Investigation on battery-less voltage of piezoelectric V-shape cantilever beam energy harvester using FEA method for pacemaker

Joy Dewanjee; Md Shabiul Islam; Wong Hin Yong; Najeeb Ullah; Kazy Noor-E-Alam Siddiquee; Mohammad Tariqul Islam

doi:10.1556/1848.2023.00759

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering

Volume/Issue:: Volume 15: Issue 3

Investigation on battery-less voltage of piezoelectric V-shape cantilever beam energy harvester using FEA method for pacemaker

Authors:

Joy Dewanjee

Joy Dewanjee Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

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joydewanjee27@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9094-7413

Md Shabiul Islam

Md Shabiul Islam Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

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shabiul.islam@mmu.edu.my https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4630-7249

Wong Hin Yong

Wong Hin Yong Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

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Najeeb Ullah

Najeeb Ullah Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

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Kazy Noor-E-Alam Siddiquee

Kazy Noor-E-Alam Siddiquee Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, 63100 Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia

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, and

Mohammad Tariqul Islam

Mohammad Tariqul Islam Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia

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Pages:: 347–354

Online Publication Date:: 02 Feb 2024

Publication Date:: 25 Oct 2024

Article Category:: Research Article

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Keywords:: piezoelectric V-shape cantilever beam; energy harvester; pacemaker

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Abstract

This paper presents an investigation on a battery-less voltage of Piezoelectric (PZT) V-shape cantilever beam Energy Harvester (EH) using human body vibration. The frequency ranges are walking (0–5 Hz), running (6–10 Hz) and motions (11–15 Hz) for human movement. Pacemaker devices typically require a lower resonant frequency with higher voltage which is powered by batteries. The battery has a limited duration during its working process and the battery is difficult to replace in the human body. To address the aforementioned issue, a V-shape cantilever beam EH has been developed as a solution to overcome these limitations. The cantilever beam was designed in COMSOL Multiphysics software 5.5 version using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method for experimental investigations followed by three categories of frequency ranges of the human body. The simulation results showed that the generated battery-less higher voltage was 269 mV (AC) at the resonant frequency of 14.37 Hz in the motion range of 11–15 Hz. Later, an Ultra Low Power (ULP) electronic circuits will be designed and simulated in the LTSPICE software to convert and boost-up from 269 mV (AC) to DC voltage attained. The estimated output power of the energy harvester system can be powered up (4.7 µW) for modern pacemaker applications.

