Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 1
Muscle dysmorphia: Could it be classified as an addiction to body image?
Authors:
Andrew Foster University of Bristol School of Experimental Psychology Bristol UK

Search for other papers by Andrew Foster in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
,
Gillian Shorter

Search for other papers by Gillian Shorter in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
, and
Mark Griffiths Nottingham Trent University International Gaming Research Unit, Division of Psychology Burton Street NG1 4BU Nottingham UK

Search for other papers by Mark Griffiths in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed Close
Pages:
1–5
Online Publication Date:
03 Feb 2014
Publication Date:
01 Mar 2015
Article Category:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.001
Keywords:
muscle dysmorphia; behavioral addiction; body dysmorphic disorder; body image; obsessive-compulsive disorder; eating disorder
Open access

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders — Text revision (Fifth ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    '', in Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders — Text revision , (2013 ) -.

  • Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Work Addiction Scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 265–272.

    Pallesen S. , 'Development of a Work Addiction Scale ' (2012 ) 53 Scandinavian Journal of Psychology : 265 -272 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Berczik, K., Szabó, A., Griffiths, M. D., Kurimay, T., Kun, B. & Demetrovics, Z. (2012). Exercise addiction: Symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Substance Use and Misuse, 47, 403–417.

    Demetrovics Z. , 'Exercise addiction: Symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology ' (2012 ) 47 Substance Use and Misuse : 403 -417 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Bienvenu, O. J., Samuels, J. F., Riddle, M. A., Hoen-Saric, R., Liang, K.-Y., Cullen, B. A. M., Grados, M. A. & Nestadt, G. (2000). The relationship of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to possible spectrum disorders: Results from a family study. Biological Psychiatry, 48, 287–293.

    Nestadt G. , 'The relationship of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder to possible spectrum disorders: Results from a family study ' (2000 ) 48 Biological Psychiatry : 287 -293 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Cafri, G. & Thompson, J. K. (2007). Measurement of the muscular ideal. In J. K. Thompson & G. Cafri (Eds.), The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives (pp. 107–120). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Thompson J. K. , '', in The muscular ideal: Psychological, social, and medical perspectives , (2007 ) -.

  • Cohen, J., Collins, R., Darkes, J. & Gwartney, D. (2007). A league of their own: Demographics, motivations and patterns of use of 1,955 male adult non-medical anabolic steroid users in the United States. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4, 12–26.

    Gwartney D. , 'A league of their own: Demographics, motivations and patterns of use of 1,955 male adult non-medical anabolic steroid users in the United States ' (2007 ) 4 Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition : 12 -26 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Demetrovics, Z. & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Behavioral addictions: Past, present and future. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1, 1–2.

    Griffiths M. D. , 'Behavioral addictions: Past, present and future ' (2012 ) 1 Journal of Behavioral Addictions : 1 -2 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Elliot, D. L., Goldberg, L., Watts, W. J. & Orwoll, E. K. (1983). Resistance exercise and plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotrophin immunoreactivity. Life Sciences, 37, 515–518.

    Orwoll E. K. , 'Resistance exercise and plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotrophin immunoreactivity ' (1983 ) 37 Life Sciences : 515 -518 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Grieve, F. G., Truba, N. & Bowersox, S. (2009). Etiology, assessment, and treatment of muscle dysmorphia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. 23, 306–314.

    Bowersox S. , 'Etiology, assessment, and treatment of muscle dysmorphia ' (2009 ) 23 Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy. : 306 -314 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D. (1997). Exercise addiction: A case study. Addiction Research, 5, 161–168.

    Griffiths M. D. , 'Exercise addiction: A case study ' (1997 ) 5 Addiction Research : 161 -168 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191–197.

    Griffiths M. D. , 'A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework ' (2005 ) 10 Journal of Substance Use : 191 -197 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Griffiths, M. D., Szabo, A. & Terry, A. (2005). The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 30–31.

