The Euganean Geothermal Field (EGF) is the most important thermal field in northern Italy. It is located in the alluvial plain of the Veneto Region where approximately 17*106 m3 of thermal water with temperatures of 60–86 °C are exploited annually. A regional-scale conceptual model of the Euganean Geothermal System is proposed in this paper using the available hydrogeologic, geochemical and structural data for both the EGF and central Veneto. The thermal water is of meteoric origin and infiltrates approximately 80 km to the north of the EGF in the Veneto Prealps. The water flows to the south in a Mesozoic limestone and dolomite reservoir reaching a depth of approximately 3,000 m and a temperature of approximately 100 °C due to the normal geothermal gradient. The regional Schio-Vicenza fault system and its highly permeable damage zone act as a preferential path for fluid migration in the subsurface. In the EGF area, a geologic structure formed by the interaction of different segments of the fault system increases the local fracturing and the permeability favoring the upwelling of the thermal waters. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the proposed conceptual model using a finite difference code that simulates thermal energy transport in hydrothermal systems. A specific configuration of thermal conductivity and permeability for the formations involved in the thermal system is obtained after calibration of these parameters. This set of parameters is verified in a long-term simulation (55,100 years) obtaining a 60–70 °C plume in the EGF area. The modeled temperatures approach the measured temperatures of 60–86 °C, demonstrating that this conceptual model can be realistically simulated.
Antonelli R. , P. Fabbri 1988: Analysis and comparison of some values of transmissivity, permeability and storage from the Euganean Thermal Basin. — In: 21st IAH Congress Karst Hydrogeology and Karst Environment Protection Abstract Book, Giulin, Cina, pp. 707–718.
Antonelli, R., G. Barbieri, G.V. Dal Piaz, A. Dal Prá, V. De Zanche, P. Grandesso, P. Mietto, R. Sedea, A. Zanferrari 1990: Carta geologica del Veneto 1:250.000 e relative Note Illustrative. — S.E.L.C.A., Firenze.
Antonelli, R., E. Callegari, P. Fabbri, R. Sedea 1993: Recenti contributi alla conoscenza dell’idrostruttura del bacino termale euganeo (Padova). — GEAM, 79, pp. 49–55.
Antonelli R. , A. Baglioni, P. Fabbri, P. Grandesso, V. Iliceto, L. Scaramuzza, R. Sedea 1994: Applicazioni del “gamma ray log” eseguito in un pozzo a carotaggio continuo nell’area termale Euganea (Padova). — Geologica Romana, 30, 217–226.
Aurighi, M., A. Cisotto, A. Dal Prá, M. Janza, R. Mariani, M. Nordico, C. Soccorso, D. Steccanella, G. Barbieri 2004: Carta idrogeologica dell’Altopiano dei Sette Comuni. — Regione Veneto, Giunta Regionale, 31 p.
Baietto, A., P. Cadoppi, G. Martinotti, P. Perello, P. Perrochet, F.D. Vuataz 2008: Assessment of thermal circulation in strike-slip fault systems: the Terme di Valdieri case. — Geological Society of London Special Publications, 299, pp. 317–339.
Bear, J. 1972: Dynamics of fluids in porous media. — American Elseviers Publishing Company, New York, 764 p.
Bischoff, J.L., R. Julia, W.C. Shanks, R.J. Rosenauer 1994: Karstification without acid; bedrock dissolution by gypsum-driven dedolomitization. — Geology, 22, pp. 995–998.
Boaretto, E., I. Carmi, P. Fabbri, J. Heinemeier, S. Sartori, A.E. Sveinbjornsdottir, Y. Yechieli 2003: Radiocarbon in thermal and fresh groundwater in Veneto Region, Northern Italy. — Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Radiocarbon Conference.
Burrato, P., M. Poli, P. Vannoli, A. Zanferrari, R. Basili, F. Galadini 2008: Sources of Mw 5+ earthquakes in northeastern Italy and western Slovenia: An updated view based on geological and seismological evidence. — Tectonophysics, 453, pp. 157–176.
Curewitz, D., J.A. Karson 1997: Structural setting of hydrothermal outflow: Fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction. — Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 79, pp. 149–168.
D’Agostino, N., D. Cheloni, S. Mantenuto, G. Selvaggi, A. Michelini, D. Zuliani 2005: Strain accumulation in the southern Alps (NE Italy) and deformation at the northeastern boundary of Adria observed by CGPS measurements. — Geophysical Research Letters, 32, 19 p.
