Authors:
Alesha Wells Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Search for other papers by Alesha Wells in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9024-602X
,
Merciana Fernandes Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Search for other papers by Merciana Fernandes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Lisa Reynolds Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Search for other papers by Lisa Reynolds in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Open access

Abstract

Background and aims

Scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been experiencing significant growth. Understanding the perceptions of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) among health professional, patients, and the public is essential to guide future research objectives, trial protocols, and identify any barriers to future implementation.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the databases (Medline, EMBASE, PSYCHinfo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) was conducted on the 29th of November, 2022. This review included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals exploring perceptions of PAP among the three stakeholder groups. Studies were limited to English-language and the years 2012–2022. The protocol and review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results

The sample consisted of 29 studies, including n = 17 health professional, n = 6 patients, and n = 6 public. Broadly, knowledge of PAP was low among all three stakeholder groups. There was mixed to positive belief in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, with male gender, younger age, and personal psychedelic experience/knowledge being key predictors of more favourable views. The majority of findings reported strong endorsement of further research. Consistent themes were identified surrounding concerns about legal status, funding, access, side-effects, and implementation.

Conclusion

The evaluated research indicates a need for further research that will provide clarity about safety and elucidate how PAP may be implemented in public health settings. Further education of health professionals and the public should be a priority.

Abstract

Background and aims

Scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics has been experiencing significant growth. Understanding the perceptions of psychedelic assisted psychotherapy (PAP) among health professional, patients, and the public is essential to guide future research objectives, trial protocols, and identify any barriers to future implementation.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the databases (Medline, EMBASE, PSYCHinfo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) was conducted on the 29th of November, 2022. This review included cross-sectional, longitudinal, and quasi-experimental studies published in peer-reviewed journals exploring perceptions of PAP among the three stakeholder groups. Studies were limited to English-language and the years 2012–2022. The protocol and review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results

The sample consisted of 29 studies, including n = 17 health professional, n = 6 patients, and n = 6 public. Broadly, knowledge of PAP was low among all three stakeholder groups. There was mixed to positive belief in the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, with male gender, younger age, and personal psychedelic experience/knowledge being key predictors of more favourable views. The majority of findings reported strong endorsement of further research. Consistent themes were identified surrounding concerns about legal status, funding, access, side-effects, and implementation.

Conclusion

The evaluated research indicates a need for further research that will provide clarity about safety and elucidate how PAP may be implemented in public health settings. Further education of health professionals and the public should be a priority.

Introduction

This systematic review examines perceptions of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (PAP) among three stakeholder groups: health professionals, patients, and the public. Attitudes across these groups are likely to be highly variable. Health professionals are responsible for patient education, referral, and research conduct. Patients make decisions to participate in trials depending on their trust in the treatment and how efficacious or risky they perceive it to be, and the general public informs social norms and can influence drug policy. Understanding these unique perspectives is imperative for future research, trial development, and, ultimately, the utilization of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.

There is growing evidence for the efficacy of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. A recent systematic review by Maia, Beaussant, and Garcia (2022) reported on twenty studies assessing the potential of PAP in patients with serious illnesses. The evaluated evidence indicated positive effects, especially in relation to symptoms of a psychological or spiritual nature. However, the average sample size across these studies was only 32, raising questions about statistical power and generalisability. Similarly, Reiff et al. (2020) reported on the efficacy of MDMA and psilocybin in treating symptoms of PTSD and depression, but noted that confounders, patient bias, and challenges associated with blinding remain. Recent articles provide a valuable analysis of methodological problems associated with psychedelic trials (Muthukumaraswamy et al., 2021, 2022). With this caveat in mind, initial evidence indicates these treatments have the potential to generate advancements in psychological intervention and require further investigation.

An issue of relevance to this treatment is barriers to access. In most regions, psychedelics are classified as Schedule I drugs, defined as having no medical use and a high potential for risk and abuse. This restricts research in the area (Nutt, King, & Nichols, 2013) through exhaustive regulations prohibiting PAP delivery. However, some countries (e.g., Canada) have authorized certain health professionals to hold exemptions to these restrictions. In New Zealand, Section 29 of the Medicines Act 1981 allows medical practitioners to prescribe unapproved medicines such as Class A drugs with special permission (Medicines Act 1981, s. 29). This legislation recognizes the potential of otherwise illegal substances to be used in a medical context with informed consent and safety precautions. Nonetheless, legislation continues to be a barrier to access, with the misalignment of law and actual harm likely contributing to negative perceptions of psychedelics and the perpetuation of stigma among all three stakeholder groups.

The stigmatization of psychedelics following the historical context of the “war on drugs” is well established. The explosion of Western psychedelic use can be traced back to the 1960s and is often linked to the counterculture movements of the time. The momentum with which these movements grew, combined with highly sensationalized media coverage, led the Nixon administration to declare a war on drugs to mitigate the perceived threat to social order. Psychedelic drug use was transformed into a moral issue, with drastic law enforcement measures and prolific public campaigns portraying these substances as dangerous and harmful. These negative historical connotations likely still contribute to perceptions of psychedelics today, despite having limited or no scientific foundation (Schlag et al., 2022).

The last twenty years have marked the “third wave” of research exploring the potential of psychedelics. This research has gained traction to the point where mainstream media can oversimplify psychedelics as miracle cures with titles such as “Psychedelic Drugs: The Miracle Drugs of the 21st Century” (Nielson, 2017). The portrayal of beneficial outcomes is often simplistic and scientific findings can be misrepresented (Carhart-Harris et al., 2018; Yaden et al., 2022). This rhetoric may downplay the importance of exercising caution and represents yet another potential source of misinformation, with the ability to produce unrealistic expectations about the benefits of psychedelics.

Objectives

It is unclear how the impact of legality, historical stigma, and contemporary media might impact the perspectives of health professionals, patients, and the public toward PAP. Understanding these stakeholder perspectives is imperative to inform policy development, regulations, treatment protocols, and best practice guidelines while considering patient safety, equitable access, and ethical standards. Thus, this systematic review aimed to examine perceptions of PAP among these stakeholder groups. Specifically:

  • What knowledge do health professionals, patients, and the public have about PAP?

  • What are the potential benefits or perceived appeal of PAP among these stakeholder groups?

  • What are the perceived barriers or concerns associated with PAP?

Methods

The review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Page, McKenzie, et al., 2021). The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022382430.

Eligibility criteria

Studies were limited to English-language peer-reviewed articles and student theses published between 2012 and 2022. Full eligibility criteria are outlined in Table 1. Studies were excluded if they were intervention studies, solely related to recreational use or physical outcomes, or did not include one of the stakeholder groups.

Table 1.

Inclusion/exclusion criteria

InclusionExclusion
ParticipantsHealth professionals, general public, patient groups, psychedelic naive and experienced
Study DesignCross sectional, survey, interview, quasi-experimentalReview articles
OutcomePerceptions or attitudes towards psychedelic assisted psychotherapyEfficacy of psychedelics treating physical symptoms
Substance of InterestPsilocybin, LSD, DMT, Mescaline, Ketamine, MDMA, Ibogaine, Salvinorin
PublicationPeer reviewed journal articles, student thesesConference abstracts

Search strategy

We conducted electronic searches on 29th November 2022 of the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, PSYCHinfo, SCOPUS, and Web of Science.

Figure 1 indicates the search terms that were used for each database using the title, abstract, and MESH fields.

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Search strategy

Citation: Journal of Psychedelic Studies 8, 1; 10.1556/2054.2023.00294

Selection process

Search results were exported to Endnote, and duplicate articles were removed. The remaining articles' titles and abstracts were screened by two reviewers (AW, MF) using the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Approximately 20% of the records were screened by both reviewers. Any uncertainties were discussed with a third reviewer (LR). All three reviewers confirmed the final inclusion of articles into the review.

Upon assessing records, it was determined that longitudinal and quasi-experimental study designs produced results addressing our key outcomes and needed to be included. This was a revision to the initial inclusion criteria. We also expanded the terminology as “psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy” was not consistently used. Articles referring to “psychedelic-assisted therapy” also encapsulated the therapeutic use of psychedelics.

Data collection process

Each article's full text was retrieved for data extraction. Data were organised in an Excel Spreadsheet according to location, population, recruitment, methodology, results (appeal, perceived benefits, barriers to access, concerns, knowledge), abstract, and conclusion. Data were extracted by MF and reviewed by AW.

Data items

Data relating to attitudes and perceptions were separated into three categories: 1) appeal and perceived benefits, 2) barriers to access and concerns, and 3) knowledge. Not every article covered all key outcomes. Data on participant characteristics, such as psychedelic experience, was also sought.

Study risk of bias assessment

Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment with Diverse Studies (QuADS) tool, previously the QATSDD (Harrison, Jones, Gardner, & Lawton, 2021, pp. 1–20). The tool consists of 13 questions designed to assess the methodological quality and limitations of the studies, allowing for consistency in quality rating across qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research. Two independent reviewers (AW, LR) assessed the quality of the included studies, with any discrepancies discussed and resolved after the appraisal was complete (see Table 2).

Synthesis methods

The extracted data were qualitatively synthesized to summarise relevant outcomes in a narrative review. It was not suitable to conduct a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity across study types and outcomes.

Results

The database search returned 2,391 articles (see Fig. 2). Of these, 679 were duplicates and removed. The remaining 1712 articles were screened by title and abstract, resulting in the exclusion of 1,675 reports. A total of 37 full-text records were obtained and assessed for eligibility, resulting in the inclusion of 28 articles. All included article reference lists were checked for additional eligible records, which produced one extra, bringing the total number of articles included in the review to 29.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Prisma flow diagram

Citation: Journal of Psychedelic Studies 8, 1; 10.1556/2054.2023.00294

Articles primarily included data from populations based in the USA (18), UK (6), Canada (4), and New Zealand (2). The remaining articles focused on populations from Croatia, Czechia, and Ireland.

Most articles covered health professionals' perspectives (17), with six focussing on patients and six on the public. All articles were published in the last decade, with the bulk of research published in 2020 or later.

Health professionals

The articles focussing on health professionals covered a range of professions, including psychiatrists, doctors, psychologists, counsellors, ayahuasca ceremony leaders, healthcare support workers, and psychedelic integration therapists.