    Terry A. , 'The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners ' (2005 ) 39 British Journal of Sports Medicine : 30 -31 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Grogan, S. (2008). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. London: Routledge.

    Grogan S. , '', in Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children , (2008 ) -.

  • Jones, W. & Morgan, J. (2010). Eating disorders in men: A review of the literature. Journal of Public Mental Health, 9, 23–31.

    Morgan J. , 'Eating disorders in men: A review of the literature ' (2010 ) 9 Journal of Public Mental Health : 23 -31 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Kuennen, M. R. & Waldron, J. J. (2007). Relationships between specific personality traits, fat free mass indices, and the muscle dysmorphia inventory. Journal of Sport Behavior, 30, 453–461.

    Waldron J. J. , 'Relationships between specific personality traits, fat free mass indices, and the muscle dysmorphia inventory ' (2007 ) 30 Journal of Sport Behavior : 453 -461 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Maida, D. M. & Armstrong, S. L. (2005). The classification of muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men’s Health, 4, 73–91.

    Armstrong S. L. , 'The classification of muscle dysmorphia ' (2005 ) 4 International Journal of Men’s Health : 73 -91 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mangweth, B., Pope, H. G., Jr., Kemmler, G., Ebenbichler, C., Hausmann, A., De Col, C., Kreutner, B., Kinzl, J. & Biebl, W. (2001). Body image and psychopathology in male bodybuilders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 38–43.

    Biebl W. , 'Body image and psychopathology in male bodybuilders ' (2001 ) 70 Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics : 38 -43 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • McFarland, M. B. & Karninski, P. L. (2008). Men, muscles, and mood: The relationship between self-concept, dysphoria, and body image disturbances. Eating Behaviours, 10, 68–70.

    Karninski P. L. , 'Men, muscles, and mood: The relationship between self-concept, dysphoria, and body image disturbances ' (2008 ) 10 Eating Behaviours : 68 -70 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Mosley, P. E. (2009). Bigorexia: Bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia. European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 191–198.

    Mosley P. E. , 'Bigorexia: Bodybuilding and muscle dysmorphia ' (2009 ) 17 European Eating Disorders Review : 191 -198 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Touyz, S. W. & De la Garza Garcia, Y. (2010). Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM-V conundrum: Where does it belong? International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 483–491.

    Garza Garcia Y. , 'Muscle dysmorphia and the DSM-V conundrum: Where does it belong ' (2010 ) 43 International Journal of Eating Disorders : 483 -491 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Nieuwoudt, J. E., Zhou, S., Coutts, R. A. & Booker, R. (2012). Muscle dysmorphia: Current research and potential classification as a disorder. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 569–577.

    Booker R. , 'Muscle dysmorphia: Current research and potential classification as a disorder ' (2012 ) 13 Psychology of Sport and Exercise : 569 -577 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Olivardia, R. (2001). Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 9, 254–259.

    Olivardia R. , 'Mirror, mirror on the wall, who’s the largest of them all? The features and phenomenology of muscle dysmorphia ' (2001 ) 9 Harvard Review of Psychiatry : 254 -259 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Olivardia, R., Pope, H. G., Jr., Mangweth, B. & Hudson, J. I. (1995). Eating disorders in college men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1279–1285.

    Hudson J. I. , 'Eating disorders in college men ' (1995 ) 152 American Journal of Psychiatry : 1279 -1285 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Olivardia, R., Pope, H. H. & Hudson, J. I. (2000). Dysmorphia in male weightlifters: A case-control study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1291–1296.

    Hudson J. I. , 'Dysmorphia in male weightlifters: A case-control study ' (2000 ) 157 American Journal of Psychiatry : 1291 -1296 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Phillips, K. A. (1998). Body dysmorphic disorder: Clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 62(4 Suppl A), A33–A48.

    Phillips K. A. , 'Body dysmorphic disorder: Clinical aspects and treatment strategies ' (1998 ) 62 Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic : A33 -A48 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Phillips, K. A., Dwight, M. M. & McElroy, S. L. (1998). Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 165–171.

