Abstract
This paper explores innovative and contemporary approaches to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, with a focus on maintaining their cultural and historical significance while adapting to modern needs. It examines the unique architectural and cultural aspects of these temples, the challenges they face, and presents design and preservation strategies that can ensure their continued relevance.
1 Introduction
Mongolia, with its expansive steppes, deep-rooted nomadic heritage, and intricate cultural patterns, stands as a testament to the timeless legacy of its ancient temples These temples, steeped in history and spirituality, serve as more than mere architectural landmarks; they are repositories of Mongolian heritage, embodying the essence of the nation's identity. Yet, in an age of rapid urbanization and modernization, the preservation of these sacred edifices poses a profound challenge.
This paper embarks on a journey to explore a contemporary approach to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, striking a harmonious balance between honoring the past and catering to the needs of the present and future. It is a pursuit that navigates the intricate web of history, culture, architecture, and sustainability. The quest to safeguard these sacred sanctuaries, while enabling them to evolve in step with the changing world, is not only a matter of architectural significance but also a testament to the resilience of a cultural legacy that spans centuries.
2 Historical and cultural significance of preserving Tsogchin Dugan Temple in Zaya Gegeen's complex monastery
To embark on this exploration, authors first delve into the historical and cultural significance of Mongolian temples. Traversing the annals of time reveals architectural marvels that have stood as sentinels of faith, havens of meditation, and emblems of Mongolian identity. These temples bear witness to a spiritual journey that intertwines with the nation's history, with each stone, beam, and mural telling a story of devotion and endurance.
Zaya Bandida Khutagt Luvsanperenlei (1642–1715) was an outstanding Mongolian scholar who is now considered one of the three greatest figures in Mongolian Buddhism [1].
In 1631, while at the already well-established Zaya Gegeen's Complex monastery, he established five temples in Gunrig, Agva, Choir, Janraisig, and Khantsan. He expanded the monastery to accommodate 200 monks and held regular Buddhist ceremonies there [2].
The Zaya Gegeen's Complex monastery was not only the center of Sain Noyon Province, but also a hub of society, economy, commerce, religion, culture and education for the entire Mongolian region from the 17th to early 20th century (Figs 1 and 2).
Zaya Gegeen Complex Monastery (Source: drawing by the Author based on existing painting of U. Yadamsuren [3])
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
General site plan (Source: drawing by the Author, based on archival documentation of Zaya Gegeen's Complex site [3]),
1) Galdan Zuu, 2) 8 Stupas, 3) Lavrin, Guden, 4) Eastern Semchun, 5) Western Semchun, 6) Lounge, 7) Khul's Sum Sanctuary, 8) Asar Gate, 9) Yellow Wall, 10) Tsam Square, 11) Log Fence, 12) Tsogchin Temple, 13) Stupa, 14) Yembuu Temple, 15) Ladder (used to blow a trumpet), 16) Flagpole, 17) Rotating Sutra Case Tower, 18) Sandui Khuvilgaan's Temple, 19)Sandui religious school, 20) Yamandag's Temple, 21) Norovambuulin, 22) Demchig religious school, 23) Niij religious school, 24) Agva religious school, 25) Gushig religious school, 26) Buddhist Sanctuary for the worship of Bulgan Mountain, 27) Gunreg religious school, 28) Ochirvaan's Temple, 29) Jarai religious school, 30) Khantsan Sum, 31) Choijin Temple, 32) Yadam Temple, 33) Choir religious school, 34) Dara Tara Temple
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan, constructed in 1705, serves as the main temple within the Zaya Gegeen's Complex monastery. This structure exemplifies a fusion of architectural styles, incorporating elements in particular the Tibetan flat roof and stone construction, Chinese brackets, roofs, and bricks, along with techniques reminiscent of Indian stupas [4].
In 1833 and during the period between 1915 and 1916, repair works were undertaken. Unfortunately, the Zaya Gegeen's Complex monastery faced destruction by revolutionaries, and in 1937, a political purge led to the expulsion of monks.
Around 1939, the Ministry of Home Affairs issued a secret directive to the commander of the 32nd regiment of the People's Army in Arkhangai province, instructing the burial of all Buddhist statues at Tsogchin Dugan in the ground [5].