Knowledge

Thirteen of the health professional studies assessed knowledge, with most assessing self-reported knowledge and only one study using an objective measure of knowledge (Barnett, Beaussant, King, & Doblin, 2022). Broadly, health professionals had limited knowledge of PAP (Barnett et al., 2022; Davis, Agin-Liebes, España, Pilecki, & Luoma, 2022; Mayer, LeBaron, & Acquaviva, 2022; Meyer, Meir, Lex, & Soares, 2022; Page, McKenzie, et al., 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021), its therapeutic application (Barnett et al., 2022; Davis et al., 2022; Page, McKenzie, et al., 2021), and associated risks and benefits (Mayer et al., 2022). In Barnett et al. (2022), psychiatrists reported an incorrect overestimation of the prevalence of hallucinogen use disorder. Notably, Page, McKenzie, et al. (2021) reported that, compared to trained psychiatrists, trainees reported greater PAP knowledge due to greater exposure to psychedelic-focused research and lectures. Individuals with low knowledge reported relying on heuristics to inform their opinions, often gaining knowledge from media or news articles (Reynolds et al., 2021). One study made cultural comparisons between NZ and USA, finding that USA-based clinicians had greater awareness of psychedelics and PAP compared to those located in NZ (Reynolds et al., 2022).

In several studies, health professionals discussed the limitations in their understanding and a desire for further training (Davis et al., 2022; Page, McKenzie, et al., 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021). In one study, psychiatrists noted the importance of increasing the public's understanding and knowledge of psychedelic substances (Page, McKenzie, et al., 2021). Two of the studies described areas for training (Barnett et al., 2022; Mayer et al., 2022), including potential benefits of PAP, pharmacology, side effects, developing trust, spirituality, ethical integrity, and building proficiency in implementation. Finally, four studies included perspectives on therapist's own use of psychedelics, with therapists from the former Czechoslovakia reporting that their experimentation (while it was still legal pre-1974) was instrumental in their training and preparedness in working with patients (Winkler & Csémy, 2014). Beaussant, Tulsky, Guérin, Schwarz-Plaschg, and Sanders (2021) expressed support for therapists using psychedelics to facilitate training. However, counsellors in Hearn, Brubaker, and Richardson (2022) reported mixed views on the role of psychedelic use in training.

Appeal and perceived benefits

Eight articles investigated health professionals' perceived appeal and benefits of PAP. Greater psychedelic knowledge, being younger (Barnett, Siu, & Pope, 2018, 2022; Hearn et al., 2022; Luoma, Pilecki, Davis, & Smith, 2022), male (Barnett et al., 2018; Hearn et al., 2022; Luoma et al., 2022) and a trainee/student (Barnett et al., 2018; Hearn et al., 2022) were positively associated with appeal toward PAP, whereas, being a psychiatrist, counsellor, and longer professional experience were associated with unfavourable attitudes (Barnett et al., 2022; Hearn et al., 2022). In one sample, exposure to information created a shift from ‘hesitation’ to ‘cautious curiosity’ (Reynolds et al., 2021). Barnett et al. (2022) concluded that psychiatrists who had worked in research were more likely to see potential in psychedelic treatment and support medicinal psychedelic legalization. Cancer healthcare practitioners with research experience were more likely to refer patients to PAP trials than those without; however, they were also less likely to perceive its benefits (Reynolds et al., 2022). Finally, Luoma et al. (2022) found religiosity to be a predictor of attitudes, with religiously unaffiliated professionals expressing more positive perceptions of PAP than those who were religious.

A minority of papers touched on the existential and spiritual value of PAT. Advanced cancer and palliative care workers highlighted the nature of distress associated with a serious illness which is often overlooked by current interventions, expressing interest in the potential of PAP in this area (Beaussant et al., 2021; Mayer et al., 2022; Reynolds et al., 2021). Health professionals often framed PAP as novel and a source of hope for patients for whom “little else had worked” (Page, McKenzie, et al., 2021). Psychedelic healing practitioners spoke of psychedelic work as a platform for more openness and intimacy than conventional talk therapies (Brennan, Jackson, MacLean, & Ponterotto, 2021). Many health professionals acknowledged the rich indigenous knowledge and history behind the therapeutic use of psychedelics (Beaussant et al., 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021).

Psychiatrists in Levin et al. (2022) rated psilocybin and ketamine as safer and with greater therapeutic potential than substances such as alprazolam, methamphetamine, and alcohol. Conversely, psychologists in Davis et al. (2022) rated psychedelics as having the same comparative risk as alcohol, with opioids, cocaine, and lastly cannabis perceived as less risky. Participants in Meyer et al. (2022) held more positive attitudes towards medicinal cannabis than psilocybin.

Overall, articles indicated varying levels of acceptance from health professionals. While a majority reported interest in potential benefits, uncertainty around risks and effectiveness was also evident.

Barriers and concerns

Sixteen articles explored the perceived barriers and concerns of health professionals. The current legal status of psychedelic substances was noted as a challenge to PAP research and as impacting perceptions about the therapeutic use of psychedelics (Beaussant et al., 2021; Earleywine, Low, Lau, & De Leo, 2022; Levin et al., 2022; Page, Rehman, Syed, Forcer, & Campbell, 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021). A subset of psychiatrists in the US and UK criticized local drug policy or advocated for reform (Luoma et al., 2022; Page, Rehman, et al., 2021). For example, 77% of UK-based psychiatrists in Page, McKenzie, et al. (2021) believed that controlled or therapeutic use of psychedelics has a place in society. Among US-based psychiatrists, 90% of the sample moderately or strongly believed that the US federal government should fund research into the therapeutic potential of psychedelics (Barnett et al., 2022). Participants in the reviewed studies said further research into PAP was required (Barnett et al., 2018; Beaussant et al., 2020; Davis et al., 2022; Reynolds et al., 2021; Winkler & Csémy, 2014), with some studies making simple endorsements for further research (Barnett et al., 2018; Davis et al., 2022), and others outlining key priorities (Beaussant et al., 2021) or indicating that research needed more rigorous methodology akin to traditional drug trials to bolster safety concerns (Beaussant et al., 2020; Reynolds et al., 2021). Two studies noted that the current medical model may have limitations in its application to understanding PAP (Beaussant et al., 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021).

Several articles reported perceived risks associated with PAP, including potential psychiatric or neurocognitive risks (Barnett et al., 2018; Davis et al., 2022; Hearn et al., 2022). Between 30 and 40% of US-based psychiatrists (Davis et al., 2022) and counsellors (Hearn et al., 2022) believed that psychedelic use had cognitive and psychiatric impairment risks. Other health professionals highlighted their responsibility not to cause harm (Reynolds et al., 2021), with some mixed views on whether it is possible to eliminate all possible harms associated with PAP (Winkler & Csémy, 2014). Due to the perceived potency of the psychedelic experience, microdosing was suggested as a potential alternative to full-dose treatment. However, there were concerns that the reduced potency may be associated with reduced efficacy (Reynolds et al., 2021). In a quasi-experimental survey of psychologists' attitudes, participants were twice as likely to warn a potential client about the risks of a psychedelic retreat than a meditation retreat. They were also less open to PAP as compared to a medication-assisted (methadone or suboxone) treatment for people with substance use disorder (Davis et al., 2022).

Ceremonial ayahuasca leaders noted unique risks, including participants potentially misrepresenting themselves to gain access to a ceremony, lack of proper integration practices, or concomitant use of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, or alcohol (Callon, Williams, & Lafrance, 2021). Others indicated that although PAP may be beneficial for certain populations, there may be higher risk among other patient populations (Beaussant et al., 2020; Page, Rehman, et al., 2021), including those that may be receiving treatments that pose contraindications (Barnett et al., 2022; Reynolds et al., 2021). Ethical challenges associated with PAP were also noted, including heightened power differentials between therapist and participant, greater risk of transference and countertransference, concerns about embodiment or sexual expression, client vulnerability and reduced autonomy, as well as challenges associated with different availability needs compared to other therapy (Brennan et al., 2021; Earleywine et al., 2022).

Similarly, participants identified several implementation characteristics that differ from other therapeutic modalities. Beaussant et al. (2020) outlined essential features of PAP, such as preparation and integration, therapeutic alliance and boundaries, and education needs for patients, carers, and providers. Also noted were institutional requirements, including appropriate therapeutic settings, the need for interdisciplinary teams, and defining the training and certification requirements. In the context of these complexities, health professionals commonly reported concerns about the logistical demands of PAP, questioning how integration of PAP into other models of care would work in practice (Barnett et al., 2022; Beaussant et al., 2021; Brennan et al., 2021; Callon et al., 2021; Earleywine et al., 2022; Mayer et al., 2022; Page, Rehman, et al., 2021). UK-based psychiatrists stated they felt unprepared to participate in the delivery of PAP (Page, Rehman, et al., 2021), with many asking who would be responsible (Beaussant et al., 2020; Mayer et al., 2022; Page, Rehman, et al., 2021). Finally, proper patient and public education to ensure adequate preparedness (Beaussant et al., 2020; Callon et al., 2021) and buffer unrealistic hopes (Earleywine et al., 2022) were reported as a priority.

Patients

Six of the 29 studies included the perspectives of patients. This included mental health service users and patients with specific diagnoses such as eating disorders, depression, and fibromyalgia.

Knowledge

Four articles explored patient self-reported knowledge of PAP, with knowledge generally low. As might be expected, patients with previous psychedelic experience reported greater awareness, interest, and knowledge than those without (Corrigan et al., 2022; Glynos, Pierce, Davis, McAfee, and Boehnke, 2022). Patients endorsed a need for more information about interventions (Harding et al., 2021; Jilka et al., 2019) and noted concerns about health professionals' lack of PAP knowledge, reporting feeling misunderstood and guilty when disclosing their personal use of ketamine to treat depression (Jilka et al., 2019).

Appeal and benefits

Five articles addressed the perceived appeal or benefits of PAP among patients. Corrigan et al. (2022) was the only article to explore predictors of appeal with favourable attitudes toward psychedelics associated with having a diagnosis that was indicated for PAP, previous psychedelic use, being younger, employed, and having no religious affiliation. Such participants were more likely to accept psilocybin if recommended by their doctor and to come off medication to do so. Additionally, males had a higher lifetime use and psychedelic knowledge than females. However, no association was found between education level and beliefs.

