Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is important bacteria of children’s endemic and epidemic diarrhea worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of DEC isolated from stool samples collected from children with acute diarrhea living in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. From August 2013 to October 2015, stool samples were collected from 315 children under 5 years of age suffering from diarrhea in the “Centre Médical avec Antenne Chirurgicale (CMA)” Paul VI and the CMA of Schiphra. E. coli were isolated and identified by standard microbiological methods, and the 16-plex PCR method was used to further characterize them. Four hundred and nineteen (419) E. coli strains were characterized, of which 31 (7.4%) DEC pathotypes were identified and classified in five E. coli pathotypes: 15 enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (48.4%), 8 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (25.8%) with 4 typical EPEC and 4 atypical EPEC, 4 enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) (12.9%), 3 enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) 9.67%, and 1 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) 3.2%. The use of multiplex PCR as a routine in clinical laboratory for the detection of DEC would be a useful mean for a rapid management of an acute diarrhea in children.
Estrada-Garcia T , Lopez-Saucedo C, Thompson-Bonilla R, Abonce M, Lopez-Hernandez D, Santos JI, Rosado JL, DuPont HL, Long KZ: Association of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes with infection and diarrhea among Mexican children and association of atypical enteropathogenic E. coli with acute diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 47, 93–98 (2009)
Barletta F , Ochoa TJ, Ecker L, Gil AI, Lanata CF, Cleary TG: Validation of five-colony pool analysis using multiplex real-time PCR for detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 47, 1915–1917 (2009)
Heydari H , Shokrollahi MR, Movahedi Z: Frequency of type 1 fimbriae among E. coli subtypes isolated from patients with urinary and gastrointestinal tract infection. Life Sci J 10(7s), 578–582 (2013)
Nayani S : Study on the prevalence of virulent genes in Escherichia coli isolated from fish using multiplex PCR. Helix 2, 316–319 (2013)
Kagkli DM , Folloni S, Barbau-Piednoir E, Van den Eede G, Van den Bulcke M: Towards a pathogenic Escherichia coli detection platform using multiplex SYBR(R) Green realtime PCR methods and high resolution melting analysis. PLoS One 7, e39287 (2012)
Kagambèga A , Martikainen O, Siitonen A, Traoré AS, Barro N, Haukka K: Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli virulence genes in the feces of slaughtered cattle, chickens, and pigs in Burkina Faso. Microbiology Open 1, 276–284 (2012)
Karimi Darehabi H , Naseri MH, Menbari S, Mobaleghi J, Kalantar E: Antibiotic resistance pattern of Escherichia coli groups A, B1, B2 and D isolated from frozen foods and children with diarrhea in Sanandaj, Iran. Int J Entric Pathog 1, 2 (2013)
Hegde A , Ballal M, Shenoy S: Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by multiplex PCR. Indian J Med Microbiol 30, 279–284 (2012)
Kalantar E , Alikhani MY, Naseri MH, Torabi V: Antibiotic resistance patterns of STEC and ETEC strains: a study on frozen foods of animal origin and children with acute diarrhea. J Microbiol Infect Dis 3, 31–35 (2013)
Kuwayama M , Shigemoto N, Oohara S, Tanizawa Y, Yamada H, Takeda Y, Matsuo T, Fukuda S: Simultaneous detection of virulence factors from a colony in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by a multiplex PCR assay with Alexa Fluor-labeled primers. J Microbiol Methods 86, 119–120 (2011)
Gomez-Duarte OG , Romero-Herazo YC, Paez-Canro CZ, Eslava Schmalbach JH, Arzuza O: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia, South America. J Inf Dev Ctries, 372–381 (2013)
Nweze EI : Aetiology of diarrhoea and virulence properties of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli among patients and healthy subjects in Southeast Nigeria. J Health Popul Nutr 28, 245–252 (2010)
Bonkoungou IJO , Haukka K, Österblad M, Hakanen AJ, Traoré AS, Barro N, Siitonen A: Bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Pediatrics 13, 1–6 (2013)