Abstract

1 Introduction

Over the past few decades, energy demands and an essential need for sustainable solutions, the concept of energy harvesting has emerged as an example of innovation. As traditional energy sources face challenges of depletion and environmental impact, the exploration of alternative means to capture and convert energy has gained prominence. Energy harvesting, encompassing diverse techniques and technologies, offers the promise of extracting energy from ambient sources in the environment. Various ambient sources such as solar, thermal, wind energy and vibrations were explored to produce low-power voltage using renewable [1–9]. However, Starner et al. [10] pointed out the limited capacity of these sources to supply sufficient power. Recently, there has been growing interest in harnessing human movement to generate energy. The numerous energy harvesting techniques utilized in implanted biomedical devices such as pacemaker [11, 12]. Conventional pacemakers rely on finite battery life, leading to the need for periodic replacements and associated surgical procedures. Energy harvesting, particularly through piezoelectric cantilever beams, introduces a sustainable alternative by harnessing ambient energy within the body's environment. This not only reduces the frequency of invasive procedures but also contributes to patient safety and well-being. The multidirectional harvesting approach enhances the adaptability of pacemakers to various physiological movements, ensuring consistent and reliable energy generation. Additionally, aligning with advancements in biomedical technologies underscores the commitment to improving patient outcomes [13–16]. The primary features of harvesting energy from human body motion, as shown in Fig. 1, include kinetic and thermoelectricity generators. Piezoelectric material, electrostatic generators, and magnetic induction generators are examples of kinetic harvesting [1]. Piezoelectricity is a well-known phenomenon worldwide and is frequently used to power electronic devices with low energy requirements. Addressing the increasing concerns related to battery dependency by focusing on improving energy harvesting techniques. The main transduction techniques, particularly piezoelectric and electromagnetic are presented. A new categorization of design techniques highlights overlooked aspects such as non-resonant systems and multidirectional harvesting. Additionally, the potential of combining multiple techniques in a unique system is investigated through various examples [17, 18]. An active energy harvesting prototype has been developed, capable of converting ambient heat energy into electrical energy. Another method for generating piezoelectricity involves using a cantilever beam subjected to vibrations. The cantilever beam serves as a necessary component in an EH, especially within the context of piezoelectric energy harvesting. By incorporating a piezoelectric material into the cantilever beam structure, mechanical vibrations or movements can be converted into electric energy through the piezoelectric effect. This concept offers a practical method to capture and convert ambient mechanical energy, such as human movement or machinery vibrations, into usable electrical power [19–25]. Investigated the effects of geometrical dimensions, such as cantilever length, top width, bottom width, and thickness, on the static and dynamic parameters, higher bending modes vibrations and multifrequency characteristics of V-shape cantilevers, using Atomic-Force-Microscopy (AFM) measurements [26, 27]. A piezoelectric T-shape cantilever beam has been designed and simulated using the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method. The mechanical characteristics, such as stress, elastic strain energy, displacement, and velocity were related to obtaining the frequency using this method. The resonant frequency of 229.25 Hz has been found during the simulation process [28]. Comparative analysis against traditional rectangular shapes revealed significant enhancements in the microcantilever beam's output, achieving improvements of 46% and 283% at zero free end width respectively. The systems offer a promising avenue for generating power from ambient energy sources, rendering them well-suited for biomedical applications, including pacemakers. In contrast to conventional EH, these systems harness environmental vibrations as the primary energy input, effectively transducing them into electricity through the piezoelectric effect. The cantilever beam, with its exceptional mechanical flexibility, assumes a critical role in this process, exhibiting peak electrical power output precisely at its resonant frequency. This distinctive characteristic underscores the system's potential for reliable and sustainable energy generation, which is of paramount importance for powering life-saving medical devices like pacemakers [29]. Table 1 shows the comparison table of previous research work.

Fig. 1.

Sustainable energy harvesting process

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Table 1.

The comparison of the proposed work with others research works

Author	Shape	Operating resonance frequency (Hz)	Obtained voltage (V)	Applications
Anand et al., 2019 [32]	Spiral	45.8	0.023	Pacemaker
Anand et al., 2021 [29]	L	79.5	–	Pacemaker
Shruti et al., 2023 [15]	Fan Folded	20	–	Pacemaker
Bilel et al., 2022 [16]	Spring	29	–	Pacemaker
Present work, 2023	V	14.37	0.269	Pacemaker

As an example, Anand et al. [32] investigated a spiral-shape cantilever beam specifically designed for piezoelectric energy harvesting applications. In contrast to conventional PZT-5H material, they opted for ZnO as the piezoelectric material. The structure was built and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics, providing a comprehensive simulation model for the pacemaker's operation. The experimental results were demonstrated with the frequency of 45.8 Hz, an output voltage of 0.023 mV and the power of 3.5 µW. The primary focus of the work was to enhance the pacemaker's longevity by implementing a recharging mechanism for the pacemaker's battery. To achieve this, the system harnessed human vibrations as a means of recharging. Through meticulous analysis, the resonant frequency was determined, aligned with the frequency of a human heartbeat, making it a reliable energy source for powering the pacemaker. However, modern pacemakers require range of less than 10 µW [33], where Anand et al. [32] achieved 3.5 µW only, which is very low and not suitable for normal operations of pacemakers.

In the above discussion, numerous research works on energy solutions have been conducted by the research community, but there are some limitations associated with their work, such as higher resonant frequency, low voltage, and low power. In this present work, a V-shape cantilever beam with PZT material is proposed and designed in COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5 software using FEA method to acquire higher AC voltage (mV) using desired resonant frequency (Hz) at the end of the mechanical part depicted in Fig. 1. This generated AC voltage will be converted into DC voltage and power-up using a ULP electronic circuit to get the desired micro-watt (µW) for a modern pacemaker device.