Harding et al. (2021) consulted patients with eating disorders and found they were overall ambivalent towards existing pharmacological and psychological treatments. While many were satisfied with their current treatment, especially psychological therapy, a significant portion had considered novel treatments such as PAP, in part due to the significant impact of living with their diagnosis. Jilka et al. (2019) consulted people diagnosed with depression and found their experiences with antidepressant medications to sometimes be a long, uncertain process. For these participants, ketamine's rapid effect contributed to its appeal. Broadly, participants accepted ketamine to be effective in managing depression, despite noting gaps in current research. In another study, 30% of mental health service users agreed that psilocybin could be helpful for their mental health problems (Corrigan et al., 2022). Finally, most fibromyalgia patients surveyed by Glynos, Pierce, et al (2022) believed psychedelics could treat chronic pain and would be willing to participate in a clinical trial exploring efficacy.

Barriers and concerns

Six articles exploring patients' attitudes reported barriers to accessing PAP, with concerns about funding, regulations, and stigma being prominent themes. Of mental health service users in Corrigan et al. (2022), 52% agreed that the government should fund psilocybin studies. The cost of accessing the drug itself was a concern for patients when discussing the therapeutic use of ketamine for depression (Jilka et al., 2019, 2021), with patients suggesting that clinicians might be hesitant to prescribe due to a lack of NHS funding and high prices from pharmaceutical companies (Jilka et al., 2021). Concerningly, another group of patients was willing to buy ketamine off the street if it was cheaper than an NHS prescription (Jilka et al., 2019). Among fibromyalgia patients, 36% of the psychedelic naïve participants noted the legal status of psychedelics as one of the reasons they would not want to participate in a clinical trial (Glynos, Pierce, et al., 2022).

Patients also discussed regulations they would like to see if PAT was to be effectively implemented. Some patients felt a need to address the reputation of ketamine as an addictive party drug (Jilka et al., 2019, 2021), suggesting this could be achieved via public education campaigns and regulations (Jilka et al., 2021). However, concerns about stigma were not universal; almost half of one sample of patients with eating disorders stated they had no concerns about stigma. Patients with depression were divided on the appropriate location for ketamine administration, with equal portions supporting and opposing clinic-based administration (Jilka et al., 2019). Most agreed that psychiatrists should be able to prescribe the drugs and were open to shifting the responsibility to a trained GP after initial monitoring to ensure side effects, costs, and qualifying criteria are appropriately managed.

Six of the patient-focused articles included commentary about side effects (Corrigan et al., 2022; Glynos, Pierce, et al., 2022; Harding et al., 2021; Jilka et al., 2019, 2021; Spriggs et al., 2021). A minority of participants expressed concerns, with these being a rationale for their unwillingness to try PAP (Corrigan et al., 2022; Glynos, Pierce, et al., 2022; Harding et al., 2021). However, in other studies, participants were willing to risk side effects if treatments might improve their depressive symptoms (Jilka et al., 2019, 2021). Another study reported that participants found the concept of a full psychedelic experience intimidating, citing a reluctance to give up control, but noted possible solutions to overcome this discomfort (e.g., adequate information/preparation, trust with guides) (Spriggs et al., 2021).

Public

Six of the 29 articles reported on public perceptions of PAP. The public samples were diverse and included parents, college students, nightclub attendees, psychedelic conference participants, and those involved in psychedelic online forums.

Knowledge

Most articles examining public perceptions of PAP addressed some aspect of knowledge. The Croatian general public's objectively assessed knowledge of psychedelics was moderate (median score 64/100) (Žuljević et al., 2022). US college students self-reported their knowledge, with half agreeing/strongly agreeing they were “knowledgeable about hallucinogenic drugs”. However, 74% of the sample were unaware of current research into hallucinogenic research (Wildberger et al., 2017). Naturalistic users of psychedelics demonstrated relatively good objective knowledge, being generally aware of recent clinical trials, with most correctly identifying target disorders for which efficacy has been established (Kruger, Glynos, Fields, Herberholz, & Boehnke, 2022). About two-thirds of this sample also demonstrated a good understanding of current psychedelics regulations and therapeutic approaches to PAP. One-third of UK nightclub attendees were aware of the recent approval of esketamine for treating depression (Grabski, Waldron, Freeman, van Laar, & Curran, 2022). Finally, among psychedelic activism event attendees, 21% perceived healthcare providers to have poor knowledge of psychedelics and PAP (Glynos, Fields, et al., 2022).

Appeal and benefits

Five articles explored the perceived appeal and benefits of PAP among the public. The majority of US college students had neutral opinions about the therapeutic use of psychedelics, with only 33% indicating support (Wildberger et al., 2017). Among the Croatian general public, those who were younger, male, and had a lower educational status, expressed more positive attitudes towards PAP (Žuljević et al., 2022). Among nightclub attendees in the UK, those who were aware of the recent approval of esketamine compared to those unaware reported greater endorsement of ketamine as a safe and effective treatment for depression (Grabski et al., 2022). In a survey of naturalistic psychedelic users, 71% stated they would be highly likely to accept PAP by a trained therapist if it were legal (Glynos, Fields, et al., 2022). A survey of parents exploring attitudes towards ketamine treatment for adolescent mood disorders, reported high acceptability of ketamine use, albeit with significantly higher acceptability ratings for use with suicidality than bipolar or MDD (Mathai et al., 2021). Individuals with a bachelor's degree (or higher) and those with a self-reported family history of mood disorders had significantly higher acceptability ratings, whereas, income did not affect ratings. Greater familiarity with other treatments, personal experience, satisfaction with antidepressants, and comfort with their children using psychiatric medication were all associated with higher acceptability.

Barriers and concerns

Common barriers and concerns included perceived risks, side effects, and problems with PAP administration. In a sample of US college students, the majority supported further psychedelic research and thought this should be federally funded (Wildberger et al., 2017). Regarding safety, a majority of the students believed that psychedelics are ‘unhealthy’ and addictive, with an equal proportion agreeing and disagreeing that hallucinogenic drugs could be safely enjoyed recreationally. Among nightclub attendees, those unaware of the recent esketamine policy change had higher risk perceptions of medicinal ketamine than those who were aware. The risk associated with recreational ketamine use was rated equally high between these two groups, suggesting that the policy change impacted risk perceptions of medicinal use but not recreational use (Grabski et al., 2022). Among naturalistic psychedelic users, participants reported stigma (56%), privacy (41%), and legality (38%) as reasons not to speak to their primary healthcare provider (PCP) about psychedelic use (Glynos, Fields, et al., 2022). Those who had spoken with their PCP about psychedelics were more likely to be older, have greater lifetime usage, and were more willing to engage in PAP with a trained guide, with 52% stating they felt very comfortable when speaking to their PCP about their psychedelic use. Parents primary concern about ketamine being prescribed to adolescents with mood disorders included potential side effects and lack of FDA approval, with less frequently reported concerns including abuse potential, age of the child, and the child's own treatment decision-making capacity (Mathai et al., 2021). Concerns about side effects varied depending on the diagnosis/application, with the proportion reporting concern being greatest for MDD, less for bipolar, and less again for suicidality. Furthermore, there appeared to be less hesitation and more willingness if the treatment was shorter and less invasive, with participants showing a preference for nasal spray administration, followed by oral/sublingual, intravenous infusion, and intramuscular injection.

Reporting biases

All articles included in this review were of moderate to high quality. Across the stakeholder groups, research focused on patient populations had the highest quality rating (91%), followed by health professionals (86%), and then finally public (85%). Using the QuADS criteria, the most common limitations were poorly outlined rationale or consideration of sample size requirements and limited evidence of stakeholder consultation regarding research design or processes. Some articles also included a limited rationale for the choice of data collection tools and incomplete reporting of recruitment data. On average, quantitative studies had lower quality ratings (81%) than both mixed methods (91%) and qualitative research (91%).

Discussion

This review explored knowledge, perceived appeal or benefits, and barriers or concerns among three key stakeholder groups; health professionals, patients, and the public. Despite these three groups having different perspectives and priorities, several similarities were observed, including generally low knowledge about PAP and shared support of continued research. Below, findings are discussed in relation to relevant literature in other contexts, and future research directions are considered.

The finding that knowledge (primarily self-reported) was generally low across all groups is consistent with other emerging treatment modalities (Stern et al., 2016). In health professionals, being a trainee predicted higher knowledge, likely resulting from evolving clinical training curricula (Page, Rehman, et al., 2021). Exposure to recent research appears to shift opinion, with one study reporting that participants expressed “cautious curiosity” and increased positive perceptions following an information session (Reynolds et al., 2021). It is common practice for naturalistic users to seek information about psychedelics (Kruger, Enghoff, Herberholz, Barron, & Boehnke, 2023). Among the reviewed studies, previous use of psychedelics consistently predicted greater awareness, interest, and knowledge. Patients and public both perceive health professionals to have low or limited knowledge of PAP, which appears to reflect health professionals' own opinions outlined in this review. Some research suggests that naturalistic users rarely defer to health professionals as a trusted source of knowledge (Kruger et al., 2023), as evidenced by reported fears of stigma and judgment. Removing barriers for patients to approach health professionals about psychedelic use should be a priority, moving away from abstinence-based approaches towards more compassionate and destigmatizing acceptance of patient autonomy (Gorman, Nielson, Molinar, Cassidy, & Sabbagh, 2021). Of note, only three of the reviewed papers assessed knowledge objectively (Barnett et al., 2022; Kruger et al., 2022; Žuljević et al., 2022), and the remaining 26 assessed self-reported knowledge. Due to the subjective nature of these ratings', knowledge-based findings should be interpreted with caution (Tracey et al., 1998). It would be beneficial for future research to utilise more objective measures of knowledge; this will allow a better understanding of current gaps and target areas for education and training purposes.

