Authors:
Paweł A. Atroszko University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

Search for other papers by Paweł A. Atroszko in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Cecilie Schou Andreassen Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
The Bergen Clinics Foundation, Bergen, Norway

Search for other papers by Cecilie Schou Andreassen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Mark D. Griffiths Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

Search for other papers by Mark D. Griffiths in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Ståle Pallesen Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Search for other papers by Ståle Pallesen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Open access

Aims

Recent research has suggested that for some individuals, educational studying may become compulsive and excessive and lead to ‘study addiction’. The present study conceptualized and assessed study addiction within the framework of workaholism, defining it as compulsive over-involvement in studying that interferes with functioning in other domains and that is detrimental for individuals and/or their environment.

Methods

The Bergen Study Addiction Scale (BStAS) was tested — reflecting seven core addiction symptoms (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems) — related to studying. The scale was administered via a cross-sectional survey distributed to Norwegian (n = 218) and Polish (n = 993) students with additional questions concerning demographic variables, study-related variables, health, and personality.

Results

A one-factor solution had acceptable fit with the data in both samples and the scale demonstrated good reliability. Scores on BStAS converged with scores on learning engagement. Study addiction (BStAS) was significantly related to specific aspects of studying (longer learning time, lower academic performance), personality traits (higher neuroticism and conscientiousness, lower extroversion), and negative health-related factors (impaired general health, decreased quality of life and sleep quality, higher perceived stress).

Conclusions

It is concluded that BStAS has good psychometric properties, making it a promising tool in the assessment of study addiction. Study addiction is related in predictable ways to personality and health variables, as predicted from contemporary workaholism theory and research.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA:American Psychiatric Publishing

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S. (2014). Workaholism: An overview and current status of the research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3, 111

  • Andreassen, C., Griffiths, M., Gjertsen, S., Krossbakken, E., Kvam, S. & Pallesen, S. (2013). The relationships between behavioral addictions and the five-factor model of personality., Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2, 9099

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., Kravina, L., Jensen, F. & Pallesen, S. (2014). The prevalence of workaholism: A survey study in a nationally representative sample of Norwegian employees. PLoS One, 9, e102446. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102446

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 265272

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J., Molde, H. & Pallesen, S. (2011). ‘Workaholism’ and potential outcomes in well-being and health in a cross-occupational sample. Stress and Health, 27, E209E214

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2010). The relationship between ‘workaholism’, basic needs satisfaction at work and personality. European Journal of Personality, 24, 317

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2013). Workaholism and work-family spillover in a cross-occupational sample. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22, 7887

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J. & Pallesen, S. (2014). Psychometric assessment of workaholism measures. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 724

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Andreassen, C. S. & Pallesen, S. (in press). Workaholism: An addiction to work. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), The neuropathology of drugaddictions and substance misuse. London: Adademic Press

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Atroszko, P. A. (2010). Uzależnienie od pracy–wynik „słabej woli” czy potrzeby doskonałości? Studia Psychologica, 10, 179201

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Atroszko, P. A. (2011). Uzależnienie od pracy jako zakłócenie równowagi między pracą a czasem wolnym. In J. Osiński (Ed.), Praca, społeczeństwo, gospodarka. Między polityką arynkiem (pp. 1729). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo SGH

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Atroszko, P. A. (2012). Research on behavioural addictions: Work addiction. In M. Baranowska-Szczepańska & M. Gołaszewski (Eds.), Modern research trends of young scientists: Currentstatus, problems and prospects (pp. 1124). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Handlu i Usług

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Atroszko, P. A. (2013). Zachowania i postawy studentów związane z uczeniem się a determinanty rozwoju gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. In J. Osiński & M. Pachocka (Eds.), Zmieniającysięświat. Perspektywa demograficzna, społeczna i gospodarcza (pp. 185197). Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Szkoły Głównej Handlowej

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Atroszko, P. A. (2014). Developing brief scales for educational research: Reliability of single-item self-report measures of learning engagement and exam stress. In M. McGreevy & R. Rita (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st Biannual CER Comparative European Research Conference (pp. 172175). London: Sciemcee Publishing