Della Vedova, B. , S. Bellani, G. Pellis, P. Squarci 2001: Deep temperatures and subsurface heat flow distribution. — In: Vai, G.B., I.P. Martini (Eds): Anatomy of an Orogen: the Apennines and the Adjacent Mediterranean Basin, pp. 65–76.
Domenico, P.A., W. Schwartz 1998: Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, Second Edition. — Wiley, New York, 824 p.
Fabbri, P. 1997: Transmissivity in the Euganean Geothermal Basin: a geostatistical analysis. — Groundwater, 35, pp. 881–887.
Fabbri, P. 2001: Probabilistic assessment of temperature in the Euganean geothermal area (Veneto region, NE Italy). — Mathematical Geology, 33, pp. 745–760.
Fabbri P. , G. Matteotti 1989: Analisi su alcune metodologie di calcolo della permeabilità nell’acquifero Euganeo. — Idrotecnica, 3, pp. 107–114.
Fabbri P. , G. Matteotti 1992: Interpretazione di prove di pompaggio in pozzo: utilizzo combinato dei metodi della curva tipo e della derivata della pressione. — Idrotecnica, 3, pp. 119–126.
Fabbri, P., S. Trevisani 2005: Spatial distribution of temperature in the geothermal Euganean field (NE, Italy): a simulated annealing approach. — Geothermics, 34, pp. 617–631.
Fabbri, P., C. Soccorso 2007: La risposta dei livelli potenziometrici allo sfruttamento del campo geotermico Euganeo (PD). — Giornale di Geologia Applicata, 5, pp. 115–124.
Fantoni, R., D. Cattelani, S. Merlini, S. Rogledi, S. Venturini 2002: La registrazione degli eventi deformativi cenozoici nell’avampaese Veneto-Friuliano. — Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana, 57, pp. 301–313.
Faulkner, D.R., C.A.L. Jackson, R.J. Lunn, R.W. Schlische, Z.K. Shipton, C.A.J. Wibberley, M.O. Withjack 2010: A review of recent developments concerning the structure, mechanics and fluid flow properties of fault zones. — Journal of Structural Geology, 32, pp. 1557–1575.
Ferri, F., R. Ventura, F. Coren, C. Zanolla 2005: Gravity Map of Italy and Surroundings Seas 1:1250000. — APAT Agenzia per la protezione dell’ambiente e per i servizi tecnici. Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo, 15 p.
Ferrill, D.A., A.P. Morris 2001: Displacement gradient and deformation in normal fault systems. — Journal of Structural Geology, 23, pp. 619–638.
Garzonio, C.A., L. Piccinini, A. Gargini 2014: Groundwater Modeling of Fractured Aquifers in Mines: The Case Study of Gavorrano (Tuscany, Italy). — Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 47/3, pp. 905–921.
Gherardi, F., C. Panichi, S. Caliro, G. Magro, M. Pennisi 2000: Water and gas geochemistry of the Euganean and Berician thermal district (Italy). — Applied Geochemistry, 15, pp. 455–474.
Goldscheider, N., J. Mádl-Szőnyi, A. Erőss, E. Schill 2010: Review: thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers. — Hydrogeology Journal, 18, pp. 1303–1318.
Hurwitz, S., K.L. Kipp, S. Ingebritsen, M. Reid 2003: Groundwater flow, heat transport, and water table position within volcanic edifices: Implications for volcanic processes in the Cascade Range. — Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 108/12, 19 p.
Ingebritsen, S.E., S.A. Rojstaczer 1996: Geyser periodicity and the response of geysers to deformation. — Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, pp. 21891–21905.
Kipp, K.L., P.A. Hsieh, S.R. Charlton 2008: Guide to the revised groundwater flow and heat transport simulator. — HYDROTHERM-3. U.S.G.S. Techniques & Methods, 6–A25, 160 p.
Long, J.J., J. Imber 2011: Geological controls on fault relay zone scaling. — Journal of Structural Geology, 33, pp. 1790–1800.
Long, J.C.S., J.S. Remer, C.R. Wilson, P.A. Witherspoon 1982: Porous media equivalents for networks of discontinuous fractures. — Water Resources Research, 18, pp. 645–658.
Masetti, D., R. Fantoni, R. Romano, D. Sartorio, E. Trevisani 2012: Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Jurassic extensional basins of the eastern southern Alps and Adriatic foreland based on an integrated study of surface and subsurface data. — AAPG Bulletin, 96, pp. 2065–2089.
