BiFeO3 (BFO) nanopowder was synthesized in a pure form via a sol- gel method based on glycol gel reaction. Effect of drying and preheating temperature on preventing other phases was studied. Many parameters were studied as calcination temperature and time & stirring temperature as well. The prepared powder was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction of powder (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). High pure BiFeO3 was obtained by preheated process at 400 °C for 0.5 h and calcination at 600 °C for 0.5 h without any impurities compared to dry at110 °C.
Muneeswaran M. , Jegatheesan, P., Gopiraman, M., Kim, I., Giridharan N. V. (2013) Structural, optical, and multiferroic properties of single phased BiFeO3. Applied Physics A 114 (3) 853–859.
Catalan G. , Scott J. F. (2009) Physics and applications of bismuth ferrite. Advanced Materials 21 (24) 2463–2485.
Sando D. , Yang, Y., Bousquet, E., Carretero, C., Garcia, V., Fusil, S., Dolfi, D., Barthelemy, A., Ghosez, P., Bellaiche, L., Bibes M. (2016) Large elasto-optic effect and reversible electrochromism in multiferroic BiFeO3. Nature Communication 7 10718–10724.
Fu C. , Huo, M., Cai, W., Deng X. (2012) Preparation of bismuth ferrite nanopowders at different calcination temperatures. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research 13 (5) 561–564.
Neaton J. B. , Ederer, C, Waghmare, U. V., Spaldin, N. A., Rabe K. M. (2005) First-principles study of spontaneous polarization in multiferroic BiFeO3. Physical Review B 71 (1) 014113.
Freitas V. F. , Dias, G. S., Protzek, O. A., Montanher, D. Z., Catellani, I. B., Silva, D. M., Cotica, L. F., dos Santos I. A. (2013) Structural phase relations in perovskite-structured BiFeO3-Based multiferroic compounds. Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2 (2) 103–111.
Lennox R. C. , Taylor, D. D., Vera Stimpson, L. J., Stenning G. B., Jura M., Price M. C., Rodriguez E. E., Arnold D. C. (2015) PZT-like structural phase transitions in the BiFeO3-KNbO3 solid solution. Dalton Trans 44 (23) 10608–10613.
Kuo C. Y. , Hu, Z., Yang, J. C., Liao, S. C., Huang, Y. L., Vasudevan, R. K., Okatan, M. B., Jesse, S., Kalinin, S. V., Li, L., Liu, H. J., Lai, C. H., Pi T. W., Agrestini S., Chen K., Ohresser P., Tanaka A., Tjeng L. H., Chu Y. H. (2016) Single-domain multiferroic BiFeO3 films. Nat Commun 7 10718.
Zhong Z. , Ishiwara H. (2009) Variation of leakage current mechanisms by ion substitution in BiFeO3. Thin Films, Applied Physics Letters 95 (11) 112902–112904.
Kuang D. H. , Zhang, Y. L., Tang, P., Yang S. H. (2014) Effect of annealing temperatures on the structure and leakage mechanisms of BiFeO3 thin films prepared by the sol-gel method. J Sol–Gel Sci Technol 73 (2) 410–416.
Bhushan B. , Wang, Z., Tol, J. V., Dalal, N. S., Basumallick, A., Vasanthacharya, N. Y., Kumar, S., Das, D., Viehland D. D. (2012) Tailoring the magnetic and optical characteristics of nanocrystalline BiFeO3 by Ce doping. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 95 (6) 1985–1992.
Singh V. , Sharma, S., Kumar, M. M., Kotnala, R. K., Dwivedi R. K. (2014) Structural transition, magnetic and optical properties of Pr and Ti Co-doped BiFeO3 ceramics. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 349 264–267.
Fischer P. , Polomska, M., Sosnowska, I., Szymanski M. (1980) Temperature dependence of the crystal and magnetic structures of BiFeO3. Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 13 (10) 1931–1940.
Szafraniak I. , Potomska, M., Hilczer B. (2007) Characterization of BiFeO3 nanopowder obtained by mechanochemical synthesis. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27 4399–4402.
Selbach S. M. , Tybell, T., Einarsrud, M., Grande T. (2007) Size-dependent properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 nanoparticles. Chem Mater 19 6478–6484.
