Terhesség során, a méhlepényen keresztüli kétirányú sejtforgalom következtében idegen sejtek vagy DNS kerülnek mind az anya, mind a magzat szervezetébe. Ez a jelenség a magzati, illetve anyai microchimaerismus. Ezen sejtek akár évtizedekkel a szülés után is kimutathatók a gazdaszervezetből. Annak ellenére, hogy számos kutatás foglalkozik e jelenséggel, a microchimaerismus egészségben és betegségekben betöltött jelentősége továbbra is csak kevéssé ismert. Cikkünkben áttekintést szeretnénk nyújtani a tudomány jelenlegi állásáról. A microchimaerismus lehetséges szerepét leginkább autoimmun folyamatok patogenezisében, nem autoimmun betegségek és tumorok kialakulásának vagy éppen regressziójának magyarázatában, továbbá a transzplantációs immunológia lehetséges komponenseként vizsgálták. A microchimaerismus jelensége fontos praenatalis noninvazív diagnosztikai lehetőségeket rejthet magában, megszüntetve a jelenleg alkalmazott vizsgálóeljárásokkal együtt járó vetéléskockázatot. A folyamatosan fejlődő sejtidentifikációs és -dúsító eljárásoknak köszönhetően várhatóan egyre több, a szervezetben lezajló folyamatról derül majd ki, hogy a terhességi örökségként az anyai és magzati szervezetbe került microchimaerasejtek és DNS szerepet játszanak bennük. Orv. Hetil., 2010, 49, 2019–2024.
Schmorl, G.: Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über puerperal Eklampsie. Vogel, Leipzig, 1893, 1–104.
Schmorl G. , '', in Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen über puerperal Eklampsie , (1893 ) -.
Walknowska, J., Conte, F. A., Grumback, M. M.: Practical and theoretical implications of fetal/maternal lymphocyte transfer. Lancet, 1969, 1, 1119–1122.
Grumback M. M. , 'Practical and theoretical implications of fetal/maternal lymphocyte transfer ' (1969 ) 1 Lancet : 1119 -1122 .
De Grouchy, J., Trubuchet, C.: Transfusion foeto-maternelle de lymphocytes sanguins et detection du sexe du foetus. Ann. Genet., 1971, 14, 133–137.
Trubuchet C. , 'Transfusion foeto-maternelle de lymphocytes sanguins et detection du sexe du foetus ' (1971 ) 14 Ann. Genet. : 133 -137 .
Herzenberg, L. A., Bianchi, D. W., Schroder, J. és mtsai: Fetal cells in the blood of pregnant women: detection and enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1979, 76, 1453–1455.
Schroder J. , 'Fetal cells in the blood of pregnant women: detection and enrichment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting ' (1979 ) 76 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 1453 -1455 .
Bianchi, D. W., Zickwolf, G. K., Weil, G. J. és mtsai: Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 705.
Weil G. J. , 'Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum ' (1996 ) 93 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 705 -.
Reynolds, A. G.: Placental metastasis from malignant melanoma; report of a case. Obstet. Gynecol., 1955, 6, 205–209.
Reynolds A. G. , 'Placental metastasis from malignant melanoma; report of a case ' (1955 ) 6 Obstet. Gynecol. : 205 -209 .
Thomas, M. R., Williamson, R., Craft, I. és mtsai: The time of appearance, and quantitation, of fetal DNA in the maternal circulation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1994, 731, 217–225.
Craft I. , 'The time of appearance, and quantitation, of fetal DNA in the maternal circulation ' (1994 ) 731 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. : 217 -225 .
Ariga, H., Ohto, H., Busch, M. P. és mtsai: Kinetics of fetal cellular and cell-free DNA in the maternal circulation during and after pregnancy: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Transfusion, 2001, 12, 1524–1530.
Busch M. P. , 'Kinetics of fetal cellular and cell-free DNA in the maternal circulation during and after pregnancy: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis ' (2001 ) 12 Transfusion : 1524 -1530 .
Krabchi, K., Gros-Louis, F., Yan, J. és mtsai: Quantification of all fetal nucleated cells in maternal blood between the 18th and 22nd week of pregnancy using molecular cytogenetic techniques. Clin. Genet., 2001, 60, 145.
Yan J. , 'Quantification of all fetal nucleated cells in maternal blood between the 18th and 22nd week of pregnancy using molecular cytogenetic techniques ' (2001 ) 60 Clin. Genet. : 145 -.