Subsequently, in 1938, the building underwent modifications by the first Mongolian architect and engineer, B. Motto. These alterations included the removal of the hipped roof on the upper story, a reduction in the number of columns from 16 to 6, the construction of 12 rooms inside, and the installation of a heater (Fig. 3). The refurbished structure was repurposed as the Arkhangai Province Culture Center [3].
Measured drawing of Tsogchin Dugan 1979 (Source: drawing by the Author, based on archival document [3])
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Yet, gazing upon these sacred structures, one is met with the stark reality that they face multifaceted challenges. Neglect, environmental factors, and the encroachment of urbanization threaten to erode the very foundations of these cultural treasures (Figs 4–7). Striking a delicate equilibrium between preservation and modernization is the pressing challenge that beckons us. It is a challenge that necessitates a thoughtful, innovative, and contemporary approach - one that respects the past while embracing the future.
The Tsogchin Dugan street view (Source: sketch by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan front view (Source: sketch by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan side views (Source: sketch by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan back view (Source: sketch by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
3 Contemporary approaches to repurposing Tsogchin Dugan Temple preservation
The exploration into the contemporary approaches to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples delves into the intricate challenges of investment for refurbishment work, a critical component in ensuring the longevity of these cultural landmarks. Mongolia, like many nations with a rich historical heritage, grapples with the delicate balance of securing adequate funding for restoration projects while addressing the challenges that arises post-refurbishment.
3.1 Investment for refurbishment work
The process of refurbishing Mongolian temples involves substantial financial investments to address structural deterioration, environmental impacts, and overall preservation needs. Securing funding for these endeavors is a complex task that often involves collaboration between government entities, private donors, and international organizations. The allocation of resources must be meticulous, ensuring that the integrity of the original structure is maintained while incorporating necessary modern adaptations.
3.2 Challenges in post-refurbishment maintenance
However, the challenges do not conclude with the completion of the refurbishment. Post-refurbishment maintenance becomes a crucial aspect of temple preservation, posing significant hurdles in Mongolia's context. Harsh weather conditions, the remote locations of many temples, and limited local resources can impede effective maintenance efforts. This raises questions about the long-term sustainability of these refurbished structures and the ability to withstand the test of time and environmental pressures.
3.3 Ensuring cost sustainability
Sustainability in this context extends beyond environmental concerns to encompass the financial aspects of temple preservation. Addressing the challenge of maintaining these structures in the years following refurbishment requires strategic planning [6]. Implementing community engagement initiatives, fostering partnerships with local businesses, and exploring innovative funding models are essential steps. Moreover, integrating sustainable practices in construction materials and methodologies can contribute to reducing long-term maintenance costs.
3.4 Mongolia's ongoing struggle
Mongolia, with its unique set of challenges, faces an ongoing struggle in reconciling the substantial investments required for temple refurbishment with the imperative of maintaining these cultural treasures in the post-refurbishment phase. The remoteness of certain temple locations and the nation's economic constraints contribute to the complexity of this issue. Recognizing this struggle is imperative for devising comprehensive strategies that address not only the immediate refurbishment needs but also the sustainable maintenance of these temples over time.
In navigating these challenges, a holistic and forward-thinking approach is necessary. It involves not only securing initial investment but also formulating strategies for ongoing maintenance and exploring innovative financial models. By doing so, Mongolia can ensure that its refurbished temples stand not only as testaments to the past but as beacons of cultural resilience that endure well into the future.
The intention of the proposing design author involves first attempting to preserve the existing structure as much as possible. Secondly, there is an effort to maintain the historical background of the temple and how it survived over the decades. Initially, the temple was closed from the north side in a square shape. The repurposing plan follows the original grid system of the temple structures while conserving the valuable parts of the remaining structures.
The existing U-shaped ruined structure established a direct open axis to the north side, where the Galdan Zuu temple is situated on the Bulgan Mountain, adorned with a painting of the Buddha. The analysis of surrounding influences on the existing structure emphasizes the need to reconsider new functions while respecting the historical background of the Tsogchin Dugan temple (Figs 8 and 9).