Muneeswaran M. , Jegatheesan, P., Gopiraman, M., Kim I.-S., Giridharan N. V. (2013) Structural, optical, and multiferroic properties of single phased BiFeO3. Applied Physics A 114 (3) 853–859.
Mubarak T. H. , Azhdar, B., Hassan, K. H., Kareem C. H. (2014) Effect of Temperature on structural and electrical properties of bismuth ferrite nanoparticles prepared by sol gel method. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 3 (10) 17034–17041.
Eerenstein W. , Mathur, N. D., Scott J. F. (2006) Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials. Nature 442 (7104) 759–65.
Wang J. , Wei, Y., Zhang, J., Ji, L., Huang, Y., Chen Z. (2014) Synthesis of pure-phase BiFeO3 nanopowder by nitric acid-assisted gel. Materials Letters 124 242–244.
Srinivas V. , Raghavender, A. T., Kumar K. V. (2016) Structural and magnetic properties of Mn doped BiFeO3 nanomaterials. Physics Research International 2016 1–5.
Tabares-Munoz C. , Rivera, J., Bezinges, A., Monnier, A., Schmid H. (1985) Measurement of the quadratic magnetoelectric effect on single crystalline BiFeO3. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 24 (S2) 1051.
Chen C. , Cheng, J., Yu, S., Che, L., Meng Z. (2006) Hydrothermal synthesis of perovskite bismuth ferrite crystallites. Journal of Crystal Growth 291 (1) 135–139.
Suzuki K. , Tokudome, Y., Tsudad, H., Masahide T. (2016) Morphology control of BiFeO3 aggregates via hydrothermal synthesis. Applied Crystallography 49 168–174.
Das S. , Rana, S., Mursalin, S., Rana, P., Sen A. (2015) Sonochemically prepared nanosized BiFeO3 as novel SO2 sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 218 122–127.
Fruth V. , Mitoseriu, L., Berger, D., Lanculescu, A., Matei, C., Preda, S., Zaharescu M. (2007) Preparation and characterization of BiFeO3 ceramic. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 35 193–202.
Ghosh S. , Dasgupta, S., Sen, A., Maiti H. S. (2005) Low-temperature synthesis of nanosized bismuth ferrite by soft chemical route. J Am Ceram Soc 88 (5) 1349–1352.
Silva J. , Reyes, A., Esparza, H., Camacho, H., Fuentes L. (2011) BiFeO3: A review on synthesis, doping and crystal structure. Integrated Ferroelectrics 126 (1) 47–59.
Safi R. and Shokrollahi H. (2012) Physics, chemistry and synthesis methods of nanostructured bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) as a ferroelectro-magnetic material. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 40(1–2) 6–15.
Babooram K. , Ye Z. (2006) New soft chemical routes to ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9. Chemistry of Materials 18 (2) 532–540.
Park T. , Papaefthymiou, G. C., Viescas, A. J., Moodenbaugh, A. R., Wong S. S. (2007) Size-dependent magnetic properties of single-crystalline multiferroic BiFeO3 nanoparticles. Nano Letters 7 (3) 766–772.
Liu T. , Xu, Y., Feng, S., Zhao J. (2011) A facile route to the synthesis of BiFeO3 at low temperature. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94 (9) 3060–3063.
Matsumoto K. , Yamaguchi, K., Fujii, T., Ueno A. (1991) Preparation of bismuth-substituted yttrium iron garnet powders by the citrate gel process. Journal of Applied Physics 69 (8) 5918–5920.
Suastiyanti D. , Ismojo (2016) FTIR spectrum of BiFeO3 ceramic produced by sol-gel method based on variation of sinter and calcination treatment. The International Journal of Engineering and Science 5 (5) 114–117.
Suastiyanti D. , Wijaya M. (2016) Synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticle and single phase by sol-gel process for multiferroic material. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 11 (2) 901–905.
Waghmare S. D. , Jadhav, V. V., Gore, S. K., Yoon, S., Ambade, S. B., Lokhande, B. J., Mane, R. S., Han S. (2012) Efficient gas sensitivity in mixed bismuth ferrite micro (cubes) and nano (plates) structures. Materials Research Bulletin 47 (12) 4169–4173.
