A nemzeti tudományos rendszerek beágyazódtak a globális tudományba, és az országok mindent megtesznek azért, hogy a globális tudást a nemzetgazdasági szükségletek érdekében használják fel. A globális tudás gazdagsága azonban csak a tudósokon keresztül férhető hozzá és használható fel. Ebből adódóan a nemzetek kutatási ereje az egyes tudósok kutatási erején és nemzetközi együttműködési képességén múlik. A globális tudomány folyamatosan fejlődő, alulról felfelé irányuló, autonóm és önszabályozó természete mélyebb megértést igényel. Empirikus szempontból a tudomány globalizációját a 2000–2020 közötti időszak válogatott publikációs, együttműködési és idézettségi adatainak felhasználásával írjuk le. A tudomány globalizációja a két különböző rendszertípusban különböző folyamatot takar. A tudomány növekedése a nyugati világban szinte teljes egészében a nemzetközi társszerzős publikációkban megy végbe. A fejlődő világban ezzel szemben a növekedés a nemzetközi társszerzős és a hazai publikációk körében egyaránt zajlik.
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