Tsogchin Dugan's structure currently exists on the site (Source: drawing by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan's structure currently exists on the site (Source: drawing by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
The redesigned proposal plan incorporates various functions that meticulously accentuate all parts based on the existing structure. One highlighted area features a meditation space designed by the author, with an opening facing the Bulgan Mountain. Additionally, a middle Zen Garden is established where the U-shaped remaining structure exists, fostering a spiritual connection between nature and its surroundings. Other functions include a religious museum shop situated on the south side of the temple, aimed at contributing to the maintenance of the building itself (Figs 10 and 11).
Tsogchin Dugan Refurbishment plan (Source: drawing by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan Refurbishment plan (Source: drawing by the Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Transition from the challenges of refurbishing historical temples, authors embarks on a journey to explore innovative solutions and new functions that not only breathe fresh life into these sacred spaces but also pave the way for financial sustainability in post-refurbishment scenarios. The multifaceted nature of repurposing introduces an array of possibilities, including the integration of functions that can generate income to support ongoing maintenance costs - a critical consideration in the context of Mongolia.
3.5 Innovative research approaches
In addressing the multifaceted challenge of repurposing Mongolian temples, this research adopts innovative approaches aimed at providing sustainable solutions. Through a comprehensive study of successful global models and in-depth analyses of local needs, the research aims to propose adaptive functions that not only preserve the cultural and historical integrity of these temples but also contribute to their economic sustainability.
3.6 New functions as a source of income
One of the central tenets of this research involves identifying and implementing new functions for repurposed temples that have the potential to generate income. The introduction of functions for instance cultural centers, educational facilities, or community spaces not only serves contemporary societal needs but also creates revenue streams. By carefully selecting functions aligned with the local context and community preferences, this proposal design aims to establish a self-sustaining model that can cover the costs associated with the maintenance and upkeep of these revered structures.
3.7 Empowering temples to sustain themselves
The crux of our research lies in empowering Mongolian temples to sustain them economically. By strategically introducing functions that resonate with the community and attract visitors, we envision a scenario where these repurposed temples become vibrant hubs, fostering cultural exchange, education, and community engagement. The generated income, whether through entrance fees, cultural events, or educational programs, can then be reinvested in the ongoing maintenance and preservation efforts.
3.8 Ensuring cultural sensitivity and community benefits
Crucially, the proposed functions must be rooted in cultural sensitivity and community benefits. Any repurposing effort must align with the values and traditions of the local community, ensuring that the temple remains a focal point of cultural identity. By actively involving the community in decision-making processes, this research seeks to create functions that not only generate income but also contribute to the social and cultural enrichment of the surrounding area.
In navigating the path of repurposing Mongolian temples for contemporary use, this research endeavors to strike a delicate balance between cultural preservation and economic sustainability. Through careful consideration of functions that offer relevance and financial viability, this proposal aspires to transform these revered structures into self-sustaining cultural assets that endure as living testaments to Mongolia's rich heritage.
4 Design considerations for Tsogchin Dugan Temple repurposing
4.1 Architectural design principles for preserving historical integrity
The repurposing of Mongolian temples for contemporary use requires a thoughtful and nuanced approach to design that delicately balances tradition and innovation. In this section, repurposing design delve into the intricacies of the design considerations essential for the successful transformation of these sacred structures into functional and culturally relevant spaces.
4.2 Preserving historical and architectural integrity
At the heart of any repurposing endeavor lies the commitment to preserving the historical and architectural integrity of Mongolian temples. The challenge is to innovate while respecting the sacredness of the original design. This involves meticulous documentation, analysis, and, where necessary, restoration of architectural elements that hold cultural significance. By integrating traditional motifs, materials, and construction techniques, the redesigned temples can seamlessly blend historical authenticity with contemporary functionality.
4.3 Cultural sensitivity in design
Cultural sensitivity is paramount in the design process, recognizing that temples are not just physical structures but vessels of spiritual and cultural significance. Design choices must resonate with the local community's values and traditions. Collaborative approaches involving community members, religious leaders, and architectural experts ensure that the redesigned temples become spaces that authentically represent the cultural identity of Mongolia [7].