Kirillov S. A. , Romanova, I. V., Farbun I. A. (2006) Synthesis of mixed oxides using polybasic carboxylic hydroxy-and amino-acid routes. Problems and Prospects 229 495–504.
Gulgun M. A. , Nguyen, M. H., Kriven W. M. (1999) Polymerized Organic-Inorganic Synthesis of Mixed Oxides. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82 (3) 556–560.
Liu T. , Xu, Y., Zhao J. (2010) Low-Temperature Synthesis of BiFeO3 via PVA Sol-Gel Route. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 93 (11) 3637–3641.
Jayakumar O. D. , Achary, S. N., Girija, K. G., Tyagi, A. K., Sudakar, C., Lawes, G., Naik, R., Nisar, J., Peng, X., Ahuja R. (2010) Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of Enhanced Ferromagnetism in Ba and Mn Co-substituted BiFeO3. Applied Physics Letters 96 (3) 032903.
Niederberger M. (2007) Nonaqueous Sol-Gel Routes to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 40 793–800.
Sharma S. , Singh, V., Kotnala, R. K., Dwivedi R. K. (2014) Comparative Studies of Pure BiFeO3 Prepared by Sol-gel Versus Conventional Solid-state-Reaction Method. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 25 (4) 1915–1921.
Xu J. , Ke, H., Jia, D., Wang, W., Zhou Y. (2009) Low-Temperature Synthesis of Pure-phase BiFeO3 Nanopowder by Nitric Acid-assisted Gel. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 472 473-477.
Hu Y. , Fei, L., Zhang, Y., Yuan, J., Wang, Y., Gu H. (2011) Synthesis of Bismuth Ferrite Nanoparticles via a Wet Chemical Route at Low Temperature, Journal of Nanomaterials 6 1–6.
Hardy A. , Gielis, S., Ru, H. V. D., D'Haen J., Van Bael M.K., Mullens J. (2009) Effects of Precursor Chemistry and Thermal Treatment Conditions on Obtaining Phase Pure Bismuth Ferrite from Aqueous Gel Precursors, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 29 3007–3013.
Do D. , Kim, J. W., Kim, S. S., Kim W. (2010) Effects of Bi Content on the Ferroelectric Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 57 (6) 1875–1878.
Sharma S. , Saravanan, P., Pandey, O. P., Vinod, V. T. P., Cernik, M., Sharma P. (2016) Magnetic behaviour of sol-gel driven BiFeO3 thin films with different ggrain size distribution. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 180–187.
Wang D. , Wang, M., Liu, F., Cui, Y., Zhao, Q., Sun, H., Jin, H., Cao M. (2015) Sol-gel synthesis of Nd-doped BiFeO3 multiferroic and its characterization. Ceramics International 41 (7) 8768–8772.
Suresh P. , Srinath S. (2015) Effect of synthesis route on the multiferroic properties of BiFeO3: A comparative study between solid state and sol-gel methods. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 649 843–850.
Palkar V. R. , Pinto R. (2002) BiFeO3 thin films: Novel effects. PRAMANA – Journal of Physics 58 1003–1008.
Wang Y. P. , Zhou, L., Zhang, M. F., Chen, X. Y., Liu, J. M., Liu Z. G. (2004) Room-temperature saturated ferroelectric polarization in BiFeO3 ceramics synthesized by rapid liquid phase sintering. Applied Physics Letters 84 (10) 1731–1733.
Morozov M. I. , Lomanova, N. A., Gusarov V. V. (2003) Specific features of BiFeO3 formation in a mixture of bismuth (III) and iron (III) oxides. Russian Journal of General Chemistry 73 (11) 1772–1776.
Christensen M. J. (2014) On the effect of A to B stoichiometry variation on conductivity and phase purity in 0.8BiFeO3-0.2Bi0.5K0.5TiO3: Development of lead-free ferroelectric. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 1–67.
Suresha P. H. , Ramania, Radhakrishna M. C., Angadi B., Devaraj J. T. (2012) Characterisation of BiFeO3 synthesised by microcontroller based thermogravimetric analyser. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences 19 196–198.
Rusevova K. , Koferstein, R., Rosell, M., Richnow, H. H., Kopinke, F., Georgi A. (2014) LaFeO3 and BiFeO3 perovskites as nanocatalysts for contaminant degradation in heterogeneous fenton-like reactions. Chemical Engineering Journal 239 322–331.
