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A. Zhylgeldiyev Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4028 Debrecen, Ótemető street 2-4., Hungary

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D. Chernyshov Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4028 Debrecen, Ótemető street 2-4., Hungary

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S. Haider Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4028 Debrecen, Ótemető street 2-4., Hungary

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T. Mankovits Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, H-4028 Debrecen, Ótemető street 2-4., Hungary

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Abstract

Design and testing of real materials is a costly process and usually requires some specific equipment. To alleviate this task numerical methods can be leveraged. In this work we show possible modelling technique for closed-cell material structure using Weaire–Phelan unit cells. As an example existing aluminum structures were used and modelled parametrically, allowing to establish different geometrical models for different applications. Numerical simulations for compression was also done on the developed models to reveal the material response. The influence on the cell wall thickness and the friction between the material and the compression plate was investigated. It was found that the friction coefficient has no significant effect on the material response, except in the case where bonded connection was assumed. It was also demonstrated that material response and the porosity controlled by cell wall thickness have an approximately linear relationship with each other. This method proved to be a flexible and alternative solution of real laboratory tests and targeted to reduce costs of material design.

Abstract

Design and testing of real materials is a costly process and usually requires some specific equipment. To alleviate this task numerical methods can be leveraged. In this work we show possible modelling technique for closed-cell material structure using Weaire–Phelan unit cells. As an example existing aluminum structures were used and modelled parametrically, allowing to establish different geometrical models for different applications. Numerical simulations for compression was also done on the developed models to reveal the material response. The influence on the cell wall thickness and the friction between the material and the compression plate was investigated. It was found that the friction coefficient has no significant effect on the material response, except in the case where bonded connection was assumed. It was also demonstrated that material response and the porosity controlled by cell wall thickness have an approximately linear relationship with each other. This method proved to be a flexible and alternative solution of real laboratory tests and targeted to reduce costs of material design.

1 Introduction

Foams are a kind of porous material which are produced artificially but resemble some existing structures in nature such as animal bones, honeycombs or even lungs. Among main features, these structures are lightweight with good impact absorbing properties [1,2]. Materials of this type have important combination of properties such as physical, thermal, mechanical and acoustical along with low densities [3].

Metal foams feature very high rates of volume to weigh even up to 0.98. Properties can be adjusted, thus new profiles can be derived out of the existing ones. There are different application areas which take benefit from these kinds of materials. The aerospace industry uses large aluminum and titanium foam panels for the tails of helicopters. Metal foams are also found in oil mist separators in different jet engines. In the medical industry, metal foams are used as implants for orthopedic or dental applications. Additionally, the structure of foam provides prerequisites for tissue growth into foam body. In civil engineering, metal foams can be used as electromagnetic and noise protective layer. In mechanical engineering, this type of material good for fast-moving parts, such as robot arms, tool manipulators, machine tables producing reduced weight and consequently reduced inertias with the same durability properties [4].

To obtain understanding of uniaxial behavior of metal foams tests in different axial directions were performed in [5]. Heat treatment influence on metallic foams is also discussed there. Such behaviors as collapse strength and elasticity modulus of different cell structures were studied in [6]. Density, wall thickness and cell size are among input parameters as influencers of mechanical response. Along with macro structures, micro level also has its impact on foams performance. Thus, morphological imperfections and their influence on performance of metallic foams were studied in [7]. Micro-scale deformation and macro-scale properties correlation was established for aluminum foams in [8]. Cell topology influence is studied as well, since mainly all mechanical structures expose nonlinear behavior. Load plateau effect was evaluated with regard to initial failure of structure in [9]. Understanding the damping characteristics of foams is important in various applications, such as in shock-absorbing materials, vibration isolation and acoustic insulation. The damping characteristics of foams can be characterized by its loss factor, which is the ratio of the energy dissipated to the energy stored during a vibration cycle. The loss factor depends on the foam's properties, such as its density, porosity and stiffness [10]. Researchers define two main groups of metallic foams, they are: closed-cell and open-cell structures. The main difference between them is that open-cell foams allow interconnection between cells and thus expose more softer and elastic behavior. Closed-cell structures on the contrary expose more rigid behavior [11]. Deformation mechanisms of closed-cell aluminum foams, different deformation modes were discussed and friction between cells as energy absorbing factor was evaluated in [12]. Investigation of wall behavior in a closed-cell foam under dynamic and static conditions was done in [13]. In this investigation, the internal parameters in the cell walls played a crucial role, like wavy imperfections that could decrease stiffness. Studies on the influence of lattice direction on compressive and shear stresses were conducted in [14]. Wall buckling phenomena and its influence on overall strength of structure were also introduced there.