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Aziz, S. & Tronzo, C. L. (2011). Exploring the relationship between workaholism facets and personality traits: A replication in American workers. Psychological Record, 61, 269285

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Berczik, K., Griffiths, M. D., Szabó, A., Kökönyei, G., Urbán, R. & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Exercise addiction: The emergence of a new disorder. Australian Epidemiologist, 21, 3640

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brown, R. I. F. (1993). Some contributions of the study of gambling to the study of other addictions. In W. R. Eadington & J. A. Cornelius (Eds.), Gambling behavior and problem gambling (pp. 241272). Reno, NV: University of Nevada

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Burke, R. J., Matthiesen, S. B. & Pallesen, S. (2006). Personality correlates of workaholism. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 12231233

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Chambers, R. A. & Potenza, M. N. (2003). Neurodevelopment, impulsivity, and adolescent gambling. Journal of Gambing Studies, 19, 5384

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Clark, M. A., Lelchook, A. M. & Taylor, M. L. (2010). Beyond the Big Five: How narcissism, perfectionism, and dispositional affect relate to workaholism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 786791

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385396

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Cozby, P. C. (2009). Methods in behavioral research (10th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

  • Falco, A., Girardi, D., Kravina, L., Trifiletti, E., Bartolucci, G. B., Capozza, D. & De Carlo, N. A. (2013). The mediating role of psychophysic strain in the relationship between workaholism, job performance, and sickness absence. A longitudinal study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55, 12551261

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Fischer, G. (2000). Lifelong learning—more than training. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 11, 265294

  • Flowers, C. P. & Robinson, B. (2002). A structural and discriminant analysis of the work addiction risk test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 5117526

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J. & Swann Jr, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504528

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10, 191197

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hu, L. T. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 155

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Karanika-Murray, M., Duncan, N., Pontes, H. & Griffiths, M. D. (in press). I belong therefore I am: An empirical investigation of work engagement, organizational identification and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kubota, K., Shimazu, A., Kawakami, N. & Takahashi, M. (2012). Workaholism and sleep quality among Japanese employees: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 21, 6676

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278, 4547

  • McCrae, R. R. & Costa Jr, P. T. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 587596

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Robinson, B. E. (1996). Concurrent validity of the Work Addiction Risk Test as a measure of workaholism. Psychological Reports, 79, 13131314

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M. & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students — A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 464481

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shimazu, A., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Shimada, K. & Kawakami, N. (2011). Workaholism and well-being among Japanese dual-earner couples: A spillover-crossover perspective. Social Science and Medicine, 73, 399409

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shimazu, A. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47, 495502

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Kubota, K. & Kawakami, N. (2012). Do workaholism and work engagement predict employee well-being and performance in opposite directions? Industry Health, 50, 316321

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B. & Taris, T. W. (2010). How does workaholism affect worker health and performance? The mediating role of coping. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 17, 154160

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M. & O’Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of Life Research, 13, 299310

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spence, J. T. & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism — definition, measurement, and preliminary results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 160178

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • van Beek, I., Taris, T. W. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2011). Workaholic and work engaged employees: Dead ringers or worlds apart? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 468482

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Dr. Zsolt Demetrovics
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
Address: Izabella u. 46. H-1064 Budapest, Hungary
Phone: +36-1-461-2681
E-mail: jba@ppk.elte.hu

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • Web of Science [Science Citation Index Expanded (also known as SciSearch®)
  • Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition
  • Social Sciences Citation Index®
  • Journal Citation Reports/ Social Sciences Edition
  • Current Contents®/Social and Behavioral Sciences
  • EBSCO
  • GoogleScholar
  • PsycINFO
  • PubMed Central
  • SCOPUS
  • Medline
  • CABI
  • CABELLS Journalytics

2023  
Web of Science  
Journal Impact Factor 6.6
Rank by Impact Factor Q1 (Psychiatry)
Journal Citation Indicator 1.59
Scopus  
CiteScore 12.3
CiteScore rank Q1 (Clinical Psychology)
SNIP 1.604
Scimago  
SJR index 2.188
SJR Q rank Q1