Most participants expressed favourable views towards PAP, especially those younger, male, or with greater psychedelic knowledge or experience. Our finding that lack of religious affiliation predicted more favourable attitudes in patients reflects previously established links between religion and perceived immorality of drug use (Stylianou, 2004). Greater familiarity with other treatment modalities, including those considered more ‘extreme’ or invasive, such as pharmacological interventions or electroconvulsive therapy, appeared to make PAP more attractive. Similarly, the more severe the target disorder, the more likely parents in this sample were to be accepting of a psychedelic (ketamine) as a treatment (i.e., suicidality vs mild depression), suggesting varying risk tolerance and matching treatment decision processes outlined in previous research (Gaudiano, Ellenberg, Schofield, & Rifkin, 2016; Rajendran et al., 2012; Rodenburg-Vandenbussche et al., 2018).

PAP was noted as novel and exciting among health professionals and patient populations. There appeared to be a high degree of willingness to try these treatments among patients and the public, with the recognition that there was still uncertainty surrounding potential risks and efficacy. Official statements from the American Psychiatric Association highlight these uncertainties, expressing concerns that the combination of public and commercial interests and the need for efficacious treatments for challenging conditions will lead to psychedelic usage outpacing evidence-based research (Knopf, 2022). This hesitation and lack of endorsement likely explain why many in the psychiatric profession were unlikely to report full support for PAP.

All three groups commented on the legal status of psychedelics as a barrier to access. Health professionals' criticisms of current scheduling mirrors evidence asserting that drug policy does not accurately reflect the real risks or harms posed by psychedelics (Nutt, King, & Phillips, 2010) and perpetuates the stigma associated with PAP (Nutt et al., 2013). This review provides some initial evidence to refute concerns about the role media coverage and shifting drug policy may have in reducing risk perceptions of recreational usage (Government, 2022; Grabski et al., 2022). Awareness of the recent approval of esketamine for depression in the UK led to lower risk perceptions of therapeutic but not recreational usage, suggesting that the public can distinguish between these two applications. However, as approvals lag in some places and move forward in others, increases in underground therapy and black-market drug use may still increase (Andersson, Persson, & Kjellgren, 2017; Inserra, 2019; Jade, 2018, pp. 1–6), suggesting a need for improvements in education, regulations, and more precise differentiation between recreational and therapeutic applications.

The potential side effects or risks of PAP were reported as a concern across all groups. However, some patients engaged in a form of risk-benefit analysis common in treatment decision-making (Wouters et al., 2014), indicating a willingness to try such treatments if they had promise while also acknowledging potential risks. Health professionals reported concerns about psychiatric and neurocognitive risks, highlighting the need to consider the vulnerabilities of certain populations and any contraindications. Several questions or concerns surrounding implementation were noted, with strong, consistent themes among the three groups. The eventual cost of treatment was perceived as a possible barrier to access, and participants reported uncertainty about who, how, and where PAP would be delivered. PAP has different time, logistical, and ethical characteristics compared to other treatment modalities, with these issues needing clarification before treatment adoption (Belouin et al., 2022).

Nearly all research included in this review was impacted by self-selection bias and limited diversity. Although some studies utilized random sampling, low response rates mean the resultant samples may not have been representative of the broader populations. Those who agreed to participate in these studies may have had more polarised views, or more familiarity with psychedelics, inherently limiting the generalisability of this work. Furthermore, low diversity was a consistent limitation. Low cultural and ethnic diversity is commonly reported across psychedelic studies (Michaels, Purdon, Collins, & Williams, 2018), which not only does a disservice to the rich indigenous history of psychedelics but limits the appropriate development of PAP to meet the needs of indigenous, minority ethnic, and cultural groups. Research exploring the perspectives of these groups is of immense importance to help guide the direction and development of psychedelic interventions. Of the included studies, only four included commentary on the indigenous history of psychedelics and the role modern research could play in amplifying these voices (Beaussant et al., 2020, 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021, 2022). Participants in these studies also commented on the potential limitations of the medical model to fully capture and comprehend the psychedelic experience (Beaussant et al., 2021; Reynolds et al., 2021), further highlighting the integral role that traditional knowledge or non-western models of well-being can have in psychedelic research.

Strengths and limitations

This review explores the perspectives of three key stakeholder groups relevant to PAP. The development of psychedelic research is dependent on the views of these groups in unique ways; professionals may have a direct hand in the design of research, patient perspectives impact uptake and participation, and the public contribute to the broader social narrative surrounding psychedelics and psychedelic interventions. All three groups may also impact governmental or legislative action in this area.

Although this review aimed to define explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, discrepancies in definitions and terminology led to a re-evaluation of the criteria after the initial search had been conducted. Furthermore, not all of the included studies addressed each of the objectives. Although the likelihood of this occurring was outlined a priori, it limited our ability to make inferences between the frequency of an outcome and its relative importance among stakeholder groups. Additionally, our definition of ‘public’ created a somewhat disparate group, defined by what they were not rather than what they were, i.e., those not providing or receiving treatment.

Conclusions

As interest in psychedelics and their therapeutic potential grow, health professionals need to be educated on the evidence base regarding their therapeutic use. It is vital that patients feel comfortable discussing psychedelics with their health professionals and that, in turn, providers be knowledgeable in their responses. Well-informed health professionals may mitigate risks associated with self-experimentation or seeking underground access to psychedelics (Andersson et al., 2017; Jade, 2018, pp. 1–6). Furthermore, there needs to be clarification on how PAP training is delivered, who may be eligible to receive this training, and what type of regulations or oversight may be necessary (Belouin et al., 2022; Gorman et al., 2021) and training programs must provide guidance on the ethical challenges associated with working with people experiencing altered states of consciousness.

Future research should also consider how people acquire knowledge, the types of sources they are exposed to, and their impact on perceptions. Most people have been exposed to media messages and hype regarding PAP. This effect has been termed ‘dark loops,’ and further research is necessary, both to develop accurate methods of measuring the effect and to consider the impact of different methods of management (Noorani, Bedi, & Muthukumaraswamy, 2022). Finally, as discussed earlier, the lack of diversity across all areas of psychedelic science should be of great importance to researchers in this field.

Acknowledgements

The author AW was supported by a University of Auckland Doctoral Scholarship, and the author MF was supported by a University of Auckland Summer Research Scholarship.