Solid foams are produced by intrusion of some type of intermediate material into liquified metal, with even distribution of this inclusions. In recent years, these materials were exposed to growth in interest from researchers. Thus, commercial applications of metal foams were investigated, their production routes and methods studied with regard to costs and functional aspects, also future developments of the field are discussed in [15]. Various methods of production using various techniques and chemical materials were introduced in [16]. Tantalum, steel and titanium were among the other materials tested. The main techniques for creating foam were injection of gas, blowing of an agent, and the space holder technique. Such technologies of foam materials production were investigated as powder technology in [17]. Comparative analysis between foaming agents CaCO3 and TiH2 was held to predict the theoretical assumptions of each porous structure in [18]. Their costs were considered a significant factor in this work.

To obtain a geometrical model of metal foam there are different methods, among them computer tomography (CT) and Representative Volume Element (RVE) [19]. The microstructure of closed-cell aluminum foams was examined in a very detailed way from different manufacturers in [20]. Foams from such manufacturers as Alcan, Shinko Wire, Frauhofer and ERG have been observed under microscope optical photography. During the tests, the tensile results and compressive properties of the aluminum foams have been considered. There are two main models for closed-cell foams with regard to RVE technique. The idea to describe space partition into equal volume cells with least interface area led to creation of these two models. They are the Kelvin and the Weaire–Phelan models [21]. Kelvin and Weaire–Phelan unit-cell models were compared to each other in [22]. With the development of the finite element technique, attempts to try and predict properties of metal foams were discussed, based on different modelling techniques [23, 24].

Conduction of real mechanical tests on expensive or not yet produced materials is a time and money consuming process. With development of different numerical simulation-based tools it becomes logical to test materials in simulation environments before applying them in real environment. In our paper, in order to produce consistency of simulation tests for closed-cell aluminum foams, a scalable model is needed. A necessary structure is modeled by Weaire–Phelan method. Critical parameters are introduced as parameters and results of different simulations are compared to each other to find geometrical dependencies and trends. The influence on the cell wall thickness and the friction between the material and the compression plate were investigated. It was found that the friction coefficient has no significant effect on the material response, except in the case where bonded connection was assumed. It was also demonstrated that material response and the porosity controlled by cell wall thickness have an approximately linear relationship with each other. This method proved to be a flexible and alternative solution of real laboratory tests and targeted to reduce costs of material design.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Introduction of material reference and its production technology

The applied material for modelling is called ALUHAB and was bought from Aluinvent Zrt. ALUHAB's matrix alloy is a composite material that can be foamed, and it is made up of small particles ranging from 80 nm to 20 μm in size. A compounding technology at high temperatures is used to produce the composite, ensuring that the particles that stabilize the foam are uniformly distributed throughout. The size of bubbles in this material is adjustable for different tasks. The minimal size corresponds to the size of the nozzle which distributes bubbles. For ALUHAB this size lies in range from 0.5 to 5.0 mm [25].

