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Hye-Jin Kim Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

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Jin-Young Min Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

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Hyun-Jin Kim Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

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Kyoung-Bok Min Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

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Background and aims

The smartphone is one of the most popular devices, with the average smartphone usage at 162 min/day and the average length of phone usage at 15.79 hr/week. Although significant concerns have been made about the health effects of smartphone addiction, the relationship between smartphone addiction and accidents has rarely been studied. We examined the association between smartphone addiction and accidents among South Korean university students.

Methods

A total of 608 college students completed an online survey that included their experience of accidents (total number; traffic accidents; falls/slips; bumps/collisions; being trapped in the subway, impalement, cuts, and exit wounds; and burns or electric shocks), their use of smartphone, the type of smartphone content they most frequently used, and other variables of interests. Smartphone addiction was estimated using Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, a standardized measure developed by the National Institution in Korea.

Results

Compared with normal users, participants who were addicted to smartphones were more likely to have experienced any accidents (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.26–2.86), falling from height/slipping (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.10–3.91), and bumps/collisions (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.16–2.87). The proportion of participants who used their smartphones mainly for entertainment was significantly high in both the accident (38.76%) and smartphone addiction (36.40%) groups.

Discussion and conclusions

We suggest that smartphone addiction was significantly associated with total accident, falling/slipping, and bumps/collisions. This finding highlighted the need for increased awareness of the risk of accidents with smartphone addiction.

Abstract

Background and aims

The smartphone is one of the most popular devices, with the average smartphone usage at 162 min/day and the average length of phone usage at 15.79 hr/week. Although significant concerns have been made about the health effects of smartphone addiction, the relationship between smartphone addiction and accidents has rarely been studied. We examined the association between smartphone addiction and accidents among South Korean university students.

Methods

A total of 608 college students completed an online survey that included their experience of accidents (total number; traffic accidents; falls/slips; bumps/collisions; being trapped in the subway, impalement, cuts, and exit wounds; and burns or electric shocks), their use of smartphone, the type of smartphone content they most frequently used, and other variables of interests. Smartphone addiction was estimated using Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, a standardized measure developed by the National Institution in Korea.

Results

Compared with normal users, participants who were addicted to smartphones were more likely to have experienced any accidents (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.26–2.86), falling from height/slipping (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.10–3.91), and bumps/collisions (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.16–2.87). The proportion of participants who used their smartphones mainly for entertainment was significantly high in both the accident (38.76%) and smartphone addiction (36.40%) groups.

Discussion and conclusions

We suggest that smartphone addiction was significantly associated with total accident, falling/slipping, and bumps/collisions. This finding highlighted the need for increased awareness of the risk of accidents with smartphone addiction.

Introduction

The use of smartphones has been exponentially increasing worldwide, and they have become an integral part of our everyday lives (Kim et al., 2016; Monacis, de Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2017; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013). In addition to the phone and text services, smartphones allow users to make real-time broadcasts, send/receive emails, utilize global positioning system (GPS) services, and play games (Rosen, Whaling, Carrier, Cheever, & Rokkum, 2013). Furthermore, smartphones include powerful technology that allows continuous interaction with online services, thus allowing users to consume a wide range of content, including that unrelated to their present time and location (Park & Lee, 2014).

Due to these attractive functions/applications and easy access, smartphone users have become dependent on such devices or develop the habit of excessively checking their phones without conscious self-control. Then, how does a smartphone user become a smartphone addictive user? In light of the principles of operant conditioning, smartphone users (triggered by internal or external cues) constantly gain “rewards” such as information acquisition, social interactions, and pleasure. Consequently, they are far more likely to use their smartphones with little conscious awareness (Lin & Huang, 2017). For example, commuters in bus stations generally experience dead time and, due to the constant stimuli provided by smartphones, the condition response is to immediately use such devices. Therefore, such “rewards” from smartphone use can lead to repeated or excessive use of these devices, which can ultimately cause smartphone addiction (Benowitz, 2008; Duke & Montag, 2017). Regarding frameworks on the smartphone addiction pathways, Billieux (2012) suggested four pathways: (a) impulsive pathway, indicating poor self-control and maladaptive emotions; (b) relationship maintenance pathway, indicating overuse for reassuring an affective relationship; (c) extraversion pathway, indicating the desire to communicate with others and build new relationships; and (d) cyber addiction pathway, indicating the excessive enjoyment of online activities (Billieux, 2012). Another model of smartphone addiction has shown that genetic and environmental effects can increase the risk of smartphone addiction by influencing dysfunctional conditions (Duke & Montag, 2017).