References

  • Andersson, M., Persson, M., & Kjellgren, A. (2017). Psychoactive substances as a last resort-a qualitative study of self-treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0186-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barnett, B. S., Beaussant, Y., King, F., & Doblin, R. (2022). Psychedelic knowledge and opinions in psychiatrists at two professional conferences: An exploratory survey. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 54(3), 269277. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1957183.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barnett, B. S., Siu, W. O., & Pope, H. G. (2018). A survey of American psychiatrists’ attitudes toward classic hallucinogens. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(6), 476480. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000828.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Beaussant, Y., Sanders, J., Sager, Z., Tulsky, J. A., Braun, I. M., Blinderman, C. D., Bossis, A. P., & Byock, I. (2020). Defining the roles and research priorities for psychedelic-assisted therapies in patients with serious illness: Expert clinicians’ and investigators’ perspectives. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 23(10), 13231334. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2019.0603.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Beaussant, Y., Tulsky, J., Guérin, B., Schwarz-Plaschg, C., & Sanders, J. J. (2021). Mapping an agenda for psychedelic-assisted therapy research in patients with serious illness. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 24(11), 16571666. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0764.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Belouin, S. J., Averill, L. A., Henningfield, J. E., Xenakis, S. N., Donato, I., Grob, C. S., Berger, A., Magar, V., Danforth, A. L., & Anderson, B. T. (2022). Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines. Neuropharmacology, 219(September), 109214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brennan, W., Jackson, M. A., MacLean, K., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2021). A qualitative exploration of relational ethical challenges and practices in psychedelic healing. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 131. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211045265.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Callon, C., Williams, M., & Lafrance, A. (2021). “Meeting the medicine halfway”: Ayahuasca ceremony leaders’ perspectives on preparation and integration practices for participants. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 127. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211043300.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I., & Kaelen, M. (2018). Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 725731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Corrigan, K., Haran, M., McCandliss, C., McManus, R., Cleary, S., Trant, R., Kelly, Y., Ledden, K., Rush, G., O’Keane, V., & Kelly, J. R. (2022). Psychedelic perceptions: Mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 191(3), 13851397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, A. K., Agin-Liebes, G., España, M., Pilecki, B., & Luoma, J. (2022). Attitudes and beliefs about the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs among psychologists in the United States. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 54(4), 309318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1971343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Earleywine, M., Low, F., Lau, C., & De Leo, J. (2022). Integration in psychedelic-assisted treatments: Recurring themes in current providers’ definitions, challenges, and concerns. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 118. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678221085800.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gaudiano, B. A., Ellenberg, S. R., Schofield, C. A., & Rifkin, L. S. (2016). A randomized survey of the public’s expectancies and willingness to participate in clinical trials of antidepressants versus psychotherapy for depression. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.15m01879.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glynos, N. G., Fields, C. W., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., Kruger, D. J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2022a). Naturalistic psychedelic use: A world apart from clinical care. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 00(00), 110. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2108356.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glynos, N. G., Pierce, J., Davis, A. K., McAfee, J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2022b). Knowledge, perceptions, and use of psychedelics among individuals with fibromyalgia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 55(1), 7384. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.2022817.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M., Molinar, A., Cassidy, K., & Sabbagh, J. (2021). Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A transtheoretical model for clinical practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(March), 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government, open access (2022). More and more Americans are taking hallucinogenic drugs. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/more-and-more-americans-are-taking-hallucinogenic-drugs/142028/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grabski, M., Waldron, J., Freeman, T. P., van Laar, M., & Curran, H. V. (2022). Is approving esketamine as an antidepressant for treatment resistant depression associated with recreational use and risk perception of ketamine? Results from a longitudinal and cross-sectional survey in nightlife attendees. International Journal of Drug Policy, 102, 103612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103612.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harding, F., Seynaeve, M., Keeler, J., Himmerich, H., Treasure, J., & Kan, C. (2021). Perspectives on psychedelic treatment and research in eating disorders: A web-based questionnaire study of people with eating disorders. Neuro-signals, 20(3), 551560. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2003059.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harrison, R., Jones, B., Gardner, P., & Lawton, R. (2021). Quality assessment with diverse studies (QuADS): An appraisal tool for methodological and reporting quality in systematic reviews of mixed- or multi- method studies. BMC Health Services Research, 21, 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06122-y.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hearn, B. G., Brubaker, M. D., & Richardson, G. (2022). Counselors’ attitudes toward psychedelics and their use in therapy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 100(4), 364373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12429.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Inserra, A. (2019). Current status of psychedelic therapy in Australia and New Zealand: Are we falling behind? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(3), 190192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418824018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jade, R. (2018). Integrating underground psychedelic use: A cautionary note for licensed health care providers, Vol. 1(c). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3181334.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jilka, S., Murray, C., Wieczorek, A., Griffiths, H., Wykes, T., & McShane, R. (2019). Exploring patients’ and carers’ views about the clinical use of ketamine to inform policy and practical decisions: Mixed-methods study. BJPsych Open, 5(5), 16. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.52.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jilka, S., Odoi, C. M., Wilson, E., Meran, S., Simblett, S., & Wykes, T. (2021). Ketamine treatment for depression: Qualitative study exploring patient views. BJPsych Open, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.165.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knopf, A. (2022). Psychiatry organization does not endorse psychedelic treatment. Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 34(31), 56. https://doi.org/10.1002/adaw.33520.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kruger, D. J., Enghoff, O., Herberholz, M., Barron, J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2023). “How do I learn more about this?”: Utilization and trust of psychedelic information sources among people naturalistically using psychedelics. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 00(00), 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2201263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kruger, D. J., Glynos, N. G., Fields, C. W., Herberholz, M., & Boehnke, K. F. (2022). An assessment of psychedelic knowledge among people using psychedelics naturalistically. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 00(00), 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2142709.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levin, A., Nagib, P. B., Deiparine, S., Gao, T., Mitchell, J., & Davis, A. K. (2022). Inconsistencies between national drug policy and professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy, 108, 103816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103816.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luoma, J. B., Pilecki, B., Davis, A. K., & Smith, S. M. (2022). Predictors of attitudes toward psychedelics among psychologists in the USA. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 0(0), 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2022.2117022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maia, L. O., Beaussant, Y., & Garcia, A. C. M. (2022). The therapeutic potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness: A systematic review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 63(6), e725e738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mathai, D. S., McCathern, A. G., Guzick, A. G., Schneider, S. C., Weinzimmer, S. A., Cepeda, S. L., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Storch, E. A. (2021). Parental attitudes toward use of ketamine in adolescent mood disorders and suicidality. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 31(8), 553561. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2021.0078.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mayer, C. E., LeBaron, V. T., & Acquaviva, K. D. (2022). Exploring the use of psilocybin therapy for existential distress: A qualitative study of palliative care provider perceptions. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 54(1), 8192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1916659.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meyer, T. D., Meir, P., Lex, C., & Soares, J. C. (2022). Magic Mushrooms – an exploratory look at how mental health professionals feel and think about Psilocybin. Psychiatry Research, 316(August 2021), 114727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114727.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Michaels, T. I., Purdon, J., Collins, A., & Williams, M. T. (2018). Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: A review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Forsyth, A., & Lumley, T. (2021). Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(9), 11331152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S., Forsyth, A., & Sumner, R. L. (2022). The challenges ahead for psychedelic ‘medicine. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 00(0), 000486742210817. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221081763.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nielson, J. (2017). Psychedelic drugs: The miracle drugs of the 21st Century. Psychedelic Stock Watch. https://psychedelicstockwatch.com/psychedelic-stock-news/psychedelic-drugs-the-miracle-drugs-of-the-21st-century.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Noorani, T., Bedi, G., & Muthukumaraswamy, S. (2022). Dark Loops: Contagion effects, consistency and chemosocial matrices in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials. Psychological Medicine, 53(13), 58925901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723001289.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Nichols, D. E. (2013). Effects of schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nature Reviews, Neuroscience, 14(August 8), 577585. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3530.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet, 376(9752), 15581565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Page, M., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021a). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88(March). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Page, L., Rehman, A., Syed, H., Forcer, K., & Campbell, G. (2021b). The readiness of psychiatrists to implement psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(November), 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.743599.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rajendran, S., Sajbel, T. A., & Hartman, T. J. (2012). Factors involved in making decisions to prescribe medications for psychiatric disorders by psychiatrists: A survey study. Psychiatric Quarterly, 83(3), 271280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-011-9197-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reiff, C. M., Richman, E. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Carpenter, L. L., Widge, A. S., Rodriguez, C. I., Kalin, N. H., & McDonald, W. M. (2020). Psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5), 391410. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reynolds, L. M., Akroyd, A., Sundram, F., Stack, A., Muthukumaraswamy, S., & Evans, W. J. (2021). Cancer healthcare workers’ perceptions toward psychedelic-assisted therapy: A preliminary investigation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158160.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reynolds, L. M., Barnett, B., Weleff, J., Morunga, E., Wells, A., Stack, A., Akroyd, A., Hoeh, N., Sundram, F., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Lawrence, N., & Evans, W. J. (2022). The perceptions of cancer health-care practitioners in New Zealand and the USA toward psychedelic-assisted therapy with cancer patients: A cross-sectional survey. Palliative & Supportive Care, 110. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951522001481.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rodenburg-Vandenbussche, S., Carlier, I. V. E., van Vliet, I. M., van Hemert, A. M., Stiggelbout, A. M., & Zitman, F. G. (2018). Clinical and sociodemographic associations with treatment selection in major depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 54(June 2018), 1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.06.004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schlag, A. K., Aday, J., Salam, I., Neill, J. C., & Nutt, D. J. (2022). Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(3), 258272. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069100.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spriggs, M. J., Douglass, H. M., Park, R. J., Read, T., Danby, J. L., de Magalhães, F. J. C., Alderton, K. L., Williams, T. M., Blemings, A., Lafrance, A., Nicholls, D. E., Erritzoe, D., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Study protocol for “psilocybin as a treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A pilot study”. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(October), 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stern, A. P., Boes, A. D., Haller, C. S., Bloomingdale, K., Pascual-Leone, A., & Press, D. Z. (2016). Psychiatrists’ attitudes toward transcranial magnetic stimulation. Biological Psychiatry, 80(7), e55e56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.027.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stylianou, S. (2004). The role of religiosity in the opposition to drug use. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(4), 429448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X03261253.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tracey, J. M., Arrol, B., Richmond, D. E., & Barham, P. M. (1998). The validity of general practitioners’ self assessment of knowledge: Cross sectional study. Bmj: British Medical Journal, 315, 14261428. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7120.1426.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wildberger, J. I., John, C. N., & Hallock, R. M. (2017). Perceptions of the medicinal value of hallucinogenic drugs among college students. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 1(2), 5054. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.01.2017.008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Winkler, P., & Csémy, L. (2014). Self-experimentations with psychedelics among mental health professionals: LSD in the former Czechoslovakia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46(1), 1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.873158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wouters, H., Van Dijk, L., Van Geffen, E. C. G., Gardarsdottir, H., Stiggelbout, A. M., & Bouvy, M. L. (2014). Primary-care patients’ trade-off preferences with regard to antidepressants. Psychological Medicine, 44(11), 23012308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713003103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yaden, D. B., Potash, J. B., & Griffiths, R. R. (2022). Preparing for the bursting of the psychedelic hype bubble. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(10), 943944. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032994.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Žuljević, M. F., Buljan, I., Leskur, M., Kaliterna, M., Hren, D., & Duplančić, D. (2022). Validation of a new instrument for assessing attitudes on psychedelics in the general population. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23056-5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation

Appendix 1: Summary of included studies

ReferenceCountryAim of studyParticipants (type)Sample sizeStudy designMethodologyOutcomesKey findings
Barnett et al. (2022)USATo explore psychiatrists' opinions on the therapeutic use of psychedelicsHealth Professionals. Psychiatrists104Cross-sectional survey, quantPsychiatrists attending PAP presentations at two conferences, recruited before entry to complete an anonymous survey.Survey assessed participants' psychedelic knowledge, opinions, concerns around legalisation, educational interests, and sources of information.Participants had favourable attitudes towards psychedelic treatments, and supported legalisation for medicinal use.

Perceived barriers included, lack of training and education. Concerns included complicated administration factors like time demands, logistics and use with patients with contraindications.
Barnett et al. (2018)USATo explore American psychiatrists' attitudes towards classic hallucinogensHealth Professionals. Resident-fellows, attending psychiatrists324Cross-sectional survey, quantRandomly selected members of the American Psychological Association were emailed an online anonymous survey.Opinions on the potential and risks of hallucinogenic use. Attitudes towards medical supervision, legal and research status.Hallucinogens were viewed as potentially risky, with possible psychiatric and cognitive complications. Support for restrictions on recreational use and further research into therapeutic potential. Large minority optimistic about use of psychedelics for psychiatric treatment.
Beaussant et al. (2020)USATo explore expert views on psychedelic assisted therapy with patients with serious illness.Health Professionals. Experts in serious illness care and/or psychedelic research17Cross sectional, qualitative semi structured interviewSemi-structured interviews conducted in person or via video.Concerns, potential, research priorities, and delivery associated with PAP.Mixed view, both support for potential and concern about vulnerable population. Prioritise research for people with psychiatric distress. Need for safety and efficacy guidelines to guide integration into existing models of care.
Beaussant et al. (2021)USATo outline the research agenda on the use of psychedelic assisted therapies with people with serious illnessHealth Professionals. Targeting experts in treating those with serious illnesses.19Focus groups, qualTwo-day seminar, small and large focus groups. Preconference interviews guided seminar agenda.Four key areas, perspectives on historical context, existing research, current priorities, and outlining future directions (possible issues and fostering collaboration).Seven key areas, four in the science and design of PAP (indications, therapeutic protocols, set/setting, mechanism of action) and three pertaining to institutional and societal drivers (education/certification, regulation/funding, diversity/inclusion).
Brennan et al. (2021)USATo understand the unique relational challenges faced by psychedelic practitioners and the practices they utilise to cope with thisHealth Professionals. Practitioners with experience administering MDMA/psilocybin in underground settings23Cross sectional, Semi-structured interview, qualParticipants completed a one-on-one anonymous phone interview. Transcripts underwent thematic analysisInterested in the ethical barriers and challenges presented by psychedelic healing work. Ethical practices to navigate these were noted.Participants identified unique ethical challenges associated with PAP (nudity, touch, therapist use of psychedelics, transference, supervision, scope of competence) and practice solutions (personal therapeutic work, supervision/consultation and attentiveness).
Callon et al. (2021)CanadaGain insight from ayahuasca ceremony leaders to improve outcomes and minimize risk associated with ayahuasca useHealth Professionals. Ayahuasca ceremony leaders15Semi-structured interview, qual90-min semi-structured phone interview, qualitative content analysis.Specific preparation and integration practices were of key interestParticipants reported on safe an effective preparatory and integration practices, noting a need to develop evidence-based practices utilised by all practitioners, engage in quality training, and consider implementation characteristics.
Corrigan et al. (2022)IrelandUnderstand mental health service users' perceptions of psilocybin therapy and psychedelicsPatients. Mental health service users99Cross sectional quantitative surveyParticipants recruited from a community mental health services and a hospital. Completed survey.Acceptability, concerns and attitudes towards safety were of interest. Diagnosis, age, previous experience and religion were also analysed.A majority of participants agreed that psilocybin should be granted medical status and approved of further research into its medicinal value. Those who were younger, had psychedelic experience, and were non-religious had more favourable attitudes towards PAP.
Davis et al. (2022)USAExplore psychologists' attitudes and beliefs about psychedelics and the use of psilocybin therapyHealth Professionals. Psychologists366Cross sectional, quasi-experimental survey, quantRecruitment via email database of psychologists in the US. Completed an electronic survey.Assessed attitudes towards psychedelics, vignettes comparing PAP to other treatments for multiple disorders.Participants tended to hold favourable attitudes towards general psychedelic experiences but maintained caution and concern around the psychiatric and cognitive risks of psilocybin therapy. Participants lacked necessary knowledge to recommend treatment.
Earleywine et al. (2022)USATo define integration therapy and understand perspectives and concerns of therapistsHealth Professionals. Integration therapists30Cross sectional, Semi-structured interviews, mixed methodSemi-structured interviews underwent thematic analysis. Quantitative analysis was used to understand the varying presence of themes.To highlight recurring themes in participants definitions of integration. Note challenges across personal practice and the field as a wholeIntegration was summarised as a bridge across the psychedelic experience to everyday life.