    McElroy S. L. , 'Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder ' (1998 ) 59 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry : 165 -171 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Phillips, K. A. & Hollander, E. (1996). Body dysmorphic disorder. In T. A. Widige, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus, R. Ross, M. B. First & W. W. Davis (Eds.), DSM-IV Sourcebook, Volume 2. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Hollander E. , '', in DSM-IV Sourcebook , (1996 ) -.

  • Phillips, K. A., Gunderson, C. G., Mallya, G., McElroy, S. L. & Carter, W. (1998). A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 568–575.

    Carter W. , 'A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder ' (1998 ) 59 Journal of Clinical Psychiatry : 568 -575 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Pope, C. G., Pope, H. G., Menard, W., Fay, C., Olivardia, R. & Phillips, K. A. (2005). Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body image, 2, 395–400.

    Phillips K. A. , 'Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder ' (2005 ) 2 Body image : 395 -400 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Pope, H. G., Jr., Gruber, A. J., Choi, P., Olivardia, R. & Phillips, K. A. (1997). Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognised form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics, 38, 548–557.

    Phillips K. A. , 'Muscle dysmorphia. An underrecognised form of body dysmorphic disorder ' (1997 ) 38 Psychosomatics : 548 -557 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Pope, H. G., Jr., Katz, D. L. & Hudson, J. I. (1993). Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 406–409.

    Hudson J. I. , 'Anorexia nervosa and “reverse anorexia” among 108 male bodybuilders ' (1993 ) 34 Comprehensive Psychiatry : 406 -409 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Rosen, J. C., Reiter, J. & Orosan, P. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 263–269.

    Orosan P. , 'Cognitive-behavioral body image therapy for body dysmorphic disorder ' (1995 ) 63 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology : 263 -269 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Terry, A., Szabo, A. & Griffiths, M. D. (2004). The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A new brief screening tool. Addiction Research and Theory, 12, 489–499.

    Griffiths M. D. , 'The Exercise Addiction Inventory: A new brief screening tool ' (2004 ) 12 Addiction Research and Theory : 489 -499 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Veale, D. (2004). Body dysmorphic disorder. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 80, 67–71.

    Veale D. , 'Body dysmorphic disorder ' (2004 ) 80 Postgraduate Medical Journal. : 67 -71 .

    • Search Google Scholar

  • Zimmerman, M. & Mattia, J. I. (1998). Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: Recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39, 265–270.

    Mattia J. I. , 'Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: Recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates ' (1998 ) 39 Comprehensive Psychiatry : 265 -270 .

    • Search Google Scholar
  • Collapse
  • Expand
Cover Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Print ISSN:
2062-5871
Online ISSN:
2063-5303

Dr. Zsolt Demetrovics
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
Address: Izabella u. 46. H-1064 Budapest, Hungary
Phone: +36-1-461-2681
E-mail: jba@ppk.elte.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • Web of Science [Science Citation Index Expanded (also known as SciSearch®)
  • Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition
  • Social Sciences Citation Index®
  • Journal Citation Reports/ Social Sciences Edition
  • Current Contents®/Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • EBSCO
  • GoogleScholar
  • PsycINFO
  • PubMed Central
  • SCOPUS
  • Medline
  • CABI
  • CABELLS Journalytics

2024  
Scopus  
CiteScore  
CiteScore rank  
SNIP  
Scimago  
SJR index 2.26
SJR Q rank Q1

2023  
Web of Science  
Journal Impact Factor 6.6
Rank by Impact Factor Q1 (Psychiatry)
Journal Citation Indicator 1.59
Scopus  
CiteScore 12.3
CiteScore rank Q1 (Clinical Psychology)
SNIP 1.604
Scimago  
SJR index 2.188
SJR Q rank Q1

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 990 EUR/article
Effective from  1st Feb 2025:
1400 EUR/article
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%.
Subscription Information Gold Open Access