Dembélé R , Bonkoungou IJO, Konaté A, Bsadjo Tchamba G, Ibrahim Bawa H, Bako E, Bagré TS, Kagambèga A, Zongo C, Traoré AS, Barro N: Serotyping and antibiotic resistance of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and E. coli O157 isolated from diarrheal children in rural area of Burkina Faso. Afr J Microbiol Res 9, 1053–1059 (2015)
Nataro JP , Mai V, Johnson J, Blackwelder WC, Heimer R, Tirrell S, Edberg SC, Braden CR, Morris JGJr, Hirshon JM: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection in Baltimore, Maryland, and New Haven, Connecticut. Clin Infect Dis 43, 402–407 (2006)
Bonkoungou IJO , Lienemann T, Martikainen O, Dembélé R, Sanou I, Traoré AS, Siitonen A, Barro N, Haukka K: Detection of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli by 16-plex PCR from young children in urban and rural Burkina Faso. Clin Microbiol Infect 18, 901–906 (2012)
Sarantuya J , Nishi J, Wakimoto N, Erdene S, Nataro JP, Sheikh J, Iwashita M, Manago K, Tokuda K, Yoshinaga M, Miyata K, Kawano Y: Typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is the most prevalent pathotype among E. coli strains causing diarrhea in Mongolian children. J Clin Microbiol 42, 133–139 (2004)
Dembélé R , Huovinen E, Yelbéogo D, Kuusi M, Sawadogo G, Haukka K, Bonkoungou IJO, Siitonen A, Traoré AS, Barro N: Burden of acute gastrointestinal infections in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. J Microbiol Infect Dis 6, 45–52 (2016)
Antikainen J , Tarkka E, Haukka K, Siitonen A, Vaara M, Kirveskari J: New 16 plex PCR method for rapid detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli directly from stool samples. European J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28, 899–908 (2009)
Moyo SJ , Maselle SY, Matee MI, Langeland N, Mylvaganam H: Identification of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from infants and children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 7, 1–7 (2007)
Abbasi P , Doosti MKA, Mardaneh J, Dehyadegari MA, Ghorbani-Dalini S: Multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of LT, STIa and STIb genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Int J Entric Pathog 2, 16431 (2014)
Rappelli P , Folgosa E, Solinas ML, Dacosta JL, Pisanu C, Sidat M, Melo J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM: Pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhea in Maputo, Mozambique. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 43, 67–72 (2005)
Guion CE , Ochoa TJ, Walker CM, Barletta F, Cleary TG: Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli by use of melting-curve analysis and real-time multiplex PCR. J Clin Microbiol 46, 1752–1757 (2008)
Okeke IN : Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in sub-Saharan Africa: status, uncertainties and necessities. J Infect Dev Ctries 3, 817–842 (2009)
Nitiema LW , Nordgren J, Ouermi D, Dayeri D, Traore AS, Svensson L, Simporé J: Burden of rotavirus and other enteropathogens among children with diarrhea in Burkina Faso. Inter J Infect Dis 15, 646–652 (2011)
Okeke IN , Ojo O, Lamikanra A, Kaper JB: Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol 41: 4525–4530 (2003)
Timbiné LG , Sambe-BA B, Wane AA, Fall NK, Abdou M, Barro N, Sangaré L, Bougoudogo F, Gassama-Sow A : Sensibilité aux antibiotiques des souches de bactéries entéropathogènes isolées en Afrique de l’Ouest (Burkina Faso, Mali, Sénégal). Dakar Med J 58, 80–88 (2013)
Okeke IN , Lamikanra A, Czeczulin J, Dubovsky F, Kaper JB, Nataro JP: Heterogeneous virulence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains isolated from children in southwest Nigeria. J Infect Dis 181, 252–260 (2000)
Opintan JA , Newman MJ, Ayeh-Kumi PF, Affrim R, Gepi-Attee R, Sevilleja JE, Roche JK, Nataro JP, Warren CA, Guerrant RL: Pediatric diarrhea in southern Ghana: etiology and association with intestinal inflammation and malnutrition. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83, 936–943 (2010)
Nguyen TV , Le Van P, Le Huy C, Gia KN, Weintraub A: Detection and characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 43, 755–760 (2005)
Moreno AC , Filho AF, Gomes Tdo A, Ramos ST, Montemor LP, Tavares VC, Filho Ldos S, Irino K, Martinez MB: Etiology of childhood diarrhea in the northeast of Brazil: significant emergent diarrheal pathogens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 66, 50–57 (2010)