Challenges in therapy mentioned were a lack of client engagement or resistance and the need for self-care for the therapists. General concerns included commercialisation of PAP, unrealistic expectations, power imbalance, and the importance of collaboration between service providers.
Glynos, Fields, et al. (2022)USAUnderstand naturalistic psychedelic use and its relationship to healthcarePublic. Attendees of a psychedelic activism event, users of psychedelic social media forums.1,435Cross sectional, survey, quantParticipants recruited in-person at a psychedelic activism event and online, to complete an anonymous online survey.Key questions revolved around the disclosure of psychedelic use to participants healthcare providers. Outcomes of personal psychedelic self-medication was also investigated.Most participants did not discuss or disclose psychedelic use with their health care provider. Main concerns identified included stigma, legal barriers, and a perceived lack of knowledgeable health care providers. There was interest in legal access to PAP.
Glynos, Pierce, Davis, McAfee, and Boehnke (2022)USA, CanadaTo investigate attitudes, uses and perceptions of psychedelics among people with Fibromyalgia.Patients. People with Fibromyalgia, experienced and non354Cross sectional, quantitative survey.Participants recruited via e-mail and social media sites, to complete an online anonymous survey.To understand the Interested in motivations and barriers to psychedelic use. Investigating the relationship between psychedelic use and pain symptoms and wellbeing.Participants noted interest in psychedelic research and its potential for pain management- reporting willingness to engage in clinical trials.
Grabski et al. (2022)UKTo evaluate perceptions around recreational ketamine use, in light of esketamine being approved to treat depressionPublic. Nightclub attendees, frequent EDM festival attendees.2,415Longitudinal survey, quantitativeA part of the online Electronic Music Scene Survey, tracking drug use in five European countries (Time points: 2017, 2018, 2020)Attitudes towards, usage, and risk perceptions of ketamine use (recreational and medical antidepressant), in context of esketamine policy.No association found between the approval of medical esketamine and participants risk perception of recreational ketamine. No association with increased use either.
Harding et al. (2021)UKTo understand how people with eating disorders currently perceive psychedelic treatment and researchPatients. Eating disorders200Cross sectional, survey, mixed methodsParticipants with a self-reported diagnosis of eat disorder were recruited via social media to participate in an online survey.Beliefs and concerns of participants towards psychedelic treatment options, current use of complementary/alternative treatment modalities.Approximately half indicated willingness to engage in psychedelic research.

A moderate level of concern was reported, with participants suggesting means to reduce this concern. including, health professional education and endorsement, a safe environment, and good rapport.
Hearn et al. (2022)USATo investigate counsellors attitudes towards psychedelic assisted therapy and psychedelicsHealth Professionals. Counsellors, students, counsellor educators223Cross sectional survey, quantCounsellors were recruitment via email (list provided by licensing boards), and CESNET to complete an online survey.Perception of PAP and attitudes towards personal psychedelic use to facilitate PAP training.Mixed views on psychedelic use and PAP. Participants saw the potential of PAP with medical supervision and endorsed a need for further research.
Jilka et al. (2019)UKTo explore patients' and carers' perceptions of ketamine treatment.Patient. People with depression or addiction and their carers'44Cross sectional, mixed methods, focus groups and quantitative surveyParticipants recruited from various service user groups or organisations to participate in focus groups, with a survey component.Discussions centred around participants opinions on how ketamine should be utilised, and their priorities on how it could be prescribed and supervised.Ten themes were generated monitoring, information, effect on daily life, side-effects, recreational use, effectiveness, appropriate support, cost, stigma and therapy. Participants called for further evidence of safety, and identified access issues (travel to clinics and uninformed medical staff).
Jilka et al. (2021)UKTo explore the views of people with depression who had no experience with ketamine use. To seek recommendations on the clinical use of ketaminePatients. People with depression.14Focus group, qualitativeParticipants with a diagnosis of depression were recruited via a local hospital, previous research list, and local service-user advisory groups, to participate in 3 focus-groups and 3 member-checking sessions.Assess opinions on the clinical use, administration and monitoring of ketamine treatmentsFive themes were generated, changing public perceptions, risks, monitoring, privacy and data protection, and practical aspects. Participants were aware of public stigma associated with ketamine as a recreational drug, calling for better education, and evidence of safety. Aspects of treatment duration, administration, and accessibility were considered.
Kruger et al. (2022)USATo assess the psychedelic knowledge of people who use psychedelics naturalisticallyPublic. Naturalistic users.1,435Cross sectional, survey, quantParticipants recruited in-person at a psychedelic advocacy event and online via social media.To assess psychedelic knowledge such as classifications, legal status, efficacy, side effects.Participants tended to have “substantial” knowledge – with many correctly answering questions about legal status, clinic trials and side effects.

Participants tended to overestimate the therapeutic potential of psychedelics.
Levin et al. (2022)USATo investigate how psychiatrists' perceptions of psychoactive drugs compare to risks outlined in US drug policyHealth Professionals. Psychiatrists181Cross sectional, quasi-experimental survey, mixed methodNational convenience sample of psychiatrists, recruited via email (purchased from a marketing company).To understand how psychiatrists rate the safety, abuse potential and therapeutic potential of “non-prescribed controlled substances” AND how they align with US controlled substance act schedule.Found participants perceptions of safety and potential of these drugs did not align with current drug policy. Use of non-prescribed methamphetamine was perceived as more concerning than use of non-prescribed psilocybin or ketamine.
Luoma et al. (2022)USAInvestigate predicting factors of psychologist's attitudes towards psychedelicsHealth Professionals. Clinical or Counselling Psychologists366Cross sectional, survey, quantParticipant recruited via a purchased email database, to participate in an online survey.Perceptions of using psychedelic substances in psychotherapy, predictors of varied attitudes.Those who were male, younger, had more extensive knowledge of psychedelics, had no religious affiliation, personal experience or knowing someone with, and education was associated with more positive attitudes.
Mathai et al. (2021)USAAssess parent's attitudes towards ketamine treatment for adolescent mood disorders and suicidalityPublic. Parents283Cross sectional, survey, quantParticipants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk to complete an online survey.Investigating parents trust, preferences and concerns for the therapeutic use of ketamineParticipants displayed high acceptability levels for the therapeutic use of ketamine for suicidality and mood disorders in adolescents.

Concerns related to side effects and lack to regulation/government approval.
Mayer et al. (2022)USAInvestigate palliative care providers perceptions of psilocybin therapy for existential distress.Health Professionals. Palliative Care Providers (physician, nurse, chaplain, pharmacist)5Cross sectional, semi-structured interview, qualPurposeful sampling of an academic medical centre palliative care team, to participate in a 45-min Zoom semi-structured interview.To explore perspectives on psilocybin therapy and to gain understanding of experiences working with those with existential distress.Four themes were identified. Multi-level barriers to exploring and addressing existential distress, the duality and power of presence, suffering as an intrinsically subjective phenomenon, and uncertainty about the risks and benefits of psilocybin.
Meyer et al. (2022)USAExplore mental health professionals attitudes towards psilocybinHealth Professionals. Mental health professionals155Cross sectional, survey, quantParticipants recruited via email to participate in an online survey.Attitudes, knowledge and beliefs.

Compared effects of terminology “psilocybin” or “magic mushrooms.”
Neutral attitudes, with low self-reported knowledge. Gender, attitudes towards medicinal cannabis, psychedelic use influenced attitudes. No impact of terminology.
Page et al. (2021a,b)UKExplore psychiatrists existing knowledge and attitudes towards psychedelic assisted psychotherapyHealth Professionals. Psychiatrists at an NHS mental health trust83Cross sectional, survey; focus group, mixed methodEmail recruitment within one NHS mental health trust to participate in an online survey, with an invitation to attend a focus group.Explore potential barriers and recommendations for the implementation of PAPParticipants tended to hold positive views about the potential for such therapy. Study concluded they were not confident or trained enough to implement such treatments.