Humayun M. , Zada, A., Li, Z., Xie, M., Zhang, X., Qu, Y., Raziq, F., Jing L. (2016) Enhanced visible-light activities of porous BiFeO3 by coupling with nanocrystalline TiO2 and mechanism. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 180 219–226.
Srivastav S. K. , Gajbhiye N. S. (2012) Low temperature synthesis, structural, optical and magnetic properties of bismuth ferrite nanoparticles. J Am Ceram Soc 95 (11) 3678–3682.
Wang T. , Song, S. H., Wang, M., Li, J. Q., Ravi M. (2016) Effect of annealing atmosphere on the structural and electrical properties of bifeo3 multiferroic ceramics prepared by sol-gel and spark plasma sintering techniques. Ceramics International 42 (6) 7328–7335.
Lebeugle D. , Colson, D., Forget, A., Viret, M., Bonville, P., Marucco J.-F., Fusil S. (2007) Room temperature coexistence of large electric polarization and magnetic order in BiFeO3 single crystals. Physical Review B 76 024116–024124.
Fedulov S. A. , Venevtsev, Y. N., Zhdanov, G. S., Smazhevskaya E. G. (1961) High temperature X-ray and thermographic studies of bismuth ferrite. Kristallografiya 6 795.
Kim J. K. , Kim, S. S., Kim W. (2005) Sol-gel synthesis and properties of multiferroic BiFeO3. Materials Letters 59(29–30) 4006–4009.
Sharma S. , Saravanan, P., Pandey, O. P., Vinod, V. T. P., Cernik, M., Sharma P. (2016) Magnetic behaviour of sol-gel driven bifeo3 thin films with different grain size distribution. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 401 180–187.
Peng L. , Deng, H., Tian, J., Ren, Q., Peng, C., Huang, Z., Yang, P., Chu J. (2013) Influence of Co doping on structural, optical and magnetic properties of BiFeO3 films deposited on quartz substrates by sol-gel method. Applied Surface Science 268 146–150.
Sarkar K. , Mukherjee, S., Mukherjee, S., Mitra M. K. (2014) Synthesis, characterization and studies on optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of undoped and cobalt doped nanocrystalline bismuth ferrite. Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D 95 (2) 135–143.
Ibrahim E. M. M. , Farghal, G., Khalaf, M. M., El-Lateef H. M. A. (2017) Effect of calcination temperature on magnetic and electrical properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method. Journal of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials 5 (1) 33–39.
Sharma N. , Kumar, S., Mall, A. K., Gupta, R., Garg A. (2017) Sr and Mn Co-doped sol–gel derived BiFeO3 ceramics with enhanced magnetism and reduced leakage current. Materials Research Express 4 (1) 015702.
Zhang C. , Li, Y., Chu, M., Rong, N., Xiao P. (2016) Hydrogen-treated BiFeO3 nanoparticles with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. RSC Advances 6 24760–24767.
Kim J. K. , S.S. Kim, W. Kim (2005) Sol-gel synthesis and properties of multiferroic BiFeO3. Materials Letters 59 4006–4009.
Fukumura H. , Matsui, S., Tonari, N., Nakamura, T., Hasuike, N., Nishio, K., Isshiki, T., Harima H. (2009) Synthesis and characterization of Mn-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles. Acta Physica Polonica A 116 47–50.
Deng J. , Banerjee, S., Mohapatra, S. K., Smith, Y. R., Misra M. (2011) Bismuth iron oxide nanoparticles as photocatalyst for solar hydrogen generation from water. Journal of Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Applications 1 1–10.
Fu C. , Huo, M., Cai, W., Deng X. (2012) Preparation of bismuth ferrite nanopowders at different calcination temperatures. Journal of Ceramic Processing Research 13 (5) 561–564.
Twej W. A. A. (2009) Temperature influence on the gelation process of tetraethylorthosilicate using sol-gel technique. Iraqi Journal of Science 50 (1) 43–49.
Zhang C. , Li, Y., Chu, M., Rong, N., Xiao, P., Zhang Y. (2016) Hydrogen-treated BiFeO3 nanoparticles with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. RSC Advances 4 24760–24767.