Problematic smartphone use is associated with elevated negative effect and lower positive effect. Moreover, subjects who are addicted to smartphones are more likely to have health problems, such as physical ailments (e.g., craniocervical posture, dry eyes, carpal tunnel syndrome, and headaches) and mental issues (e.g., fear, sadness, anger, psychopathological symptoms, depression, and anxiety), compared with normal smartphone users (Demirci, Akgönül, & Akpinar, 2015; Kee, Byun, Jung, & Choi, 2016; Kim, 2013; Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013; Montag, Sindermann, Becker, & Panksepp, 2016; Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015). Smartphone use at night or overuse of smartphone has been shown to affect sleep quantity and quality, depleting the following day’s productivity (Demirci et al., 2015; Lanaj, Johnson, & Barnes, 2014). The realm of family communication between parents and their children or of social participation also gets affected by the overuse of smartphones or mobile devices (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011; Radesky et al., 2014). Another emerging issue related to smartphone uses is the occurrence of accidents. In the USA, non-fatal pedestrian injury rates have increased with the steady rise in use of mobile phones (Byington & Schwebel, 2013). In Korea, recent data have shown that accidents associated with smartphone use among pedestrians have increased by 1.9 times over 4 years compared with the increase of only 1.1 times in the total number of accidents (Lim, Lee, Choi, & Joo, 2016). This may be explained by transportation safety issues (e.g., high road/traffic fatalities and injuries) among distracted pedestrians and drivers (Kong, Xiong, Zhu, Zheng, & Long, 2015; Nasar & Troyer, 2013). Many researchers have also expressed concerns regarding increased accident risks among those talking, texting, or listening to music on their phones while on the road (Brodsky & Slor, 2013; Nemme & White, 2010; Redelmeier & Tibshirani, 1997; Schwebel et al., 2012).

These accident risks particularly apply to excessive use of smartphones. Smartphone-addicted users can be highly preoccupied with their contents while performing other tasks (Lin et al., 2015). Dual- or multitasking (e.g., performing two or more tasks simultaneously), even among people on the move, often requires too much attention, thus resulting in reduced performance (Jansen, van Egmond, & de Ridder, 2016) and increased accidents both indoors as well as outdoors (Chaparro, Wood, & Carberry, 2005; Haigney & Westerman, 2001; Merchant, 2012; Strayer & Drew, 2004). However, although smartphone addiction can increase the risk of accidents, it has received limited attention from scholars.

Based on circumstantial evidence linking smartphone use to increased risk of accidents, this study hypothesized that, since it is difficult to switch one’s attention away from a smartphone in potentially dangerous situations, smartphone-addicted users have met with more number of accidents (including traffic accidents) than normal smartphone users. In addition, if the accident risks of smartphone users are attributable to dual- or multitasking, then there may be a difference in the content accessed over smartphones between those who experience accidents and those who do not.

This study aims to examine the association between smartphone addiction and the occurrence of accidents among Korean university students. For this purpose, it compared the frequencies and types of accidents as well as contents accessed over smartphones between a smartphone addictive group and a normal user group.

Materials and Methods

Study population

An online questionnaire-based survey was conducted by a professional research agency from August to September 2016. The platform for the survey was the Do-it Survey Solution (http://www.dooit.co.kr/), which was designed using the Hypertext Preprocessor/Linux web operating system and a database system based on MySQL product. The study included 608 Korean university students who owned smartphones and had agreed to participate. The online questionnaire was designed so that it could not be submitted unless every question was answered; therefore, there were no missing data, and all respondents were included in the analysis.

The participants responded to self-reported questionnaires that covered the following: their use of smartphones; sociodemographic characteristics including age, sex, monthly income (≤2,000,000, 2,000,000–5,000,000, or ≥5,000,000 KRW), housemate status (with family or with others but not family), and their major field of study (natural science, social science, or arts); and health behaviors, including smoking status (current, ex-, or never smoker) and current alcohol consumption status (yes or no).

Smartphone addiction

Smartphone addiction has not been included in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Thus, smartphone addiction is not an officially recognize diagnosis. In this study, smartphone addiction has been assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS), which was developed by the National Information Society Agency of South Korea (Kwon, Lee, et al., 2013). Since the SAPS has high internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α of .880, it is suitable for screening subjects who are at risk of smartphone addiction (Kim, Lee, Lee, Nam, & Chung, 2014; Korean National Information Society Agency, 2011; Shin, Kim, & Jung, 2011).

The scale comprises four subcomponents: tolerance (four items; e.g., “Having tried to shorten smartphone use time but fails all the time,” Cronbach’s α = .828), withdrawal (four items; e.g., “Won’t be able to stand not having a smartphone,” Cronbach’s α = .797), virtual life orientation (two items; e.g., “Feeling empty when not using my smartphone,” Cronbach’s α = .691), and disturbance of adaptive functions (five items; e.g., “Having performance degradation in class or office due to smartphone use,” Cronbach’s α = .873) (Kim et al., 2014). These are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = “not at all,” 2 = “disagree,” 3 = “agree,” and 4 = “always”). Based on this scale, the participants were classified into three groups according to their risk of smartphone addiction: the high-risk group (total score, ≤45; disturbance of adaptive functions, ≤16; withdrawal score, ≤13; and tolerance score, ≤14); the potential-risk group (total score, 42–44; disturbance of adaptive functions, ≤14; withdrawal score, ≤12; and tolerance score, ≤13); and the normal user group (those not belonging to either of the other groups). For this study, we designated the high-risk and potential-risk groups as the “smartphone addiction group” and the remaining group as the “normal user group.”