A need for professional and societal shifts was noted.
Reynolds et al. (2021)New ZealandInvestigate cancer healthcare professionals' perceptions of psychedelic-assisted therapyHealth Professionals. Advanced cancer healthcare workers/supports (doctors, nurses, psychologists, social workers)12Cross sectional, semi-structured interview, qualParticipants recruited via email to cancer services and flyers presented at clinical meetings, to participate in a semi-structured interview, thematic analysis.To assess awareness, knowledge and perceptions of the treatment use with people with advance cancer. Specifically, those who have depression and/or anxiety.Openness to PAT was generally displayed, linked to the need for effective, transformative treatment. Acceptability was shaped by the need for extensive research and ensuring safety.
Reynolds et al. (2022)New Zealand, USATo investigate cancer healthcare professionals from the US and NZ perceptions of psychedelic assisted therapyHealth Professionals. Cancer healthcare practitioners245Cross sectional, survey, quantConvenience sampling via medical networks, and social media advertisements, to participant in an anonymous online survey.Perceptions of psychedelic assisted therapy and trials, identify predictive variable, and make comparisons between US and NZ samples.Positive views of PAT potential with cancer patients, support for further research, importance of considering spiritual and indigenous perspectives. USA greater awareness, NZ greater perceived importance of spiritual/indigenous perspectives.
Spriggs et al. (2021)UKGather AN patients perceptions towards psilocybin-assisted therapy and researchPatients. Anorexia nervosa11Cross sectional, Focus groups, qualRecruited via social media advertisements to participate in an 2-h online focus group.To investigate what barriers are present in AN treatment

Defining “recovery” as according to patients.
Participants noted the lack of control over experiences in PAT was of concern. Education, communication and good rapport was a possible solution.
Wildberger et al. (2017)USAInvestigate college students' perceptions of medicinal value of hallucinogensPublic. College students124Cross-sectional survey, quantitativeRandomly recruited in two college campuses to complete a survey.Assessed potential benefits, negative effects, and self-reported knowledge of hallucinogenic drugs.Participants reluctant to agree that substances had therapeutic value, but supported further research into potential benefits.
Winkler and Csémy (2014)Czech RepublicTo follow up with mental health professionals who previously experimented with LSDHealth Professionals. Mental Health professionals22Structured interviews, qualitativeContacted authors (who had self-experimented) of LSD research (1952–1974) to participate in a structured interview.To assess attitudes towards the potential use of LSD in the mental health area.The potential benefits of LSD were supported for “didactic and auto-gnostic purposes”.
Žuljević et al. (2022)CroatiaTo develop and test a questionnaire that captures attitudes towards psychedelicsGeneral public.1,153Cross sectional, survey, quantitative.Convenience, snowballing sample of general public, using online advertisement, to complete an online survey.To assess its reliability and validity

To assess the tests scores relationship to psychedelic knowledge scores
Psychedelic knowledge was associated with attitudes.

Those who were male, younger, or had lower education status, expressed more favourable views.

  • Andersson, M., Persson, M., & Kjellgren, A. (2017). Psychoactive substances as a last resort-a qualitative study of self-treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. Harm Reduction Journal, 14(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-017-0186-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barnett, B. S., Beaussant, Y., King, F., & Doblin, R. (2022). Psychedelic knowledge and opinions in psychiatrists at two professional conferences: An exploratory survey. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 54(3), 269277. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1957183.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Barnett, B. S., Siu, W. O., & Pope, H. G. (2018). A survey of American psychiatrists’ attitudes toward classic hallucinogens. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(6), 476480. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000828.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Beaussant, Y., Sanders, J., Sager, Z., Tulsky, J. A., Braun, I. M., Blinderman, C. D., Bossis, A. P., & Byock, I. (2020). Defining the roles and research priorities for psychedelic-assisted therapies in patients with serious illness: Expert clinicians’ and investigators’ perspectives. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 23(10), 13231334. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2019.0603.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Beaussant, Y., Tulsky, J., Guérin, B., Schwarz-Plaschg, C., & Sanders, J. J. (2021). Mapping an agenda for psychedelic-assisted therapy research in patients with serious illness. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 24(11), 16571666. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0764.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Belouin, S. J., Averill, L. A., Henningfield, J. E., Xenakis, S. N., Donato, I., Grob, C. S., Berger, A., Magar, V., Danforth, A. L., & Anderson, B. T. (2022). Policy considerations that support equitable access to responsible, accountable, safe, and ethical uses of psychedelic medicines. Neuropharmacology, 219(September), 109214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109214.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Brennan, W., Jackson, M. A., MacLean, K., & Ponterotto, J. G. (2021). A qualitative exploration of relational ethical challenges and practices in psychedelic healing. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 131. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211045265.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Callon, C., Williams, M., & Lafrance, A. (2021). “Meeting the medicine halfway”: Ayahuasca ceremony leaders’ perspectives on preparation and integration practices for participants. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 127. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678211043300.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., Roseman, L., Haijen, E., Erritzoe, D., Watts, R., Branchi, I., & Kaelen, M. (2018). Psychedelics and the essential importance of context. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 725731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118754710.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Corrigan, K., Haran, M., McCandliss, C., McManus, R., Cleary, S., Trant, R., Kelly, Y., Ledden, K., Rush, G., O’Keane, V., & Kelly, J. R. (2022). Psychedelic perceptions: Mental health service user attitudes to psilocybin therapy. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 191(3), 13851397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-021-02668-2.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Davis, A. K., Agin-Liebes, G., España, M., Pilecki, B., & Luoma, J. (2022). Attitudes and beliefs about the therapeutic use of psychedelic drugs among psychologists in the United States. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 54(4), 309318. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1971343.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Earleywine, M., Low, F., Lau, C., & De Leo, J. (2022). Integration in psychedelic-assisted treatments: Recurring themes in current providers’ definitions, challenges, and concerns. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 118. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678221085800.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gaudiano, B. A., Ellenberg, S. R., Schofield, C. A., & Rifkin, L. S. (2016). A randomized survey of the public’s expectancies and willingness to participate in clinical trials of antidepressants versus psychotherapy for depression. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.15m01879.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glynos, N. G., Fields, C. W., Barron, J., Herberholz, M., Kruger, D. J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2022a). Naturalistic psychedelic use: A world apart from clinical care. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 00(00), 110. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2108356.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Glynos, N. G., Pierce, J., Davis, A. K., McAfee, J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2022b). Knowledge, perceptions, and use of psychedelics among individuals with fibromyalgia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 55(1), 7384. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.2022817.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Gorman, I., Nielson, E. M., Molinar, A., Cassidy, K., & Sabbagh, J. (2021). Psychedelic harm reduction and integration: A transtheoretical model for clinical practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(March), 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645246.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Government, open access (2022). More and more Americans are taking hallucinogenic drugs. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/more-and-more-americans-are-taking-hallucinogenic-drugs/142028/.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Grabski, M., Waldron, J., Freeman, T. P., van Laar, M., & Curran, H. V. (2022). Is approving esketamine as an antidepressant for treatment resistant depression associated with recreational use and risk perception of ketamine? Results from a longitudinal and cross-sectional survey in nightlife attendees. International Journal of Drug Policy, 102, 103612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103612.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harding, F., Seynaeve, M., Keeler, J., Himmerich, H., Treasure, J., & Kan, C. (2021). Perspectives on psychedelic treatment and research in eating disorders: A web-based questionnaire study of people with eating disorders. Neuro-signals, 20(3), 551560. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2003059.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Harrison, R., Jones, B., Gardner, P., & Lawton, R. (2021). Quality assessment with diverse studies (QuADS): An appraisal tool for methodological and reporting quality in systematic reviews of mixed- or multi- method studies. BMC Health Services Research, 21, 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06122-y.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Hearn, B. G., Brubaker, M. D., & Richardson, G. (2022). Counselors’ attitudes toward psychedelics and their use in therapy. Journal of Counseling and Development, 100(4), 364373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12429.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Inserra, A. (2019). Current status of psychedelic therapy in Australia and New Zealand: Are we falling behind? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(3), 190192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418824018.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jade, R. (2018). Integrating underground psychedelic use: A cautionary note for licensed health care providers, Vol. 1(c). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3181334.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jilka, S., Murray, C., Wieczorek, A., Griffiths, H., Wykes, T., & McShane, R. (2019). Exploring patients’ and carers’ views about the clinical use of ketamine to inform policy and practical decisions: Mixed-methods study. BJPsych Open, 5(5), 16. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2019.52.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Jilka, S., Odoi, C. M., Wilson, E., Meran, S., Simblett, S., & Wykes, T. (2021). Ketamine treatment for depression: Qualitative study exploring patient views. BJPsych Open, 7(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.165.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Knopf, A. (2022). Psychiatry organization does not endorse psychedelic treatment. Alcoholism & Drug Abuse Weekly, 34(31), 56. https://doi.org/10.1002/adaw.33520.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kruger, D. J., Enghoff, O., Herberholz, M., Barron, J., & Boehnke, K. F. (2023). “How do I learn more about this?”: Utilization and trust of psychedelic information sources among people naturalistically using psychedelics. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 00(00), 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2023.2201263.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Kruger, D. J., Glynos, N. G., Fields, C. W., Herberholz, M., & Boehnke, K. F. (2022). An assessment of psychedelic knowledge among people using psychedelics naturalistically. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 00(00), 15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2022.2142709.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Levin, A., Nagib, P. B., Deiparine, S., Gao, T., Mitchell, J., & Davis, A. K. (2022). Inconsistencies between national drug policy and professional beliefs about psychoactive drugs among psychiatrists in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy, 108, 103816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103816.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Luoma, J. B., Pilecki, B., Davis, A. K., & Smith, S. M. (2022). Predictors of attitudes toward psychedelics among psychologists in the USA. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 0(0), 17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2022.2117022.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Maia, L. O., Beaussant, Y., & Garcia, A. C. M. (2022). The therapeutic potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies for symptom control in patients diagnosed with serious illness: A systematic review. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 63(6), e725e738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2022.01.024.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mathai, D. S., McCathern, A. G., Guzick, A. G., Schneider, S. C., Weinzimmer, S. A., Cepeda, S. L., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Storch, E. A. (2021). Parental attitudes toward use of ketamine in adolescent mood disorders and suicidality. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 31(8), 553561. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2021.0078.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Mayer, C. E., LeBaron, V. T., & Acquaviva, K. D. (2022). Exploring the use of psilocybin therapy for existential distress: A qualitative study of palliative care provider perceptions. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 54(1), 8192. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2021.1916659.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Meyer, T. D., Meir, P., Lex, C., & Soares, J. C. (2022). Magic Mushrooms – an exploratory look at how mental health professionals feel and think about Psilocybin. Psychiatry Research, 316(August 2021), 114727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114727.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Michaels, T. I., Purdon, J., Collins, A., & Williams, M. T. (2018). Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: A review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1824-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Forsyth, A., & Lumley, T. (2021). Blinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 14(9), 11331152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S., Forsyth, A., & Sumner, R. L. (2022). The challenges ahead for psychedelic ‘medicine. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 00(0), 000486742210817. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221081763.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nielson, J. (2017). Psychedelic drugs: The miracle drugs of the 21st Century. Psychedelic Stock Watch. https://psychedelicstockwatch.com/psychedelic-stock-news/psychedelic-drugs-the-miracle-drugs-of-the-21st-century.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Noorani, T., Bedi, G., & Muthukumaraswamy, S. (2022). Dark Loops: Contagion effects, consistency and chemosocial matrices in psychedelic-assisted therapy trials. Psychological Medicine, 53(13), 58925901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291723001289.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Nichols, D. E. (2013). Effects of schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation. Nature Reviews, Neuroscience, 14(August 8), 577585. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3530.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: A multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet, 376(9752), 15581565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Page, M., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021a). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88(March). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Page, L., Rehman, A., Syed, H., Forcer, K., & Campbell, G. (2021b). The readiness of psychiatrists to implement psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(November), 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.743599.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rajendran, S., Sajbel, T. A., & Hartman, T. J. (2012). Factors involved in making decisions to prescribe medications for psychiatric disorders by psychiatrists: A survey study. Psychiatric Quarterly, 83(3), 271280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-011-9197-8.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reiff, C. M., Richman, E. E., Nemeroff, C. B., Carpenter, L. L., Widge, A. S., Rodriguez, C. I., Kalin, N. H., & McDonald, W. M. (2020). Psychedelics and psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5), 391410. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reynolds, L. M., Akroyd, A., Sundram, F., Stack, A., Muthukumaraswamy, S., & Evans, W. J. (2021). Cancer healthcare workers’ perceptions toward psychedelic-assisted therapy: A preliminary investigation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158160.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Reynolds, L. M., Barnett, B., Weleff, J., Morunga, E., Wells, A., Stack, A., Akroyd, A., Hoeh, N., Sundram, F., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Lawrence, N., & Evans, W. J. (2022). The perceptions of cancer health-care practitioners in New Zealand and the USA toward psychedelic-assisted therapy with cancer patients: A cross-sectional survey. Palliative & Supportive Care, 110. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951522001481.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Rodenburg-Vandenbussche, S., Carlier, I. V. E., van Vliet, I. M., van Hemert, A. M., Stiggelbout, A. M., & Zitman, F. G. (2018). Clinical and sociodemographic associations with treatment selection in major depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 54(June 2018), 1824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2018.06.004.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Schlag, A. K., Aday, J., Salam, I., Neill, J. C., & Nutt, D. J. (2022). Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(3), 258272. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069100.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Spriggs, M. J., Douglass, H. M., Park, R. J., Read, T., Danby, J. L., de Magalhães, F. J. C., Alderton, K. L., Williams, T. M., Blemings, A., Lafrance, A., Nicholls, D. E., Erritzoe, D., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2021). Study protocol for “psilocybin as a treatment for Anorexia Nervosa: A pilot study”. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12(October), 116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735523.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stern, A. P., Boes, A. D., Haller, C. S., Bloomingdale, K., Pascual-Leone, A., & Press, D. Z. (2016). Psychiatrists’ attitudes toward transcranial magnetic stimulation. Biological Psychiatry, 80(7), e55e56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.027.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Stylianou, S. (2004). The role of religiosity in the opposition to drug use. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(4), 429448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X03261253.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Tracey, J. M., Arrol, B., Richmond, D. E., & Barham, P. M. (1998). The validity of general practitioners’ self assessment of knowledge: Cross sectional study. Bmj: British Medical Journal, 315, 14261428. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7120.1426.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wildberger, J. I., John, C. N., & Hallock, R. M. (2017). Perceptions of the medicinal value of hallucinogenic drugs among college students. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 1(2), 5054. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.01.2017.008.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Winkler, P., & Csémy, L. (2014). Self-experimentations with psychedelics among mental health professionals: LSD in the former Czechoslovakia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46(1), 1119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.873158.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Wouters, H., Van Dijk, L., Van Geffen, E. C. G., Gardarsdottir, H., Stiggelbout, A. M., & Bouvy, M. L. (2014). Primary-care patients’ trade-off preferences with regard to antidepressants. Psychological Medicine, 44(11), 23012308. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713003103.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Yaden, D. B., Potash, J. B., & Griffiths, R. R. (2022). Preparing for the bursting of the psychedelic hype bubble. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(10), 943944. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032994.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Žuljević, M. F., Buljan, I., Leskur, M., Kaliterna, M., Hren, D., & Duplančić, D. (2022). Validation of a new instrument for assessing attitudes on psychedelics in the general population. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23056-5.