2 V-shape cantilever design for battery less voltage EH system using FEA method

Figure 1 shows the complete process of the energy harvesting system for generating micro-power (µW) using human body vibration which will apply for pacemaker devices. The energy harvesting process is divided into two parts, consisting of the mechanical part and the electrical part. In the mechanical part, Input vibration energy (i.e., human body movement) has been applied to the V-shape cantilever beam which was designed in COMSOL Multiphysics software using FEA method.

During the designing process, the cantilever beam has been constructed with two rectangular cross-sections of the mechanical beam using the experimental achieved data from Table 1 and the V-shape cantilever design shape is shown in Fig. 2. To calculate and verify the resonant frequency of the V-shape cantilever beam using the Rayleigh-Ritz method [31] formula is shown in equation (1).

f (W (x)) = \frac{T}{2 π L^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{70 E}{ρ}} g

(1)

Where, f is the resonant frequency, x is the distance from the fixed end, L is the Length, W is the Width, T is the thickness, E is the effective density, ρ is the Young's modulus, g is the Acceleration. Figure 3 presents a rectangular section of the cantilever beam and I = WT3/12 is the cross-sectional area moment of inertia. In Fig. 3, a depiction is provided of a rectangular segment of a cantilever beam, wherein the cross-sectional area moment of inertia (I) is expressed as I = WT^3/12. This formula signifies the moment of inertia for the given beam section, where W represents the width and T denotes the thickness of the rectangular cross-section. The moment of inertia is a crucial parameter in structural engineering, as it characterizes the distribution of the area with respect to the neutral axis and influences the beam's resistance to bending and torsional deformations. Based on equation (1), the designed V-shape cantilever beam where two cross-sections of the rectangular beam with an angle difference of 25/–25° generates a resonant frequency depending on the parameters including length, width, and thickness as shown in Fig. 4. It is evident from the obtained simulation results that our design of V-shape cantilever beam achieves a battery-less voltage (269 mV) at the resonant frequency of 14.374 Hz.

Fig. 2.

Energy harvesting process [30]

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Fig. 3.

Rectangular sections of cantilever beam

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Fig. 4.

Schematic diagram of V-shape cantilever beam in COMSOL using FEA method (as an example)

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

As an example, the calculated mathematical expression for the resonant frequency of 14.31 Hz (approximately) is given below. To calculate the resonant frequency, the experimental data from Table 1 has been inserted in equation (1). beam's natural frequencies. These frequencies are acquired from the model.

f (W (x)) = \frac{T}{2 π L^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{70 E}{ρ}} g

(2)

f = 0.3295 \frac{T}{L^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{E}{ρ}}

(3)

f = 0.3295 \frac{0.01}{{0.095}^{2}} \sqrt{\frac{2300}{1.498}}

(4)

f = 14.31 H z (A p p r o x i m a t e l y)

(5)

In the electrical part, a ULP electronic circuit will be designed and simulated in LTSPICE software. The sub-blocks of the electrical part consist of a rectifier, boost-up converter, voltage regulator, super capacitor and load, etc. The optimum findings voltage of 269 mV (AC) will be converted into DC voltage using the rectifier circuit and the DC voltage will be enhanced using boost-up converter. The voltage regulator will be used to maintain the voltage ratio of the generated DC voltage at the output of the load. The super capacitor will be used for storing the voltage and converted to the expected micro-watt (4.7 µW) which will be applied to the modern pacemaker devices.

3 Simulation results

The simulation process has been completed in the COMSOL Multiphysics Software 5.5 using FEA method. The range of the resonant frequencies has been divided into three categories from human body movement (i.e., walking (0–5 Hz), running (6–10 Hz) and motions (11–15 Hz)) during the simulation process. By using equation (1), the resonant frequencies of the V-shape cantilever beam for each category were determined, based on the experimental data from Table 1.