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation		 2011
Volumes
per Year		 1
Issues
per Year		 4
Founder Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
Founder's
Address		 H-1053 Budapest, Hungary Egyetem tér 1-3.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address		 H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher		 Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2062-5871 (Print)
ISSN 2063-5303 (Online)

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zsolt DEMETROVICS

Assistant Editor(s): 

Csilla ÁGOSTON

Dana KATZ

Associate Editors

  • Stephanie ANTONS (Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Joel BILLIEUX (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)
  • Beáta BŐTHE (University of Montreal, Canada)
  • Matthias BRAND (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Daniel KING (Flinders University, Australia)
  • Gyöngyi KÖKÖNYEI (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Ludwig KRAUS (IFT Institute for Therapy Research, Germany)
  • Marc N. POTENZA (Yale University, USA)
  • Hans-Jurgen RUMPF (University of Lübeck, Germany)
  • Ruth J. VAN HOLST (Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands)

Editorial Board

  • Sophia ACHAB (Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland)
  • Alex BALDACCHINO (St Andrews University, United Kingdom)
  • Judit BALÁZS (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Maria BELLRINGER (Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand)
  • Henrietta BOWDEN-JONES (Imperial College, United Kingdom)
  • Damien BREVERS (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
  • Julius BURKAUSKAS (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)
  • Gerhard BÜHRINGER (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
  • Silvia CASALE (University of Florence, Florence, Italy)
  • Luke CLARK (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada)
  • Jeffrey L. DEREVENSKY (McGill University, Canada)
  • Geert DOM (University of Antwerp, Belgium)
  • Nicki DOWLING (Deakin University, Geelong, Australia)
  • Hamed EKHTIARI (University of Minnesota, United States)
  • Jon ELHAI (University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA)
  • Ana ESTEVEZ (University of Deusto, Spain)
  • Fernando FERNANDEZ-ARANDA (Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Naomi FINEBERG (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom)
  • Sally GAINSBURY (The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia)
  • Belle GAVRIEL-FRIED (The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel)
  • Biljana GJONESKA (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia)
  • Marie GRALL-BRONNEC (University Hospital of Nantes, France)
  • Jon E. GRANT (University of Minnesota, USA)
  • Mark GRIFFITHS (Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom)
  • Joshua GRUBBS (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA)
  • Anneke GOUDRIAAN (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Susumu HIGUCHI (National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan)
  • David HODGINS (University of Calgary, Canada)
  • Eric HOLLANDER (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA)
  • Zsolt HORVÁTH (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Susana JIMÉNEZ-MURCIA (Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Yasser KHAZAAL (Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland)
  • Orsolya KIRÁLY (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Chih-Hung KO (Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan)
  • Shane KRAUS (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA)
  • Hae Kook LEE (The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea)
  • Bernadette KUN (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Katerina LUKAVSKA (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic)
  • Giovanni MARTINOTTI (‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy)
  • Gemma MESTRE-BACH (Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain)
  • Astrid MÜLLER (Hannover Medical School, Germany)
  • Daniel Thor OLASON (University of Iceland, Iceland)
  • Ståle PALLESEN (University of Bergen, Norway)
  • Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR (Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)
  • József RÁCZ (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary)
  • Michael SCHAUB (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
  • Marcantanio M. SPADA (London South Bank University, United Kingdom)
  • Daniel SPRITZER (Study Group on Technological Addictions, Brazil)
  • Dan J. STEIN (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
  • Sherry H. STEWART (Dalhousie University, Canada)
  • Attila SZABÓ (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Hermano TAVARES (Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil)
  • Wim VAN DEN BRINK (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Alexander E. VOISKOUNSKY (Moscow State University, Russia)
  • Aviv M. WEINSTEIN (Ariel University, Israel)
  • Anise WU (University of Macau, Macao, China)
  • Ágnes ZSILA (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)

 

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Nov 2024 0 110 82
Dec 2024 0 91 77
Jan 2025 0 91 53
Feb 2025 0 116 65
Mar 2025 0 132 80
Apr 2025 0 99 65
May 2025 0 29 30