The most used smartphone content

The participants were asked which type of smartphone content they used the most. The options included the following five group: (a) web-surfing (news searching and general web-surfing); (b) study/work (studying and searching for study or work); (c) entertainment (games, music, web-toons, gambling, movies, and TV); (d) social network services (SNSs) (e-mail, messenger, blogs, and SNSs, including Facebook); and (e) other (pornography, online-shopping, GPS, and banking).

Experiences of accidents

The participant’s experience of accidents was assessed from self-reports in which a multiple-choice question was administrated asking whether the respondent had experienced any of the following six types of accidents while using a smartphone: “a traffic accident;” “a fall from a height or a slip;” “a bump or collision;” “being trapped in the subway;” “impalement, cuts, and an exit wound;” or “burn or electric shock.” The total number of accidents indicated that the participant had experienced at least one of the above six types of accidents. The responses were coded as a dichotomous variable (“yes” or “no”).

Statistical analysis

Differences in the characteristics of the participants in the two smartphone user groups and their experience of accidents were evaluated using the χ2 test and Mann–Whitney U test. Point-biserial correlation analysis was performed to determine relationships of smartphone addiction with the total number of accidents and with the six types of accidents. To investigate the association between smartphone addiction and experience of accidents, we performed unadjusted and multivariate adjusted logistic regression analysis. The model was adjusted for potential covariates, including age, sex, major field of study, monthly income, residence, smoking status, and alcohol consumption. Finally, Figures 2 and 3 show the results of the χ2 tests of differences in smartphone content use for the two smartphone user groups and the two groups who had and had not experienced accidents. All analyses were performed using the SAS 9.2 software (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), and statistical significance was set at 0.05.

Ethics

The study procedures were carried out in accordance with the Institutional Review board of Seoul National University Hospital. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Hospital.

Results

Table 1 presents the characteristics of the study population (N = 608) based on smartphone addiction. The mean (SD) ages of the smartphone-addicted group and the normal users group were significantly different (p = .010): 22.54 (2.05) years versus 23.01 (2.32) years. Overall, the female participants were more likely to be addicted to their smartphones (p = .002). In addition, the proportion of addicted students, including those with the lowest monthly income (43.41%), those living with their families (36.55%), those majoring in the arts (40.98%), those currently smoking (45.16%), and those currently drinking (37.57%), was higher than their counterparts. However, no significant differences were found in monthly income (p = .1836), residence (p = .9770), major field of study (p = .6916), smoking status (p = .3113), or alcohol consumption (p = .1428) between the two groups.

Table 1.

Characteristics of the study population by smartphone addiction

Smartphone addiction (N = 222) Normal (N = 386) p value*
N or mean % or SD N or mean % or SD
Age
 Year 22.54 2.05 23.01 2.32 .0245
Sex
 Male 50 27.32 133 72.68 .0020
 Female 172 40.47 253 59.53
Monthly income (KRW)
 ≤2,000,000 56 43.41 73 56.59 .1863
 2,000,000–5,000,000 112 34.67 211 65.33
 ≥5,000,000 54 34.62 102 65.38
Residence
 With family 163 36.55 283 63.45 .9770
 Others 59 36.42 103 63.58
Major field of study
 Natural science 90 35.16 166 64.84 .6916
 Social science 107 36.77 184 63.23
 Arts 25 40.98 36 59.02
Smoking status
 Current 28 45.16 34 54.84 .3113
 Ex 17 37.78 28 62.22
 Never 177 35.33 324 64.67
Alcohol consumption
 Yes 201 37.57 334 62.43 .1428
 No 21 28.77 52 71.23

Note. SD: standard deviation.

p value was based on the Mann–Whitney U test for a continuous variable and the χ2 test for categorical variables.

The point-biserial correlation analysis showed significant correlations between smartphone addiction scores and total accidents (r = .17, p < .001), falling/slipping (r = .13, p = .001), and bumps/collisions (r = .15, p = .0003), but not for other types of accident (p > .05). There was no significant correlation between the total score of smartphone addiction and age of the participants (r = .07, p = .1080).

Figure 1 shows the prevalence of the experience of accidents in the two groups. A greater proportion of smartphone addiction group experienced an accident of some type (28.38%) as well as bumps and collisions (22.37%). However, no significant differences were observed in the number of accidents: falls from a height and a slip; being trapped in the subway; impalements, cuts, and exit wounds; and burn and electric shocks. Regarding the gender differences in accident experiences among smartphone-addicted students, the male participants were more likely to experience only traffic accidents (18.0% vs. 8.1%; p = .0440) than female participants.


          Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Prevalence (%) of the experience of accidents associated with smartphone addiction (**p < .05)

Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6, 4; 10.1556/2006.6.2017.070

Table 2 shows the multiple logistic regression model’s estimates of the association between smartphone addiction and the experience of accidents, with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) indicating the increased experience of accidents among addicted users compared with that among normal users. A significant association was observed between the total number of accidents experienced and smartphone addiction both before (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.30–2.85) and after (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.26–2.86) adjusting for age, sex, major field of study, monthly income, residence, smoking status, and alcohol consumption, although OR decreased following adjustment. Smartphone-addicted users were more likely to suffer bumps or collision (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.18–2.80; adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.15–2.84). Furthermore, after adjusting for potential covariates, smartphone addiction was significantly associated with an increased experience of slips (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.00–3.67).

Table 2.

Odds ratio (95% CI) for experience of accident by smartphone addiction

Unadjusted model Adjusted model
Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI)
Total accident
 Smartphone addiction 1.92 (1.30–2.85) 1.90 (1.26–2.86)
 Normal Reference Reference
Traffic accident
 Smartphone addiction 3.55 (0.88–14.32) 3.76 (0.85–16.72)
 Normal Reference Reference
Falling/slipping
 Smartphone addiction 1.74 (0.96–3.17) 2.08 (1.10–3.91)
 Normal Reference Reference
Bumps/collisions
 Smartphone addiction 1.84 (1.20–2.83) 1.83 (1.16–2.87)
 Normal Reference Reference
Trap in the subway
 Smartphone addiction 2.34 (0.52–10.56) 2.85 (0.59–13.76)
 Normal Reference Reference
Stab/cut/exit wound
 Smartphone addiction 4.42 (0.85–23.00) 4.56 (0.83–25.03)
 Normal Reference Reference
Burn/electric shock
 Smartphone addiction 3.51 (0.32–38.82) 4.40 (0.27–72.83)
 Normal Reference Reference

Note. CI: confidence interval. Values are adjusted by age, sex, major field of study, monthly income, residence, smoking status, and alcohol consumption.

Figure 2 displays the prevalence of accidents according to the smartphone content type mainly used by the participants. A significantly higher proportion of participants who mostly used their smartphones for entertainment had experienced an accident (38.76%) than those who mostly used their smartphones for other content types. No significant difference was observed between the proportions of participants who mostly used their phones for web-surfing, study/work, or social networking, and had experienced an accident.


          Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Prevalence (%) of accidents by smartphone contents mainly used by college students (**p < .05)

Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6, 4; 10.1556/2006.6.2017.070

Figure 3 shows the prevalence of smartphone addiction according to the mainly used content types. A significantly lower proportion of smartphone-addicted users (20.27%) than normal users (30.57%) most frequently used their phones for web-surfing. Conversely, a significantly higher percentage of smartphone-addicted users (36.04%) than normal users (28.24%) used their phones most frequently for entertainment.


          Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Prevalence (%) of smartphone addiction against the mainly used contents of smartphone users (**p < .05)

Citation: Journal of Behavioral Addictions 6, 4; 10.1556/2006.6.2017.070

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between smartphone addiction and the occurrence of accidents by examining the differences between smartphone-addicted users and normal users. Overall, participants who were addicted to smartphone were more likely to have experienced accidents. More specifically, smartphone addiction was associated with a higher likelihood of falling or slipping and of experiencing bumps or collisions, even after adjusting for any covariates. In addition, those who were addicted to smartphones or had experienced accidents were more likely to use entertainment-related content than normal users. The findings suggest that safety among university students may be jeopardized by their addictive behaviors regarding smartphone usage.

Little research has focused on the safety of smartphone-addicted users and on accidents in their everyday lives, although previous studies have shown that road/traffic accidents tend to occur when using cell phones while driving or walking. For instance, many studies have identified the negative effects of hand-held devices on visual behaviors (e.g., minimal glances at traffic lights), vehicle performance, reaction time, and reduction in speed (Alm & Nilsson, 1994; Harbluk, Noy, Trbovich, & Eizenman, 2007; Salvucci, Markley, Zuber, & Brumby, 2007). Moreover, such mobile technology can affect pedestrian safety through the impairment of looking behaviors and detection of roadside events or through the inability to maintain a certain direction while navigating obstacles (Byington & Schwebel, 2013; Lin & Huang, 2017; Schabrun, van den Hoorn, Moorcroft, Greenland, & Hodges, 2014). Although these studies did not investigate what types of accidents are related to smartphone addiction, they suggest that the use of mobile devices can cause distractions and trigger the occurrence of accidents. Based on the results of this study, smartphone-addicted users might be more prone to accidents, due to their inability to recognize potentially dangerous or unsafe conditions. One of the most important factors in accidents related to mobile device usage is dual- or multitasking (Weksler & Weksler, 2012). With smartphones now being capable of integrating various functions, it is common to see users focusing on multiple tasks (Brasel & Gips, 2011). For example, some users may be listening to music, watching a movie, or playing games, while simultaneously maintaining their social connections through SNS and performing other personal tasks (Ralph, Thomson, Cheyne, & Smilek, 2014). As stated earlier, users are also prone to using hand-held devices in potentially risky situations (O’Connor et al., 2013). As the recent term “smombie” (i.e., combination of smartphone and zombie) indicates, smartphone addiction not only denotes the excessive use of such devices but also addictive behaviors in which users are unintentionally absorbed into their phones and fail to focus on anything else (Kwon, Kim, Cho, & Yang, 2013). In this regard, they ultimately fail at multitasking and increase their risk of accidents using such devices in potentially dangerous situations.