In Fig. 1, the block of the closed-cell foam can be seen and the specimen which was cut with CNC milling machine (CMX 600 V by DMG MORI) at the University of Debrecen [26]. According to specific parameters of the given material, the density of the specimen was approximately 600 kg m−3.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

ALUHAB brick produced by Aluinvent (a) and the specimen (b)

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Main dimensions of the specimen are 30 mm in diameter and 10 mm in height. The mass of the tested specimen is 2.2 g. Among the main parameters are porosity and density of material. In Table 1 the main parameters of the ALUHAB can be seen. The Young's modulus and the Poisson's ratio were determined in a previous research, see in [26].

Table 1.

The properties of the specimen

PropertyValue
Mass [g]2.2
Porosity [%]89.27
Volume [mm3]796.33
Young's modulus [MPa]2,374
Poisson's ratio0.29

2.2 Modelling of the foam structure with Weaire–Phelan unit cell

In order to model and test the foam structure in numerical environment, the CAD model was introduced. The main idea of modelling lies in the usage of Weaire–Phelan cell structure, which is appropriate to model least interface area between cells in real closed-cell structures.

Two main units concluding the entire structure were modeled as CAD parts (Fig. 2). They are dodecahedron and tetrakaidecahedron according to Weaire–Phelan method.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Dodecahedron (a) and Tetrakaidecahedron (b)

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

In order to obtain scalable structures for different numerical tests with no need to rebuild constituting parts, a parametrization table was constructed to adjust wall thickness and unit size dynamically. A scaled model of Weaire–Phelan structure is shown in Fig. 3. This model was then used to construct different geometries with different parameters.

Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Scaled Weaire–Phelan structure

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

In order to produce shallow structure with adjusted porosity of material parametrically, constituting units were cut and wall thickness introduced as parameter in parameters table, along with unit size scale parameter (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Internal structure of constituting units

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Given these building bricks, different geometries with adjusted parameters were generated for the numerical tests.

2.3 Geometry generation

For the geometry tests, the porosity of structure and its influence on mechanical behavior were of particular interest. In order to adjust porosity of the specimen, wall thickness parameter was introduced in modelling section, which was leveraged to generate five corresponding geometries. In Fig. 5 two corner cases are represented.

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Geometries for different porosity by wall thickness, P = 88.72% (a), P = 51.94% (b)

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Dependency between wall thickness of structure and porosity was calculated based on
P(%)=VTVSVT×100,
where VT represents total volume of structure, VS represents volume of solid part of structure and P is porosity in percent.

For this type of geometry, volume of solid component calculation is not a trivial task; CAD software was used to retrieve this data for different geometries. Dependency between wall thickness and porosity of structure are presented in Table 2.

Table 2.

Dependency of wall thickness and porosity

Wall thickness [mm]Porosity [%]
S10.188.72
S20.278.22
S30.368.61
S40.459.86
S50.551.94

The porosity of structure can be also modified by adjustment of unit size without the change of wall thickness. In order to analyze the behavior of different unit sizes, five different geometries were generated. In Fig. 6 two corner cases are represented. From the figure it can be seen that with comparison to the modification of wall thickness, cell size change does not have much influence on the bulkiness and consequently on the porosity of the structure.

Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.

Geometries for porosity by unit size, P = 90.71% (a), P = 81.09% (b)

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

2.4 Finite element model

Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS Mechanical solver. For all geometries the same boundary conditions and loads were established. For better results specimens were fixed between two rigid plates, see in Fig. 7. Material for the specimen was assigned based on properties from the real product.

Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.

Specimen setup

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Since this type of material is usually supposed to perform under compressing loads, displacement of 0.2% in direction of compression was introduced to the upper plate. The second plate was assigned as a fixed support. In order too measure mechanical response of the structure, unidirectional force response was measured with the numerical simulation. In order to produce reliable results from numerical tests, mesh convergence analysis was conducted on the generated geometry. The results of the mesh convergence analysis can be seen in Fig. 8. Error values were calculated relative to the finest mesh results. It is supposed that results are plausible if an error does not exceed 5%.

Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.

Results of the mesh convergence analysis

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Time to complete numerical simulation was also taken in consideration when choosing best mesh sizing for all numerical tests. Relative errors for different mesh sizes are collected in Table 3.

