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Markus A. Pöchtrager University of Vienna

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This article argues that vowel reduction can be insightfully understood by reinterpreting openness as structural instead of melodic (i.e., mediated by an element). This allows for a unified account of various reduction phenomena in different languages and also extends to lenition in consonants. The proposal made here is couched within Government Phonology 2.0, a further development of Government Phonology.

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  • Anderson, John and Colin J. Ewen. 1987. Principles of Dependency Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Backley, Phillip. 2011. An introduction to Element Theory. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

  • Basbøll, Hans. 2005. The phonology of Danish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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  • Broadbent, Judith M. 1999. A new approach to the representation of coronal segments. In S. J. Hannahs and M. Davenport (eds.) Issues in phonological structure. Papers from an international workshop. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 125.

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  • Charette, Monik and Aslı Göksel. 1994. Vowel harmony and switching in Turkic languages. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics & Phonetics 4. 2956.

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  • Charette, Monik and Aslı Göksel. 1996. Licensing constraints and vowel harmony in Turkic languages. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics & Phonetics 6. 125.

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  • Cobb, Margaret. 1993. Licensing constraints and vowel harmony in Uyghur. SOAS Working Papers in Lingusitics and Phonetics 3. 4064.

  • Cobb, Margaret. 1995. Vowel harmony in Zulu and Basque: The interaction of licensing constraints, H–Licensing and constituent structure. SOAS Working Papers in Lingusitics and Phonetics 5. 2339.

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  • Cobb, Margaret. 1997. Conditions on nuclear expressions in phonology. Doctoral dissertation. School of Oriental and African Studies, Department of Linguistics, University of London.

  • Cobb, Margaret. 2003. Government Phonology and the vowel harmonies of Natal Portuguese and Yoruba. In Ploch (2003, 223242).

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  • Harris, John. 1999. Release the captive coda: The foot as a domain of phonetic interpretation. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 11. 165194.

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  • Harris, John. 2005. Vowel reduction as information loss. In P. Carr, J. Durand and C. J. Ewen (eds.) Headhood, elements, specification and contrastivity: Phonological papers in honour of John Anderson. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 119132.

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  • Harris, John and Geoff Lindsey. 1995. The elements of phonological representation. In J. Durand and F. Katamba (eds.) Frontiers of phonology: Atoms, structures, derivations. Harlow: Longman. 3479.

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  • Harris, John and Geoff Lindsey. 2000. Vowel patterns in mind and sound. In N. Burton-Roberts, P. Carr and G. Docherty (eds.) Phonological knowledge: Conceptual and empirical issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 185205.

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  • Holman, Eugene. 1975. Allomorphic and dialectal cohesion in the light of Baltic-Finnic grade alternation. Helsinki: University of Helsinki.

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  • Inkelas, Sharon. 2011. Another look at velar deletion in Turkish. In E. Erguvanlı Taylan and B. Rona (eds.) Puzzles of language. Essays in honour of Karl Zimmer. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 3753.

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  • Jassem, Wiktor. 2003. Polish. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33. 103– 107.

  • Jensen, Sean. 1994. Is P an element? Towards a non-segmental phonology. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 4. 7178.

  • Jensen, Sean Jonathan, Kaye, Markus Alexander Pöchtrager and Sašo Živanovič. 2009. GP 2.0 and Putonghua, too. Paper presented at the 6th Government Phonology Round Table, Piliscsaba, April 25, 2009.

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  • Kaye, Jonathan. 2000. A user’s guide to Government Phonology (GP). Manuscript.

  • Kaye, Jonathan D. 2001. Working with licensing constraints. In K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk (ed.) Constraints and preferences. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 251268.

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  • Kaye, Jonathan D. and Markus Alexander Pöchtrager. 2009. GP 2.0. Paper presented at the 6th Government Phonology Round Table, Piliscsaba, April 25, 2009.

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  • Kim, Seon Jung. 1996. The representations of Korean phonological expressions and their consequences. Doctoral dissertation. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

  • Lehiste, Ilse. 1965. Juncture. In E. Zwirner and W. Bethge (eds.) Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, University of Münster. Basel: S. Karger. 172200.

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  • Mateus, Maria Helena and Ernesto d’Andrade. 2000. The phonology of Portuguese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  • Nevins, Andrew. 2012. Vowel lenition and fortition in Brazilian Portuguese. Letras de Hoje 47. 228233.

  • Ploch, Stefan (ed.). 2003. Living on the edge: 27 papers in honour of Jonathan Kaye. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2006. The structure of length. Doctoral dissertation. Universität Wien.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2008. Finnish consonant gradation. In J. B. de Carvalho, T. Scheer and P. Ségéral (eds.) Lenition and fortition. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 357385.

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  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2009a. Diphthongi, ei know thyselfi. Binding in phonology. Paper presented at the 17th Manchester Phonology Meeting, 28–30 May 2009.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2009b. Syntaxy government phonology. Paper presented at Generative Approaches to Contrastive Linguistics 3 (GACL 3), 15–16 May 2009, Nicosia.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2010. The structure of A. Paper presented at the 33rd GLOW Colloquium, 13–16 April 2010, Wrocław.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2012. Deconstructing A. Paper presented at the MFM Fringe Meeting on Segmental Architecture, 23 May 2012, Manchester.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2013a. Alveolars, size and lenition. Paper presented at the 21st Manchester Phonology Meeting, 23–25 May 2013.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2013b. On A. Paper presented at A Workshop on Melodic Representation, 12 March 2013, London.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2015a. Beyond the segment. In E. Raimy and C. Cairns (eds.) The segment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 4464.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2015b. Binding in phonology. In H. van Riemsdijk and M. van Oostendrop (eds.) Representing structure in phonology and syntax. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 255275.

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  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2016. Is there phonological vowel reduction in Turkish? In M. Güven, D. Akar, B. Öztürk and M. Kelepir (eds.) Exploring the Turkish Linguistic Landscape: Essays in honor of Eser Erguvanlı Taylan. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 2139.

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  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2017a. It’s all about size. In P. Szigetvári (ed.) 70 snippets to mark Ádám Nádasdy’s 70th birthday. Budapest: Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University. http://seas3.elte.hu/nadasdy70

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  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander. 2017b. Transparent vowels: Small cogs in large machines. Paper presented at the 25th Manchester Phonology Meeting, 25–27 May 2017.

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  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander and Jonathan Kaye. 2013. GP2.0. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 16. 5164.

  • Pöchtrager, Markus Alexander and Jonathan Kaye. in preparation. The grand unified theory of vowels.

  • Raun, Alo and Andrus Saareste. 1965. Introduction to Estonian linguistics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

  • Schane, Sanford A. 1984. The fundamentals of Particle Phonology. Phonology Yearbook 1. 129155.

  • Segundo, Silvia de Oliveira. 1993. Stress and related phenomena in Brazilian (Natal) Portuguese. Doctoral dissertation. School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

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  • Timberlake, Alan. 2004. A reference grammar of Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Wetzels, W. Leo 1995. Mid-vowel alternations in the Brazilian Portuguese verb. Phonology 12. 281304.

  • Wheeler, Max W. 2005. The phonology of Catalan. New York: Oxford University Press.

  • Živanović, Sašo and Markus Alexander Pöchtrager. 2010. GP 2.0 and Putonghua too. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 57. 357380.

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Acta Linguistica Academica
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