A mérsékelt alkoholfogyasztás csökkenti a cardiovascularis és 2-es típusú diabetes kockázatát. Ennek az epidemiológiai megfigyelésnek a magyarázata azonban még nem pontosan ismert. Az alkohol emeli a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) koleszterin szintjét. Felmerültek egyéb mechanizmusok is, úgymint a gyulladás- és thrombosisgátló hatások. A mérsékelt alkoholfogyasztás és inzulinérzékenység közötti kapcsolat még vitatott. A lehetséges mechanizmusok közé tartoznak az adiponektinszint emelése, a C-reaktív protein csökkentése és a szabad zsírsav zsírszövetből történő kiáramlásának csökkentése is.
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