Table 3.

Mesh size – relative error

Mesh size [mm]Relative error [%]
1.55.403
1.33.828
12.779
0.92.462
0.82.208
0.71.895
0.61.771
0.51.685
0.40.767
0.30.000

Based on aforementioned considerations mesh size with value 1 mm was chosen as compromise between relative error and computation time.

3 Results and discussion

Different numerical simulations with different geometries and friction coefficients between specimen and steel plates were conducted for the influence of wall thickness. This data was collected in Table 4, where each cell represents force response in Newtons [N].

Table 4.

Force reaction for different porosities and friction coefficients generated by wall thickness

SpecimenP [%]Frictionlessµ = 0.25µ = 0.5µ = 0.75Bonded
S188.72325.9326.6326.8327517.6
S278.22628.5629.2629.8630.31,050.2
S368.61922.8923.6924.6925.61,624.9
S459.861,099.51,101.81,1041,1062,208.2
S551.941,535.21,541.41,545.91,550.22,988.5

According to this data, the graphs were generated to represent the influence of friction coefficient between plates and the specimen on force reaction. Each curve represents single geometry with specific porosity. It is clearly seen that friction coefficient does not provide significant influence, until the switch between moving and bonded allowance happens (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.

Friction coefficient – structure response dependency for different porosities

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Porosity influence analysis shows that structure response is almost linear to changes in wall thickness (Fig. 10) and its dependency is approximated by (2) as
FR(bonded)=0.7459×P2-170.88×P+9822.8, FR(frictionless)=0.2594×P2-67.78×P+4315.1
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.

Wall thickness – structure response dependency for bonded and frictionless contact

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

Unit size response is shown in Fig. 10 and approximated by (3) as
FR=-0.4267×P2+13.74×P+2671.5.

Data for approximate points is collected in Table 5. It shows that gains from the change of unit size are smaller than gains from wall thickness size, given the same porosity and, consequently, the same material mass, see in Fig. 11.

Table 5.

Force reaction for different porosities generated by unit size

SpecimenVTDH [mm3]VDDH [mm3]P [%]FR [N]
S63.513.5481.09977.6
S74.724.7583.92834
S86.666.786.36648.5
S910.03910.10488.65559.4
S1016.7416.8590.71400
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11.

Cell size – structure response dependency

Citation: International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 15, 3; 10.1556/1848.2024.00802

VTDH represents the volume of tetrakaidecahedron and VDDH represents the volume of dodecahedron for each unit size.

In a previous article [26], closed-cell aluminum foam was modeled in a similar way for a special geometric design, and the compression test of the real aluminum foam was also carried out. In the case of the present investigations, it can be stated that the results of the numerical tests are closely approximate to the previous laboratory measurement [26].

4 Conclusion

This paper discusses the modelling possibilities of closed-cell metal foam structures with Weaire–Phelan unit cells. Existing aluminum foam was referenced as a modelling example and then implemented in CAD environment. CAD model was prepared in parametric way, which allowed to adjust the geometry for different cases, without changing the structure of the material. By using this method, different geometric models were generated and tested in the numerical simulations. The influence of porosity on mechanical response of the structure, geometric models were prepared in such way that allows to reveal trends, which were presented. The influence on the cell wall thickness and the friction between the material and the compression plate were investigated. It was found that the friction coefficient has no significant effect on the material response, except in the case where bonded connection was assumed. It was also demonstrated that material response and the porosity controlled by cell wall thickness have an approximately linear relationship with each other. This method allows to test different geometric parameters and their influence on structure behavior, which can reduce design costs of the real materials.

Conflict of interest

The 4th author, Tamás Mankovits is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal. Therefore, the submission was handled by a different member of the editorial team.

