin wax, pre-saturated lightweight expanded clay aggregate, PVA, SAP, and other additives performs better. The highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity in concrete are produced by 1.5, 0.1, 15, 0.5, 0.3, and 3% polyethylene glycol, liquid paraffin wax, pre-saturated lightweight expanded clay aggregate, fibres, PVA, SAP, and other additives after 3, 7, and 28 days of self-curing of concrete [3, 7–9, 26, 61].
5 Summary of mechanical properties
By holding onto moisture from the conversation, self-curing concrete assists in hydrating reinforced concrete. Self-curing concrete may also increase quality and hydration while using less water [53]. By reducing moisture and hydration, self-curing concrete can be used in water-scarce areas, tall structures, and other added applications. Self-curing agents such as PVA, PEG, SAP, and other additives have been researched for use in conventional, lightweight concrete. Concrete's compressive, split tensile, flexural, and partly ductile qualities change as cement proportions, water-cement ratios, self-curing agents, and curing preparations are altered [62]. According to the past research studies from various researchers that took PVA, PEG, SAP, and other additives into account, the ideal value for different kinds of self-curing agents is perhaps 2, 1.5, and 0.3%, respectively. According to the past research studies from various researchers, self-curing concrete with PVA, PEG, SAP, and other additives may improve the mechanical properties of concrete by 5.3, 7.2, 6.2%, and 7.5, 10.72, 8.3%, respectively, depending on the minimum and maximum strength [54, 15, 63, 64]. The microstructure of self-curing concrete, in addition to the context of scanning electron microscopy, reveals that the pore sizes are significantly smaller than those of conventional concrete [56]. This may be because PVA, PEG, SAP, and other additives have higher atomic weights than water and are located close to hydrogen bonds. Therefore, it may be said that self-curing concrete has a microstructure with fewer pores and fractures [65].
6 Summary of durability properties
Various self-curing chemicals, including PVA, PEG, SAP, expanded shale, expanded clay, fibre, and pumice aggregate, have been used in the past research studies from the various researchers on self-curing concrete. Some examples of durability characteristics are water absorption, water permeability, sorptivity, acids, sulphates, and quick chloride permeability tests as opposed to ordinary concrete, self-curing concrete loses less weight as a result of acid and sulphate assault, according to the past research studies from various researchers. Both conventional and self-curing concrete handled the charge roughly similarly during the Rapid Chloride Penetration test [63, 64, 66]. Concrete that is self-cured uses less water than traditional concrete. The externally generated self-curing component prevents concrete from evaporating. The capacity of traditional concrete to absorb water grows with curing time and surpasses that of self-curing concrete. Compared with conventional concrete, self-curing concrete has lower water permeability and water sorptivity values. Concrete specimens that had undergone a 24-h continuous self-cure were subjected to 250 °C during the test for fire resistance. Comparing exposed concrete to normal concrete, this exposure condition did not result in any damage or colour change [67–69]. Self-curing concrete has a stronger link between the cement paste and aggregate, increasing its durability.
7 Conclusion
These were the conclusions drawn after assessing outcomes of past research investigations.
- a)Depending on the ratios of cement and water/cement in the mix, the self-curing chemical admixtures will behave differently. Early water scarcity issues in concrete are resolved by self-curing admixtures, and weight loss over time shows that self-curing chemical admixtures in concrete mixes retain more water than traditional concrete mixes.
- b)Under sealed conditions, the self-curing concrete had less self-desiccation and performed better. With the exception of PVA, it can be utilized as an internal self-curing chemical admixture in self-curing concrete. Concrete that self-cures can lower the price of curing one cubic metre of concrete.
- c)When compared to conventional concrete, self-curing chemical admixtures significantly increase the mechanical and durability properties of concrete, as measured by tests for compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, water absorption, water permeability, sorptivity, acid attack, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rapid chloride permeability.
- d)When used in high-rise buildings or arid areas without access to water, self-curing concrete offers high-performance concrete a solution. However, the price of self-curing concrete renders it prohibitive for smaller applications.
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