Figures 5a, 6a and 7a present the V-shape cantilever beam that have been designed for obtaining the resonant frequencies. The fixed dimensions (i.e., Length: 85–95 mm, Width: 5–15 mm and Thickness: 0.1–0.5 mm) of the cantilever beam were considered to find the higher resonant frequencies of 4.37, 9.87 and 14.37 Hz and their corresponding optimum higher voltage of 47.56, 163 and 269 mV given in Tables 2 –4 respectively. The simulation results between the voltage versus frequency graphs for V-shape cantilever design, are presented in Figs 5b, 6b and 7b. It was observed from all the graphs that the voltage and frequencies increased proportionally due to the change (increases/decreases) of the length, width, thickness and angle difference of two cross-section rectangular shapes of the beam. The relationship between changes in the dimensions of a cantilever beam and their impact on voltage and frequency are closely connected to the behaviour of piezoelectric materials. The resonant frequency, mode of vibration, and energy conversion efficiency of the cantilever beam are influenced by the mechanical deformation of the piezoelectric material caused by changes in its dimensions. Changes in a beam's length, width, or thickness can cause a shift in its natural frequency and impact electric charge generation in response to mechanical vibration. Furthermore, changes in the beam's dimensions affect the piezoelectric coefficient of the material. This coefficient is responsible for the relationship between induced charge and applied vibration. The interaction between mechanical and electrical properties is vital in designing and optimizing systems that use cantilever beams and piezoelectric materials. It is essential to ensure that the operation of the energy harvester device does not interfere with the primary function of the modern pacemaker with medical conditions of the patients, who are suffering from severe heartbeat disorders (Table 5).

Fig. 5.

(a) Simulation of the V-shape cantilever beam at the resonant frequency of 4.4859 Hz for optimum voltage of 47.56 mV (b) Simulation graph between Voltage (mV) vs Frequency (Hz) in COMSOL

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Fig. 6.

(a) Simulation of the V-shape cantilever beam at resonant frequency of 9.37 Hz for optimum voltage of 163 mV (b) Simulation graph between Voltage (mV) vs Frequency (Hz) in COMSOL

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Fig. 7.

(a) Simulation of the V-shape cantilever beam at the resonant frequency of 14.374 Hz for optimum voltage of 269 mV (b) Simulation graph between Voltage (mV) vs Frequency (Hz) in COMSOL

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2023.00759

Table 2.

Properties of the V-shape cantilever beam during experimental work

Parameters	Values
Beam configuration	Bimproph
PZT material	Aluminium
Range of length for beam	85–95 mm
Range of width for beam	10–20 mm
Range of thickness for beam	0.01 m–0.36 mm
Acceleration, g	1 g (g = 9.81 ms–2)
Effective density, E	2300 kg m⁻³
Young's module	0.81 GPa

Table 3.

Comparison of the simulation voltages of different frequencies

Frequency (Hz)	Voltage (mV)	Remarks
0	0	–
1.27	5.38	–
2.58	15.88	–
3.39	29.11	–
4.4859	47.56	Optimum voltage at resonant frequency of 4.4859Hz

Table 4.

Comparison of the simulation voltages of different frequencies

Frequency (Hz)	Voltage (mV)	Remarks
5.3762	62	–
6.87	67	–
7.06	76	–
8.56	81	–
9.04	126	–
9.87	163	Optimum voltage at resonant frequency of 9.87 Hz

Table 5.

Comparison of the simulation voltages of different frequencies

Frequency (Hz)	Voltage (mV)	Remarks
11.59	195	–
12.06	222	–
13.9	242	–
14.374	269	Operating optimum voltage at resonant frequency of 14.374 Hz

4 Conclusion

This paper presents the investigation of the battery-less voltage on the impact of various frequencies of the V-shape cantilever beam energy harvester using the FEA method for pacemakers. After investigating all achieved voltages at different frequencies shown in the graphs, the higher resonant frequency of 14.37 Hz has been chosen as an output of the cantilever beam where the higher optimum voltage was 269 mV (AC) in the motion range of 11–15 Hz. Generally, this is because human body vibration generates a resonant frequency of 0–15 Hz. In the present work, the obtained higher voltage of 269 mV (AC) is better compared to the previous researchers work. Later, the achieved voltage 269 mV (AC) will be considered to generate the expected micro-watt (µW) for application. A ULP circuit will be designed and simulated LTSPICE software used for converting the AC voltage (269 mv) to DC voltage. Finally, it will be converted into micro-watt (µW) for modern pacemaker devices.

Acknowledgments

This work is supported and funded by a Telekom Malaysia Research & Development grant: RDTC 221039, MMUE/220015, TM, Malaysia.