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  • [1]

    H. Zniker, I. Feddal, B. Ouaki, and S. Bouzakraoui, “Experimental and numerical investigation of mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of PVC foam sandwich and GRP laminated composites under three-point bending loading,” J. Fail. Anal. Prev., vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 6678, 2023.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [2]

    H. Zniker, M. K. El Kouifat, I. Feddal, S. Bouzakraoui, and B. Ouaki, “Comparative study of quasi-static indentation (QSI) response of composites used in maritime transport,” Materials Today Proceed., vol. 72, pp. 38153819, 2023.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [3]

    L. J. Gibson, Cellular Solids. Cambridge University Press, 2003. MRS Bulletin April.

  • [4]

    N. Dukhan, Metal Foams: Fundamentals and Applications. DEStech Publications, 2013. ISBN No. 978-1-60595-014-3.

  • [5]

    J. Banhart and J. Baumeister, “Deformation characteristics of metal foams,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 33, pp. 14311440, 1998.

  • [6]

    W. Deqing, X. Weiwei, M. Xiangjun, and S. Ziyuan, “Cell structure and compressive behavior of an aluminum foam,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 40, pp. 34753480, 2005.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [7]

    M. S. Attia, S. A. Meguid, K. T. Tan, and S. C. Yeo, “Influence of cellular imperfections on mechanical response of metallic foams,” Int. J. Crashworthiness, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 357367, 2010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [8]

    J. Kadkhodapour and S. Raeisi, “Micro-macro investigation of deformation and failure in closed-cell aluminum foams,” Comput. Mater. Sci., vol. 83, pp. 137148, 2014.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [9]

    M. Laroussi, K. Sab, and A. Alaoui, “Foam mechanics: nonlinear response of an elastic 3D-periodic microstructure,” Int. J. Sol. Structures, vol. 39, pp. 35993623, 2002.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [10]

    J. Banhart, J. Baumeister, and M. Weber, “Damping properties of aluminum foams,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 205, pp. 221228, 1996.

  • [11]

    C. J. Yu and J. Banhart, Mechanical Properties of Metallic Foams. Bremen, Germany: Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Materials Research, 1998.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [12]

    Y. Mu, G. Yao, L. Liang, H. Luo, and G. Zu, “Deformation mechanisms of closed-cell aluminum foam in compression,” Scripta Materialia, vol. 63, pp. 629632, 2010.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [13]

    K. A. Dannemann and J. Lankford, “High strain rate compression of closed-cell aluminum foams,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 293, pp. 157164, 2000.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [14]

    Y. Chen, R. Das, M. Battley, and S. Xu, “Compressive and shear strengths of the ductile closed-cell Kelvin and Weaire-Phelan foams along the lattice direction,” Thin-Walled Struct., vol. 132, pp. 237249, 2018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [15]

    F. Garcia-Moreno, “Commercial applications of metal foams: their properties and production,” Materials, vol. 9, 2016.

  • [16]

    R. Karuppasamy and D. Barik, “Production methods of aluminum foam: a brief review,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 37, pp. 15841587, 2021.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [17]

    T. Tsutsui, “Recent technology of powder metallurgy and applications,” Hitachi Chemical Technical Report No.54, pp. 1220, 2012.

  • [18]

    A. Byakova, S. Gnyloskurenko, A. Vlasov, Y. Yevych, and N. Semenov, “The mechanical performance of aluminum foam fabricated by melt processing with different foaming agents: a comparative analysis,” Metals, vol. 12, p. 1384, 2022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • [19]

    C. S. Roszkos, J. Bocko, T. Kula, and J. Šarloši, “Static and dynamic analyses of aluminum foam geometric models using the homogenization procedure and the FEA,” Composites B, vol. 171, pp. 361374, 2019.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
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Senior editors

Editor-in-Chief: Ákos, LakatosUniversity of Debrecen, Hungary

Founder, former Editor-in-Chief (2011-2020): Ferenc Kalmár, University of Debrecen, Hungary