With recent concerns about smartphone-related accidents, actions related to smartphone usage have been implemented in public by the stated countries. In the state of New Jersey (United States), city planners decided to anchor traffic lights to the road so that smartphone users can be more visually aware of the changing lights as they stare at their devices. In Chongqing (China), a walking lane was especially created for pedestrians glued to their smartphones. Finally, Korea initiated a pilot project in which safety signs were installed to warn the public about the danger of smartphone-related accidents (Benedictus, 2014; Chang, 2016; Duke & Montag, 2017).

In general, using smartphones while walking or driving leads the user’s eyes away from the real-world environment (Young, 2012), thereby reducing the detection of visual cues or information (e.g., causing visual distraction) (Lin & Huang, 2017). Moreover, the use of aural-related contents, such as listening to music, disrupting auditory signals, or aural cues, is crucial for judging one’s safety (e.g., causing auditory distraction) (Barton, Lew, Kovesdi, Cottrell, & Ulrich, 2013; Schwebel et al., 2012). The demanding manual process of using a smartphone also impairs a driver’s performance by removing one or both hands from the steering wheel (i.e., manual distraction) (Head, Helton, Russell, & Neumann, 2012). Finally, these three types of distractions can be accompanied by cognitive interferences that take the user’s mind off of his/her current activity (e.g., causing cognitive distraction) (Lennon, Oviedo-Trespalacios, & Matthews, 2017; Young, 2012). Furthermore, due to the multi-functioning features of smartphones, using a smartphone can concurrently produce these distractions, thereby increasing the risk of accidents (Shah, 2002; Young & Salmon, 2012).

This was the first exploratory study to examine the association between smartphone addiction and the occurrence of several types of accidents. The findings of this study support and extend the existing evidence by showing that smartphone-addicted users face increased risks of accidents that can occur in everyday life. However, several limitations should be considered. First, because of the cross-sectional study design, causality cannot be inferred. Second, the subject sample was limited to young adult university students. In this regard, adolescents are more vulnerable to smartphone addiction and they are more likely to walk instead of using any other means of transportation. However, elderly people may have weak cognitive and sensory functions. Thus, this demographic could make another group vulnerable to smartphone-related accidents. Third, it is difficult to analyze the different types of distraction mechanisms due to the lack of information regarding the contents accessed over smartphone during the accident and the location where the accident occurred. Furthermore, there is no information regarding no frequency of accidents. Fourth, since the number of participants was relatively small, the analysis was limited to a simple comparison of the different types of content accessed over smartphone. Hence, a future study should investigate the types of content assessed in direct relation with each accident. Fifth, the data included in this study were limited to determine the characteristics of the study population. As a result, it is impossible to rule out the possibility of unmeasured confounding. Finally, the status of smartphone addiction could be inaccurate, since it was likely to be under- or overestimated on the self-reported questionnaire. Therefore, psychoinformatics, a new discipline that uses digital technology and information science to develop the collection, organization, and synthesis of psychological data, can be helpful for predicting smartphone addiction and helping those affected by such addiction (Montag et al., 2016; Yarkoni, 2012).

In conclusion, this study showed that the smartphone-addicted university students were more likely to have experienced accidents. Furthermore, the findings highlighted the potential for future research to investigate whether using entertainment-related contents may be a crucial risk factor for accidents to occur. Although the results of this study must be validated and clarified through additional research, the findings have established an academic basis regarding accident risk among smartphone-addicted users.

Authors’ contribution

H-JK and J-YM planned this study, and K-BM managed this study. H-JK, J-YM, H-JK, and K-BM analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript, and J-YM finally reviewed the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Jansen, R. J. , van Egmond, R. , & de Ridder, H. (2016). Task prioritization in dual-tasking: Instructions versus preferences. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158511. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158511

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  • Kee, I. K. , Byun, J. S. , Jung, J. K. , & Choi, J. K. (2016). The presence of altered craniocervical posture and mobility in smartphone-addicted teenagers with temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(2), 339346. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.339

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  • Kim, D. , Lee, Y. , Lee, J. , Nam, J. K. , & Chung, Y. (2014). Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for youth. PLoS One, 9(5), e97920. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097920

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  • Kim, H. (2013). Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 9(6), 500505. doi:10.12965/jer.130080

  • Kim, Y. , Jeong, J. E. , Cho, H. , Jung, D. J. , Kwak, M. , Rho, M. J. , & Choi, I. Y. (2016). Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PLoS One, 11(8), e0159788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159788