Trabulsi LR , Keller R, Tardelli Gomes TA : Typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Emerg Infect Dis 8, 508–513 (2002)
Cohen MB , Nataro JP, Bernstein DI, Hawkins J, Roberts N, Staat MA: Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in acute childhood enteritis: a prospective controlled study. J Pediatr 146, 54–61 (2005)
Blanco M , Blanco JE, Dahbi G, Alonso MP, Mora A, Coira MA, Madrid C, Juárez A, Bernárdez MI, González EA, Blanco J: Identification of two new intimin types in atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Inter Microbiol 9, 103–110 (2006)
Hernandes RT , Elias WP, Vieira MA, Gomes TA: An overview of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 297, 137–149 (2009)
Abbasi P , Kargar M, Doosti A, Mardaneh J, Dalini SG, Dehyadegari MA: Real time PCR for characterization of enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) in children with diarrhea in Shiraz. Ann Colorectal Res 2, e22721 (2015)
Vilchez S , Reyes D, Paniagua M, Bucardo F, Mollby R, Weintraub A: Prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Leon, Nicaragua. J Med Microbiol 58, 630–637 (2009)
Gassama-Sow A , Sow PS, Gueye M, Gueye-N’diaye A, Perret JL, M’boup S, Aidara-Kane A: Characterization of pathogenic Escherichia coli in human immunodeficiency virus-related diarrhoea in Senegal. J Infect Dis 189, 75–78 (2004)
Bii CC , Taguchi H, Ouko TT, Muita LW, Wamae N, Kamiya S: Detection of virulence-related genes by multiplex PCR in multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from Kenya and Japan. Epidemiol Infect 133, 627–633 (2005)
Galane PM , Le Roux M: Molecular epidemiology of Escherichia coli isolated from young South African children with diarrhoeal diseases. J Health Popul Nutr 19, 31–38 (2001)
Kagambèga A , Martikainen O, Siitonen A, Traore AS, Barro N, Haukka K: Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli virulence genes in the feces of slaughtered cattle, chickens, and pigs in Burkina Faso. Microbiology open 1, 276–284 (2011)
Onifade AK , Oladoja MA, Fadipe DO: Antibiotics sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolated from children of school age in Ondo state, Nigeria. Researcher 7, 73–76 (2015)
Bawa Ibrahim H , Tchamba GB, Bagré TS, Bouda SC, Mahamadou Fody A, Kagambèga A, Bonkoungou IJO, Tiendrebéogo F, Zongo C, Savadogo A, Traoré AS, Barro N: Characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from raw beef, mutton, and intestines sold in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci 5, 470–474 (2016)
Bonyadian M , Momtaz H, Rahimi E, Habibian R, Yazdani A, Zamani M: Identification and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from patients with diarrhoea in Iran. Indian J Med Res 132, 328–331 (2010)
Al-Gallas N , Bahri O, Bouratbeen A, Ben Haasen A, Ben Aissa R: Etiology of acute diarrhea in children and adults in Tunis, Tunisia, with emphasis on diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: prevalence, phenotyping, and molecular epidemiology. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77, 571–582 (2007)
Presterl E , Zwick RH, Reichmann S, Aichelburg A, Winkler S, Kremsner PG, Graninger W: Frequency and virulence properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69, 406–410 (2003)
Shaheen HI , Khalil SB, Rao MR, Abu Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Peruski LF, Jr., Putnam S, Navarro A, Morsy BZ, Cravioto A, Clemens JD, Svennerholm AM, Savarino SJ: Phenotypic profiles of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with early childhood diarrhea in rural Egypt. J Clin Microbiol 42, 5588–5595 (2004)
Jafari F , Shokrzadeh L, Hamidian M, Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi S, Zali MR: Acute diarrhea due to enteropathogenic bacteria in patients at hospitals in Tehran. Jpn J Infect Dis 61, 269–273 (2008)
Moriel DG , Rosini R, Seib KL, Serino L, Pizza M, Rappuoli R: Escherichia coli: great diversity around a common core. MBio 3, 1–3 (2012)
Alikhani MY , Mirsalehian A, Aslani MM: Detection of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) in Iranian children with and without diarrhea. J Med Microbiol 55, 1159–1163 (2006)
Meng J , Doyle MP, Zhao T, Zhao S (2007): Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. In: MP Doyle and Beuchat LR, eds. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 3rd ed. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp. 249–269