Founding Editor: György Csomós, University of Debrecen, Hungary

Associate Editor: Derek Clements Croome, University of Reading, UK

Associate Editor: Dezső Beke, University of Debrecen, Hungary

Editorial Board

  • Mohammad Nazir AHMAD, Institute of Visual Informatics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia

    Murat BAKIROV, Center for Materials and Lifetime Management Ltd., Moscow, Russia

    Nicolae BALC, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Umberto BERARDI, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada

    Ildikó BODNÁR, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Sándor BODZÁS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Fatih Mehmet BOTSALI, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

    Samuel BRUNNER, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    István BUDAI, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Constantin BUNGAU, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

    Shanshan CAI, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Michele De CARLI, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

    Robert CERNY, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Erdem CUCE, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey

    György CSOMÓS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Tamás CSOKNYAI, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    Anna FORMICA, IASI National Research Council, Rome, Italy

    Alexandru GACSADI, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

    Eugen Ioan GERGELY, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

    Janez GRUM, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Géza HUSI, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Ghaleb A. HUSSEINI, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Nikolay IVANOV, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia

    Antal JÁRAI, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

    Gudni JÓHANNESSON, The National Energy Authority of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    László KAJTÁR, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    Ferenc KALMÁR, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Tünde KALMÁR, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Milos KALOUSEK, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republik

    Jan KOCI, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Vaclav KOCI, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Imre KOCSIS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Imre KOVÁCS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Angela Daniela LA ROSA, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Éva LOVRA, Univeqrsity of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Elena LUCCHI, Eurac Research, Institute for Renewable Energy, Bolzano, Italy

    Tamás MANKOVITS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Igor MEDVED, Slovak Technical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Ligia MOGA, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Marco MOLINARI, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

    Henrieta MORAVCIKOVA, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Phalguni MUKHOPHADYAYA, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada

    Balázs NAGY, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

    Husam S. NAJM, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA

    Jozsef NYERS, Subotica Tech College of Applied Sciences, Subotica, Serbia

    Bjarne W. OLESEN, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    Stefan ONIGA, North University of Baia Mare, Baia Mare, Romania

    Joaquim Norberto PIRES, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    László POKORÁDI, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary

    Roman RABENSEIFER, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republik

    Mohammad H. A. SALAH, Hashemite University, Zarqua, Jordan

    Dietrich SCHMIDT, Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology IWES, Kassel, Germany

    Lorand SZABÓ, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Csaba SZÁSZ, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

    Ioan SZÁVA, Transylvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania

    Péter SZEMES, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Edit SZŰCS, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Radu TARCA, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

    Zsolt TIBA, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    László TÓTH, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    László TÖRÖK, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

    Anton TRNIK, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia

    Ibrahim UZMAY, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

    Andrea VALLATI, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy

    Tibor VESSELÉNYI, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

    Nalinaksh S. VYAS, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India

    Deborah WHITE, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Address of the institute: Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen
H-4028 Debrecen, Ótemető u. 2-4. Hungary
Email: irase@eng.unideb.hu

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2023  
Scimago  
Scimago
H-index
11
Scimago
Journal Rank
0.249
Scimago Quartile Score Architecture (Q2)
Engineering (miscellaneous) (Q3)
Environmental Engineering (Q3)
Information Systems (Q4)
Management Science and Operations Research (Q4)
Materials Science (miscellaneous) (Q3)
Scopus  
Scopus
Cite Score
2.3
Scopus
CIte Score Rank
Architecture (Q1)
General Engineering (Q2)
Materials Science (miscellaneous) (Q3)
Environmental Engineering (Q3)
Management Science and Operations Research (Q3)
Information Systems (Q3)
 
Scopus
SNIP
0.751


International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Online only
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 1100 EUR/article
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Limited number of full waivers available. Editorial Board / Advisory Board members: 50%
Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%
Subscription Information Gold Open Access

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation
2010
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year
3
Founder Debreceni Egyetem
Founder's
Address
H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary Egyetem tér 1
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2062-0810 (Print)
ISSN 2063-4269 (Online)

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