4.4 Flexibility and adaptability
The dynamic nature of contemporary needs requires a design that is flexible and adaptable. The repurposed temples must cater to a range of functions - from educational spaces to cultural centers - without compromising their fundamental character. Versatility in design allows these sacred spaces to evolve with time, meeting the changing needs of the community while retaining their essential cultural essence.
4.5 Sustainability in design
Environmental sustainability is a critical consideration in the design process. By integrating sustainable materials, energy-efficient systems, and eco-friendly practices, repurposed temples can contribute to both cultural preservation and environmental stewardship. This commitment to sustainability aligns with global trends in architecture and underscores the responsibility to safeguard the natural surroundings that often complement the temple locations.
4.6 Innovative use of technology
The integration of modern technology offers exciting possibilities in temple redesign. Digital preservation techniques, augmented reality installations, and interactive exhibits can enhance the visitor experience while respecting the sanctity of the space. Moreover, incorporating technology can aid in ongoing maintenance efforts, providing real-time data on structural conditions and environmental impacts.
4.7 Community engagement in design
The design process must be inclusive, involving the community at every stage. By soliciting input from residents, religious leaders, and other stakeholders, the redesigned temples become not just architectural projects but communal endeavors. This collaborative approach fosters a sense of ownership and pride, ensuring that the repurposed temples truly reflect the aspirations and values of the people they serve.
As a repurposed proposal the intricate design considerations for temple repurposing, it becomes evident that each decision is a delicate dance between honoring the past and embracing the future (Fig. 12). The success of these endeavors rests on the ability to create spaces that transcend mere functionality, becoming vibrant cultural assets that resonate with the community and stand as living embodiments of Mongolia's rich heritage (Figs 13 and 14).
Tsogchin Dugan Refurbishment plan with remaining structure (Source: exploded visualization by Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan Refurbishment plan with remaining structure (Source: visualization by Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
Tsogchin Dugan Refurbishment plan with remaining structure (Source: visualization by Author)
Citation: Pollack Periodica 20, 1; 10.1556/606.2024.01048
5 Conclusion
In the culmination of this exploration into the contemporary approach to preserving and repurposing Mongolian temples, the synthesis of new scientific results propels us into a realm of transformative possibilities. The research endeavors, rooted in innovative methodologies and a commitment to addressing the unique challenges faced by these sacred structures, have unearthed insights that transcend the conventional boundaries of cultural preservation.
The nuanced considerations presented in the design section, particularly the delicate balancing act between tradition and innovation, offer a blueprint for architects and conservationists grappling with similar challenges globally. The emphasis on preserving historical and architectural integrity, coupled with a profound commitment to cultural sensitivity, provides a framework that extends beyond mere restoration - it beckons a renaissance.
Crucially, the novel approach of incorporating sustainability principles into the redesign process not only aligns with contemporary architectural trends but also addresses the broader call for responsible environmental practices. The integration of technology, presented as an innovative facet of temple redesign, opens avenues for immersive experiences that bridge the temporal gap between the ancient and the modern.
In addressing the financial intricacies tied to temple refurbishment and post-refurbishment maintenance, the research introduces pragmatic strategies for economic sustainability. By proposing new functions that resonate with the community and can generate income, the paper outlines a roadmap for repurposed temples to become self-sustaining cultural assets. This outcome is not merely a theoretical proposition but a practical guide for communities seeking to preserve their heritage in a dynamically changing world.
As it stands at the intersection of tradition and progress, the interpretative lens applied to these new scientific results reveals a narrative of resilience, adaptability, and cultural rejuvenation. The repurposed Mongolian temples, envisioned through this research, emerge as dynamic entities that transcend the confines of the past, embracing a future where heritage preservation is not just a scholarly pursuit but a living, breathing testament to the enduring spirit of a nation.
The scientific results presented herein extend an invitation - to architects, preservationists, and communities worldwide - to engage in a collaborative dialogue that goes beyond the preservation of physical structures. It beckons an exploration of cultural evolution, a reimagining of sacred spaces, and a harmonious synthesis of tradition and innovation that resonates across time and borders.
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