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A. Haeberlin, A. Zurbuchen, J. Schaerer, J. Wagner, S. Walpen, C. Huber, H. Heinrich, J. Fuhrer, and R. Vogel, “Successful pacing using a batteryless sunlight-powered pacemaker,” EP Europace, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1534–1539, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euu127.
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International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering

Print ISSN:: 2062-0810

Online ISSN:: 2063-4269

Editorial Board

Mohammad Nazir AHMAD, Institute of Visual Informatics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

Murat BAKIROV, Center for Materials and Lifetime Management Ltd., Moscow, Russia

Nicolae BALC, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Umberto BERARDI, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada

Ildikó BODNÁR, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Sándor BODZÁS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Fatih Mehmet BOTSALI, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

Samuel BRUNNER, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

István BUDAI, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Constantin BUNGAU, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Shanshan CAI, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Michele De CARLI, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

Robert CERNY, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Erdem CUCE, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey

György CSOMÓS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Tamás CSOKNYAI, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Anna FORMICA, IASI National Research Council, Rome, Italy

Alexandru GACSADI, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Eugen Ioan GERGELY, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Janez GRUM, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Géza HUSI, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Ghaleb A. HUSSEINI, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Nikolay IVANOV, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Antal JÁRAI, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

Gudni JÓHANNESSON, The National Energy Authority of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

László KAJTÁR, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Ferenc KALMÁR, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Tünde KALMÁR, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Milos KALOUSEK, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republik

Jan KOCI, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Vaclav KOCI, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Imre KOCSIS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Imre KOVÁCS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Angela Daniela LA ROSA, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Éva LOVRA, Univeqrsity of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Elena LUCCHI, Eurac Research, Institute for Renewable Energy, Bolzano, Italy

Tamás MANKOVITS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Igor MEDVED, Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia

Ligia MOGA, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Marco MOLINARI, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Henrieta MORAVCIKOVA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Phalguni MUKHOPHADYAYA, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada

Balázs NAGY, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Husam S. NAJM, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA

Jozsef NYERS, Subotica Tech College of Applied Sciences, Subotica, Serbia

Bjarne W. OLESEN, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Stefan ONIGA, North University of Baia Mare, Baia Mare, Romania

Joaquim Norberto PIRES, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

László POKORÁDI, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary

Roman RABENSEIFER, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republik

Mohammad H. A. SALAH, Hashemite University, Zarqua, Jordan

Dietrich SCHMIDT, Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology IWES, Kassel, Germany

Lorand SZABÓ, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Csaba SZÁSZ, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Ioan SZÁVA, Transylvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania

Péter SZEMES, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Edit SZŰCS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Radu TARCA, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Zsolt TIBA, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

László TÓTH, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

László TÖRÖK, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

Anton TRNIK, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia

Ibrahim UZMAY, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Andrea VALLATI, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

Tibor VESSELÉNYI, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Nalinaksh S. VYAS, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India

Deborah WHITE, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Address of the institute: Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen
H-4028 Debrecen, Ótemető u. 2-4. Hungary
Email: irase@eng.unideb.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

DOAJ
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Ulrich's Periodicals Directory

2023
Scimago
Scimago H-index	11
Scimago Journal Rank	0.249
Scimago Quartile Score	Architecture (Q2) Engineering (miscellaneous) (Q3) Environmental Engineering (Q3) Information Systems (Q4) Management Science and Operations Research (Q4) Materials Science (miscellaneous) (Q3)
Scopus
Scopus Cite Score	2.3
Scopus CIte Score Rank	Architecture (Q1) General Engineering (Q2) Materials Science (miscellaneous) (Q3) Environmental Engineering (Q3) Management Science and Operations Research (Q3) Information Systems (Q3)
Scopus SNIP	0.751

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Publication Model	Gold Open Access Online only
Submission Fee	none
Article Processing Charge	1100 EUR/article
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency	World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50% World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts	Limited number of full waivers available. Editorial Board / Advisory Board members: 50% Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%
Subscription Information	Gold Open Access

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Language	English
Size	A4
Year of Foundation	2010
Volumes per Year	1
Issues per Year	3
Founder	Debreceni Egyetem
Founder's Address	H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary Egyetem tér 1
Publisher	Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's Address	H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible Publisher	Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN	2062-0810 (Print)
ISSN	2063-4269 (Online)