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  • Kong, X. , Xiong, S. , Zhu, Z. , Zheng, S. , & Long, G. (2015). Development of a conceptual framework for improving safety for pedestrians using smartphones while walking: Challenges and research needs. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 36363643. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.749

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  • Kwon, M. , Kim, D. J. , Cho, H. , & Yang, S. (2013). The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558

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  • Kwon, M. , Lee, J. Y. , Won, W. Y. , Park, J. W. , Min, J. A. , Hahn, C. , Gu, X. , Choi, J. H. , & Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS One, 8(2), e56936. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056936

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  • Lanaj, K. , Johnson, R. E. , & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), 1123. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001

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  • Lennon, A. , Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. , & Matthews, S. (2017). Pedestrian self-reported use of smart phones: Positive attitudes and high exposure influence intentions to cross the road while distracted. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 98, 338347. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.028

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  • Lim, J. , Lee, S. , Choi, J. , & Joo, S. (2016). The comparative study on travel behavior and traffic accident characteristics on a community road-with focus on Seoul Metropolitan City. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 36(1), 97104. doi:10.12652/Ksce.2016.36.1.0097

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  • Lin, M. B. , & Huang, Y. P. (2017). The impact of walking while using a smartphone on pedestrians’ awareness of roadside events. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 101, 8796. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.005

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  • Merchant, G. (2012). Mobile practices in everyday life: Popular digital technologies and schooling revisited. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5), 770782. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01352.x

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  • Monacis, L. , de Palo, V. , Griffiths, M. D. , & Sinatra, M. (2017). Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 178186. doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.023

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  • Montag, C. , Sindermann, C. , Becker, B. , & Panksepp, J. (2016). An affective neuroscience framework for the molecular study of Internet addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1906. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01906

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  • Nasar, J. L. , & Troyer, D. (2013). Pedestrian injuries due to mobile phone use in public places. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 57, 9195. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.021

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  • Nemme, H. E. , & White, K. M. (2010). Texting while driving: Psychosocial influences on young people’s texting intentions and behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 12571265. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.019

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  • O’Connor, S. S. , Whitehill, J. M. , King, K. M. , Kernic, M. A. , Boyle, L. N. , Bresnahan, B. W. , Mack, C. D. , & Ebel, B. E. (2013). Compulsive cell phone use and history of motor vehicle crash. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 512519. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.015

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  • Park, N. , & Lee, H. (2014). Nature of youth smartphone addiction in Korea. Journal of Communication Research, 51(1), 100132. doi:10.22174/jcr.2014.51.1.100

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  • Radesky, J. S. , Kistin, C. J. , Zuckerman, B. , Nitzberg, K. , Gross, J. , Kaplan-Sanoff, M. , Augustyn, M. , & Silverstein, M. (2014). Patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children during meals in fast food restaurants. Pediatrics, 133(4), 20133703. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3703

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  • Ralph, B. C. , Thomson, D. R. , Cheyne, J. A. , & Smilek, D. (2014). Media multitasking and failures of attention in everyday life. Psychological Research, 78(5), 661669. doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0523-7

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  • Redelmeier, D. A. , & Tibshirani, R. J. (1997). Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(7), 453458. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702133360701

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  • Rosen, L. D. , Whaling, K. , Carrier, L. M. , Cheever, N. A. , & Rokkum, J. (2013). The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale: An empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 25012511. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.006

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  • Salvucci, D. D. , Markley, D. , Zuber, M. , & Brumby, D. P. (2007). iPod distraction: Effects of portable music-player use on driver performance. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.67.6357&rep=rep1&type=pdf

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  • Schabrun, S. M. , van den Hoorn, W. , Moorcroft, A. , Greenland, C. , & Hodges, P. W. (2014). Texting and walking: Strategies for postural control and implications for safety. PLoS One, 9(1), e84312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084312

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  • Schwebel, D. C. , Stavrinos, D. , Byington, K. W. , Davis, T. , O’Neal, E. E. , & de Jong, D. (2012). Distraction and pedestrian safety: How talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 266271. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.011

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  • Shin, K. , Kim, D. , & Jung, Y. (2011). Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for youth and adults. Seoul, South Korea: National Information Society Agency.

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    • Export Citation
  • Strayer, D. L. , & Drew, F. A. (2004). Profiles in driver distraction: Effects of cell phone conversations on younger and older drivers. Human Factors, 46(4), 640649. doi:10.1518/hfes.46.4.640.56806

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  • Head, J. , Helton, W. , Russell, P. , & Neumann, E. (2012). Text-speak processing impairs tactile location. Acta Psychologica, 141(1), 4853. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.07.006

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    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jansen, R. J. , van Egmond, R. , & de Ridder, H. (2016). Task prioritization in dual-tasking: Instructions versus preferences. PLoS One, 11(7), e0158511. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158511

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kee, I. K. , Byun, J. S. , Jung, J. K. , & Choi, J. K. (2016). The presence of altered craniocervical posture and mobility in smartphone-addicted teenagers with temporomandibular disorders. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(2), 339346. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.339