Norton, D., C. Panichi 1978: Determination of the sources and circulation paths of thermal fluids: the Abano region, northern Italy. — Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, pp. 1283–1294.
Pasquale, V., M. Verdoya 1990: Geothermal regime of the Po basin, Italy. — Società Geologica Italiana, Volume Speciale, 1, pp. 135–143.
Peacock, D.C.P., D.J. Sanderson 1994: Geometry and development of relay ramps in normal fault systems. — AAPG Bulletin, 78, pp. 147–165.
Peacock, D.C.P., D.J. Sanderson 1995: Strike-slip relay ramps. — Journal of Structural Geology, 17, pp. 1351–1360.
Perello, P., M. Marini, G. Marinotti, J. Hunziker 2001: The thermal circuit of The Argentera Massif (Western Alps, Italy). An example of low-enthalpy geothermal resources controlled by Neogene alpine tectonics. — Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 94, pp. 74–94.
Piccoli, G., A. Dal Prá, R. Sedea, R. Bellati, E. Di Lallo, R. Cataldi, P. Baldi, G.C. Ferrara 1973: Contributo alla conoscenza del sistema idrotermale Euganeo-Berico. — Atti Accademia Nazionale Lincei, 9, pp. 103–131.
Pola M. , P. Fabbri, A. Gandin, M. Soligo, P. Tuccimei, R. Deiana, D. Zampieri 2011: The Montirone travertine mound: a multidisciplinary approach: Implication for the Euganean Geothermal Field. — Rendiconti online della Soc. Geol. It., 16, pp. 28–29.
Pola M. , P. Fabbri, L. Piccinini, D. Zampieri 2013: A new hydrothermal conceptual and numerical model of the Euganean Geothermal system, NE Italy. — Rendiconti online della Soc. Geol. It., 24, pp. 251–253.
Pola, M., A. Gandin, P. Tuccimei, M. Soligo, R. Deiana, P. Fabbri, D. Zampieri 2014a: A multidisciplinary approach to understanding carbonate deposition under tectonically controlled hydrothermal circulation: a case study from a recent travertine mound in the Euganean Hydrothermal System, northern Italy. — Sedimentology, 61, pp. 172–199.
Pola, M., A. Ricciato, R. Fantoni, P. Fabbri, D. Zampieri 2014b: Architecture of the western margin of the North Adriatic foreland: the Schio-Vicenza fault system. — Italian Journal of Geoscience, 133, pp. 223–234.
Pola M. , P. Fabbri, L. Piccinini, E. Marcolongo, A. Rosignoli, D. Zampieri, A. Roghel, S. Onisto, E. Zampieri 2015: Anthropic impact on thermal aquifer: the case study of the Euganean Geothermal Field (NE Italy). — Rendiconti online della Soc. Geol. It., 35, pp. 240–243.
Rotevatn, A., H. Fossen, J. Hesthammer, T.E. Aas, J.A. Howell 2007: Are relay ramps conduits for fluid flow? Structural analysis of a relay ramp in Arches National Park, Utah. — Geological Society of London Special Publications, 270, pp. 55–71.
Sartori, S., E. Boaretto, P. Fabbri, A.E. Sveinbjornsdottir, J. Heinemeier 1997: 14C content of Euganean geothermal waters (Veneto, Italy). — In: Proceedings of the XVIth International Radiocarbon Conference, Groningen.
Scanlon, B.R., R.E. Mace, M.E. Barrett, B. Smith 2003: Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, USA. — Journal of Hydrology, 276, pp. 137–158.
Scharli, U., L. Rybach 2001: Determination of the specific heat capacity on rock fragments. — Geothermics, 30, pp. 93–110.
Trudgill, B., J. Cartwright 1994: Relay-ramp forms and normal-fault linkages, Canyonlands National Park, Utah. — Geological Society of America Bulletin, 106, pp. 1143–1157.
Vosteen, H., R. Schellschmidt 2003: Influence of temperature on the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for different types of rock. — Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, pp. 499–509.
Zampieri D. 1995: Tertiary extension in the southern Trento Platform, Southern Alps, Italy. — Tectonics, 14, pp. 645–657.
Zampieri D. , P. Fabbri, M. Pola 2009: Structural constraints to the Euganean Geothermal Field (NE Italy). — Rendiconti online della Soc. Geol. It., 5, pp. 238–240.
Zampieri D. , M. Pola, P. Fabbri 2010: The fissure ridge of Abano Terme (Padova). — Rendiconti online della Soc. Geol. It., 11, pp. 364–365