Author:
Abdul Qadir Khan University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan

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This paper reports on an acoustic study of the tonal system of the Pahari language. To achieve this aim, an experiment was conducted. Eight native speakers were given a set of monosyllabic triplets bearing three target tones to read them aloud for recording in a carrier sentence. The acoustic measures included F0, final velocity, and duration. The acoustic and statistical results show that (1) the average F0 demonstrates significant difference in the height of the pitch track of the three target words/tones; (2) final velocity shows three trends, namely falling, level, and rising associated with high, mid, and low tones, respectively; and (3) duration results indicate that high pitch track was significantly shorter than each of the other two pitch tracks. The study concludes that Pahari has three tones, namely high-falling, mid-level, and low-rising.

  • Baart, Joan L. G. 2003. Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan. In J. L. G. Baart and G. H. Sindhi (eds.) Pakistani languages and society: Problems and prospects. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies & Summer Institute of Linguistics. 132144.

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  • Barry, Johanna G. and Peter J. Blamey. 2004. The acoustic analysis of tone differentiation as a means for assessing tone production in speakers of Cantonese. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 116. 17391748.

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  • Bhatia, Tej K. 1975. The evolution of tones in Punjabi. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 5. 1224.

  • Boersma, Paul and David Weenink. 2005. Praat: Doing phonetics by computer.

  • Chen, Yiya and Yi Xu. 2006. Production of weak elements in speech: Evidence from f0 patterns of neutral tone in standard Chinese. Phonetica 63. 4775.

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  • Faytak, Matthew and Alan C. L. Yu. 2011. A typological study of the interaction between level tones and duration. In Proceedings of ICPhS XVII 2011, Hong Kong. Cambridge: International Phonetic Association. 659662.

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  • Fok Chan, Yuen-Yuen. 1974. A perceptual study of tones in Cantonese. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong.

  • Khan, Abdul Qadir. 2012. Phonology of Pahari: A study of segmental and suprasegmetal features of Poonch dialect. Doctoral dissertation. University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad.

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  • Liu, Fang, Yi Xu, Santitham Prom-on and Alan C. L. Yu. 2013. Morpheme-like prosodic functions: Evidence from acoustic analysis and computational modeling. Journal of Speech Sciences 3. 85140.

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  • Liu, Siyun and Arthur G. Samuel. 2004. Perception of Mandarin lexical tones when F0 information is neutralized. Language and Speech 47. 109138.

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  • Lothers, Michael David and Laura Lothers. 2010. Pahari and Pothwari: A sociolinguistics survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics: Islamabad.

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  • Peng, Shu-Hui. 1997. Production and perception of Taiwanese tones in different tonal and prosodic contexts. Journal of Phonetics 25. 371400.

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  • Xu, Yi. 1997. Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics 25. 6183.

  • Xu, Yi and S. Prom-on. 2014. Toward invariant functional representations of variable surface fundamental frequency contours: Synthesizing speech melody via model-based stochastic learning. Speech Communication 57. 181208.

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  • Xu, Yi and Q. Emily Wang. 2001. Pitch targets and their realization: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese. Speech Communication 33. 319337.

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Acta Linguistica Academica
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