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kim, D. , Lee, Y. , Lee, J. , Nam, J. K. , & Chung, Y. (2014). Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for youth. PLoS One, 9(5), e97920. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097920

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kim, H. (2013). Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 9(6), 500505. doi:10.12965/jer.130080

  • Kim, Y. , Jeong, J. E. , Cho, H. , Jung, D. J. , Kwak, M. , Rho, M. J. , & Choi, I. Y. (2016). Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PLoS One, 11(8), e0159788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159788

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kong, X. , Xiong, S. , Zhu, Z. , Zheng, S. , & Long, G. (2015). Development of a conceptual framework for improving safety for pedestrians using smartphones while walking: Challenges and research needs. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 36363643. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.749

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Korean National Information Society Agency. (2011, November). Retrieved from http://www.nia.or.kr

  • Kuss, D. J. , & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Online social networking and addiction – A review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 35283552. doi:10.3390/ijerph8093528

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    • Export Citation
  • Kwon, M. , Kim, D. J. , Cho, H. , & Yang, S. (2013). The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kwon, M. , Lee, J. Y. , Won, W. Y. , Park, J. W. , Min, J. A. , Hahn, C. , Gu, X. , Choi, J. H. , & Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS One, 8(2), e56936. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056936

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lanaj, K. , Johnson, R. E. , & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), 1123. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lennon, A. , Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. , & Matthews, S. (2017). Pedestrian self-reported use of smart phones: Positive attitudes and high exposure influence intentions to cross the road while distracted. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 98, 338347. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.028

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lim, J. , Lee, S. , Choi, J. , & Joo, S. (2016). The comparative study on travel behavior and traffic accident characteristics on a community road-with focus on Seoul Metropolitan City. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 36(1), 97104. doi:10.12652/Ksce.2016.36.1.0097

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lin, M. B. , & Huang, Y. P. (2017). The impact of walking while using a smartphone on pedestrians’ awareness of roadside events. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 101, 8796. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.005

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Lin, Y. H. , Lin, Y. C. , Lee, Y. H. , Lin, P. H. , Lin, S. H. , Chang, L. R. , Tseng, H. W. , Yen, L. Y. , Yang, C. C. , & Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139145. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.003

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Merchant, G. (2012). Mobile practices in everyday life: Popular digital technologies and schooling revisited. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5), 770782. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01352.x

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Monacis, L. , de Palo, V. , Griffiths, M. D. , & Sinatra, M. (2017). Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 178186. doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.023

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Montag, C. , Sindermann, C. , Becker, B. , & Panksepp, J. (2016). An affective neuroscience framework for the molecular study of Internet addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1906. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01906

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nasar, J. L. , & Troyer, D. (2013). Pedestrian injuries due to mobile phone use in public places. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 57, 9195. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.03.021

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nemme, H. E. , & White, K. M. (2010). Texting while driving: Psychosocial influences on young people’s texting intentions and behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(4), 12571265. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.019

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • O’Connor, S. S. , Whitehill, J. M. , King, K. M. , Kernic, M. A. , Boyle, L. N. , Bresnahan, B. W. , Mack, C. D. , & Ebel, B. E. (2013). Compulsive cell phone use and history of motor vehicle crash. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 512519. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.05.015

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Park, N. , & Lee, H. (2014). Nature of youth smartphone addiction in Korea. Journal of Communication Research, 51(1), 100132. doi:10.22174/jcr.2014.51.1.100

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Radesky, J. S. , Kistin, C. J. , Zuckerman, B. , Nitzberg, K. , Gross, J. , Kaplan-Sanoff, M. , Augustyn, M. , & Silverstein, M. (2014). Patterns of mobile device use by caregivers and children during meals in fast food restaurants. Pediatrics, 133(4), 20133703. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3703

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Ralph, B. C. , Thomson, D. R. , Cheyne, J. A. , & Smilek, D. (2014). Media multitasking and failures of attention in everyday life. Psychological Research, 78(5), 661669. doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0523-7

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Redelmeier, D. A. , & Tibshirani, R. J. (1997). Association between cellular-telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(7), 453458. doi:10.1056/NEJM199702133360701

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rosen, L. D. , Whaling, K. , Carrier, L. M. , Cheever, N. A. , & Rokkum, J. (2013). The Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale: An empirical investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 25012511. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.006

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Salvucci, D. D. , Markley, D. , Zuber, M. , & Brumby, D. P. (2007). iPod distraction: Effects of portable music-player use on driver performance. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.67.6357&rep=rep1&type=pdf

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schabrun, S. M. , van den Hoorn, W. , Moorcroft, A. , Greenland, C. , & Hodges, P. W. (2014). Texting and walking: Strategies for postural control and implications for safety. PLoS One, 9(1), e84312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084312

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schwebel, D. C. , Stavrinos, D. , Byington, K. W. , Davis, T. , O’Neal, E. E. , & de Jong, D. (2012). Distraction and pedestrian safety: How talking on the phone, texting, and listening to music impact crossing the street. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 266271. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.011

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Shah, S. (2002). U.S. Patent Application No. 10/144,807.