    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • Collapse
  • Expand

Editor-in-Chief:

Attila Szabo - University of Oslo

E-mail address: attilasci@gmail.com

Managing Editor:

Zsófia Földvári, Oslo University Hospital

 

Associate Editors:

  • Alexander De Foe, School of Educational Psychology and Counselling, Monash University, Australia
  • Zsolt Demetrovics - Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • Ede Frecska, founding Editor-in-Chief - University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  • David Luke - University of Greenwich, London, UK
  • Dennis J. McKenna- Heffter Research Institute, St. Paul, USA
  • Jeremy Narby - Swiss NGO Nouvelle Planète, Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Stephen Szára - Retired from National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, USA
  • Enzo Tagliazucchi - Latin American Brain Health Institute, Santiago, Chile, and University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Michael Winkelman - Retired from Arizona State University, Tempe, USA 

Book Reviews Editor:

Michael Winkelman - Retired from Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

Editorial Board

  • Gábor Andrássy - University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  • Paulo Barbosa - State University of Santa Cruz, Bahia, Brazil
  • Michael Bogenschutz - New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
  • Petra Bokor - University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
  • Jose Bouso - Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
  • Zoltán Brys - Multidisciplinary Soc. for the Research of Psychedelics, Budapest, Hungary
  • Susana Bustos - California Institute of Integral Studies San Francisco, USA
  • Robin Carhart-Harris - Imperial College, London, UK
  • Per Carlbring - Stockholm University, Sweden
  • Valerie Curran - University College London, London, UK
  • Alicia Danforth - Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
  • Alan K. Davis - The Ohio State University & Johns Hopkins University, USA
  • Rick Doblin - Boston, USA
  • Rafael G. dos Santos - University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • Genis Ona Esteve - Rovira i Virgili University, Spain
  • Silvia Fernandez-Campos
  • Zsófia Földvári - Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
  • Andrew Gallimore - University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
  • Neal Goldsmith - private practice, New York, NY, USA
  • Charles Grob - Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Stanislav Grof - California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
  • Karen Grue - private practice, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • Jiri Horacek - Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
  • Lajos Horváth - University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
  • Robert Jesse - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Matthew Johnson - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Eli Kolp - Kolp Institute New, Port Richey, FL, USA
  • Stanley Krippner - Saybrook University, Oakland, CA, USA
  • Evgeny Krupitsky - St. Petersburg State Pavlov Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
  • Rafael Lancelotta - Innate Path, Lakewood, CO, USA
  • Anja Loizaga-Velder - National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
  • Luis Luna - Wasiwaska Research Center, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • Katherine MacClean - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Deborah Mash - University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, USA
  • Friedericke Meckel - private practice, Zurich, Switzerland
  • Ralph Metzner - California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
  • Michael Mithoefer - private practice, Charleston, SC, USA
  • Levente Móró - University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  • David Nichols - Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
  • David Nutt - Imperial College, London, UK
  • Torsten Passie - Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
  • Janis Phelps - California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA
  • József Rácz - Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  • Christian Rätsch - University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
  • Sidarta Ribeiro - Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
  • William Richards - Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • Stephen Ross - New York University, New York, NY, USA
  • Brian Rush - University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
  • Eduardo Schenberg - Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • Ben Sessa - Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
  • Lowan H. Stewart - Santa Fe Ketamine Clinic, NM, USA (Medical Director)
  • Rebecca Stone - Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Rick Strassman - University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
  • Csaba Szummer - Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Budapest, Hungary
  • Manuel Torres - Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
  • Luís Fernando Tófoli - University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil State
  • Malin Uthaug - Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
  • Julian Vayne - Norwich, UK
  • Nikki Wyrd - Norwich, UK

Attila Szabo
University of Oslo

E-mail address: attilasci@gmail.com

Indexing and Abstracting Services:

  • Web of Science ESCI
  • Biological Abstracts
  • BIOSIS Previews
  • APA PsycInfo
  • DOAJ
  • Scopus
  • CABELLS Journalytics

2023  
Web of Science  
Journal Impact Factor 2.2
Rank by Impact Factor Q2 (Psychology, Multidisciplinary)
Journal Citation Indicator 0.89
Scopus  
CiteScore 2.5
CiteScore rank Q1 (Anthropology)
SNIP 0.553
Scimago  
SJR index 0.503
SJR Q rank Q1

Journal of Psychedelic Studies
Publication Model Gold Open Access
Submission Fee none
Article Processing Charge €990
Subscription Information Gold Open Access
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50%
World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%. 
   

Journal of Psychedelic Studies
Language English
Size A4
Year of
Foundation
2016
Volumes
per Year
1
Issues
per Year

4

Founder Akadémiai Kiadó
Debreceni Egyetem
Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
Károli Gáspár Református Egyetem
Founder's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary Egyetem tér 1.
H-1053 Budapest, Hungary Egyetem tér 1-3.
H-1091 Budapest, Hungary Kálvin tér 9.
Publisher Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's
Address
H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible
Publisher
Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN 2559-9283 (Online)

Monthly Content Usage

Abstract Views Full Text Views PDF Downloads
Aug 2024 0 291 197
Sep 2024 0 336 211
Oct 2024 0 817 314
Nov 2024 0 572 336
Dec 2024 0 353 184
Jan 2025 0 172 113
Feb 2025 0 0 0