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 990 EUR/article
Effective from  1st Feb 2025:
1400 EUR/article
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%.
Subscription Information Gold Open Access

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation
2011
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year
4
Founder Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
Founder's
Address
H-1053 Budapest, Hungary Egyetem tér 1-3.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2062-5871 (Print)
ISSN 2063-5303 (Online)

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zsolt DEMETROVICS

Assistant Editor(s): 

Csilla ÁGOSTON

Dana KATZ

Associate Editors

  • Stephanie ANTONS (Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Joel BILLIEUX (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)
  • Beáta BŐTHE (University of Montreal, Canada)
  • Matthias BRAND (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Daniel KING (Flinders University, Australia)
  • Gyöngyi KÖKÖNYEI (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Ludwig KRAUS (IFT Institute for Therapy Research, Germany)
  • Marc N. POTENZA (Yale University, USA)
  • Hans-Jurgen RUMPF (University of Lübeck, Germany)
  • Ruth J. VAN HOLST (Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands)

Editorial Board

  • Sophia ACHAB (Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland)
  • Alex BALDACCHINO (St Andrews University, United Kingdom)
  • Judit BALÁZS (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Maria BELLRINGER (Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand)
  • Henrietta BOWDEN-JONES (Imperial College, United Kingdom)
  • Damien BREVERS (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
  • Julius BURKAUSKAS (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)
  • Gerhard BÜHRINGER (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
  • Silvia CASALE (University of Florence, Florence, Italy)
  • Luke CLARK (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada)
  • Jeffrey L. DEREVENSKY (McGill University, Canada)
  • Geert DOM (University of Antwerp, Belgium)
  • Nicki DOWLING (Deakin University, Geelong, Australia)
  • Hamed EKHTIARI (University of Minnesota, United States)
  • Jon ELHAI (University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA)
  • Ana ESTEVEZ (University of Deusto, Spain)
  • Fernando FERNANDEZ-ARANDA (Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Naomi FINEBERG (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom)
  • Sally GAINSBURY (The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia)
  • Belle GAVRIEL-FRIED (The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel)
  • Biljana GJONESKA (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia)
  • Marie GRALL-BRONNEC (University Hospital of Nantes, France)
  • Jon E. GRANT (University of Minnesota, USA)
  • Mark GRIFFITHS (Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom)
  • Joshua GRUBBS (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA)
  • Anneke GOUDRIAAN (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Susumu HIGUCHI (National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan)
  • David HODGINS (University of Calgary, Canada)
  • Eric HOLLANDER (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA)
  • Zsolt HORVÁTH (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Susana JIMÉNEZ-MURCIA (Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Yasser KHAZAAL (Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland)
  • Orsolya KIRÁLY (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Chih-Hung KO (Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan)
  • Shane KRAUS (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA)
  • Hae Kook LEE (The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea)
  • Bernadette KUN (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Katerina LUKAVSKA (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic)
  • Giovanni MARTINOTTI (‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy)
  • Gemma MESTRE-BACH (Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain)
  • Astrid MÜLLER (Hannover Medical School, Germany)
  • Daniel Thor OLASON (University of Iceland, Iceland)
  • Ståle PALLESEN (University of Bergen, Norway)
  • Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR (Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)
  • József RÁCZ (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary)
  • Michael SCHAUB (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
  • Marcantanio M. SPADA (London South Bank University, United Kingdom)
  • Daniel SPRITZER (Study Group on Technological Addictions, Brazil)
  • Dan J. STEIN (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
  • Sherry H. STEWART (Dalhousie University, Canada)
  • Attila SZABÓ (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Hermano TAVARES (Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil)
  • Wim VAN DEN BRINK (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Alexander E. VOISKOUNSKY (Moscow State University, Russia)
  • Aviv M. WEINSTEIN (Ariel University, Israel)
  • Anise WU (University of Macau, Macao, China)
  • Ágnes ZSILA (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)

 

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Oct 2024 0 294 96
Nov 2024 0 205 96
Dec 2024 0 141 76
Jan 2025 0 171 74
Feb 2025 0 196 86
Mar 2025 0 142 72
Apr 2025 0 0 0