  • Shin, K. , Kim, D. , & Jung, Y. (2011). Development of Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for youth and adults. Seoul, South Korea: National Information Society Agency.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Strayer, D. L. , & Drew, F. A. (2004). Profiles in driver distraction: Effects of cell phone conversations on younger and older drivers. Human Factors, 46(4), 640649. doi:10.1518/hfes.46.4.640.56806

    • Crossref
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
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Dr. Zsolt Demetrovics
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
Address: Izabella u. 46. H-1064 Budapest, Hungary
Phone: +36-1-461-2681
E-mail: jba@ppk.elte.hu

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2023  
Web of Science  
Journal Impact Factor 6.6
Rank by Impact Factor Q1 (Psychiatry)
Journal Citation Indicator 1.59
Scopus  
CiteScore 12.3
CiteScore rank Q1 (Clinical Psychology)
SNIP 1.604
Scimago  
SJR index 2.188
SJR Q rank Q1

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge 990 EUR/article for articles submitted after 30 April 2023 (850 EUR for articles submitted prior to this date)
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%.
Subscription Information Gold Open Access

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation
2011
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year
4
Founder Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
Founder's
Address
H-1053 Budapest, Hungary Egyetem tér 1-3.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2062-5871 (Print)
ISSN 2063-5303 (Online)

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zsolt DEMETROVICS

Assistant Editor(s): Csilla ÁGOSTON

Associate Editors

  • Stephanie ANTONS (Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Joel BILLIEUX (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)
  • Beáta BŐTHE (University of Montreal, Canada)
  • Matthias BRAND (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
  • Ruth J. van HOLST (Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands)
  • Daniel KING (Flinders University, Australia)
  • Gyöngyi KÖKÖNYEI (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Ludwig KRAUS (IFT Institute for Therapy Research, Germany)
  • Marc N. POTENZA (Yale University, USA)
  • Hans-Jurgen RUMPF (University of Lübeck, Germany)

Editorial Board

  • Sophia ACHAB (Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland)
  • Alex BALDACCHINO (St Andrews University, United Kingdom)
  • Judit BALÁZS (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Maria BELLRINGER (Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand)
  • Henrietta BOWDEN-JONES (Imperial College, United Kingdom)
  • Damien BREVERS (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
  • Wim VAN DEN BRINK (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Julius BURKAUSKAS (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)
  • Gerhard BÜHRINGER (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
  • Silvia CASALE (University of Florence, Florence, Italy)
  • Luke CLARK (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada)
  • Jeffrey L. DEREVENSKY (McGill University, Canada)
  • Geert DOM (University of Antwerp, Belgium)
  • Nicki DOWLING (Deakin University, Geelong, Australia)
  • Hamed EKHTIARI (University of Minnesota, United States)
  • Jon ELHAI (University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA)
  • Ana ESTEVEZ (University of Deusto, Spain)
  • Fernando FERNANDEZ-ARANDA (Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Naomi FINEBERG (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom)
  • Sally GAINSBURY (The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia)
  • Belle GAVRIEL-FRIED (The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel)
  • Biljana GJONESKA (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia)
  • Marie GRALL-BRONNEC (University Hospital of Nantes, France)
  • Jon E. GRANT (University of Minnesota, USA)
  • Mark GRIFFITHS (Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom)
  • Joshua GRUBBS (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA)
  • Anneke GOUDRIAAN (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
  • Susumu HIGUCHI (National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan)
  • David HODGINS (University of Calgary, Canada)
  • Eric HOLLANDER (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA)
  • Zsolt HORVÁTH (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Susana JIMÉNEZ-MURCIA (Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
  • Yasser KHAZAAL (Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland)
  • Orsolya KIRÁLY (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Chih-Hung KO (Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan)
  • Shane KRAUS (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA)
  • Hae Kook LEE (The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea)
  • Bernadette KUN (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Katerina LUKAVSKA (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic)
  • Giovanni MARTINOTTI (‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy)
  • Gemma MESTRE-BACH (Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain)
  • Astrid MÜLLER (Hannover Medical School, Germany)
  • Daniel Thor OLASON (University of Iceland, Iceland)
  • Ståle PALLESEN (University of Bergen, Norway)
  • Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR (Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)
  • József RÁCZ (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary)
  • Michael SCHAUB (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
  • Marcantanio M. SPADA (London South Bank University, United Kingdom)
  • Daniel SPRITZER (Study Group on Technological Addictions, Brazil)
  • Dan J. STEIN (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
  • Sherry H. STEWART (Dalhousie University, Canada)
  • Attila SZABÓ (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
  • Hermano TAVARES (Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil)
  • Alexander E. VOISKOUNSKY (Moscow State University, Russia)
  • Aviv M. WEINSTEIN (Ariel University, Israel)
  • Anise WU (University of Macau, Macao, China)

 

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