Prince, J., Elias, S., Wachtel, S. S. és mtsai: Prenatal diagnosis using fetal cells isolated from maternal blood by multiparameter flow cytometry. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1991, 165, 1731–1737.
Wachtel S. S. , 'Prenatal diagnosis using fetal cells isolated from maternal blood by multiparameter flow cytometry ' (1991 ) 165 Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. : 1731 -1737 .
Bianchi, D. W., Williams, J. W., Sullivan, L. M. és mtsai: PCR quantitation of fetal cells in maternal blood in normal and aneuploid pregnancies. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1997, 61, 822.
Sullivan L. M. , 'PCR quantitation of fetal cells in maternal blood in normal and aneuploid pregnancies ' (1997 ) 61 Am. J. Hum. Genet. : 822 -.
Falcidia, E., Parano, E., Grillo, A. és mtsai: Fetal cells in maternal blood: a six-fold increase in women who have undergone amniocentesis and carry a fetus with Down syndrome: a multicenter study. Neuropediatrics, 2004, 6, 321–324.
Grillo A. , 'Fetal cells in maternal blood: a six-fold increase in women who have undergone amniocentesis and carry a fetus with Down syndrome: a multicenter study ' (2004 ) 6 Neuropediatrics : 321 -324 .
Nagy, G. R., Bán, Z., Sipos, F. és mtsai: Isolation of epsilon-haemoglobin-chain positive fetal cells with micromanipulation for prenatal diagnosis. Prenat. Diagn., 2005, 25, 398–402.
Sipos F. , 'Isolation of epsilon-haemoglobin-chain positive fetal cells with micromanipulation for prenatal diagnosis ' (2005 ) 25 Prenat. Diagn. : 398 -402 .
Zhong, X. Y., Holzgreve, W., Hahn, S.: Laser-mediated micromanipulation systems: an important tool for the analysis of single cells. In: Hahn, S., Holzgreve, W. (eds): Fetal cells and fetal DNA in maternal blood. New developments for a new millenium. 11th Fetal Cell Workshop, Basel, 2000. Karger, Basel, 2001, 16–20.
Hahn S. , '', in Fetal cells and fetal DNA in maternal blood. New developments for a new millenium. 11th Fetal Cell Workshop, Basel, 2000 , (2001 ) -.
Miech, R. P.: The role of fetal microchimerism in autoimmune disease. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2010, 3, 164–168.
Miech R. P. , 'The role of fetal microchimerism in autoimmune disease ' (2010 ) 3 Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. : 164 -168 .
Leduc, M., Aractingi, S., Khosrotehrani, K.: Fetal-cell microchimerism, lymphopoiesis, and autoimmunity. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp., 2009, 57, 325–329.
Khosrotehrani K. , 'Fetal-cell microchimerism, lymphopoiesis, and autoimmunity ' (2009 ) 57 Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. : 325 -329 .
Nelson, J. L.: Microchimerism and the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 1998, 10, 564–571.
Nelson J. L. , 'Microchimerism and the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis ' (1998 ) 10 Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. : 564 -571 .
Klintschar, M., Schwaiger, P., Mannweiler, S. és mtsai: Evidence of fetal microchimerism in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 86, 2494.
Mannweiler S. , 'Evidence of fetal microchimerism in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ' (2001 ) 86 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. : 2494 -.
Klonisch, T., Drouin, R.: Fetal-maternal exchange of multipotent stem/progenitor cells: microchimerism in diagnosis and disease. Trends. Mol. Med., 2009, 15, 510–518.
Drouin R. , 'Fetal-maternal exchange of multipotent stem/progenitor cells: microchimerism in diagnosis and disease ' (2009 ) 15 Trends. Mol. Med. : 510 -518 .
Nelson, L. J., Hughes, K. A., Smith, A. G. és mtsai: Maternal-fetal disparity in HLA class II. alloantigens and the pregnancy-induced amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329, 466–471.
Smith A. G. , 'Maternal-fetal disparity in HLA class II. alloantigens and the pregnancy-induced amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis ' (1993 ) 329 N. Engl. J. Med. : 466 -471 .
Yan, Z., Lambert, N. C., Ostensen, M. és mtsai: Prospective study of fetal DNA in serum and disease activity during pregnancy in women with inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 2006, 54, 2069–2073.
Ostensen M. , 'Prospective study of fetal DNA in serum and disease activity during pregnancy in women with inflammatory arthritis ' (2006 ) 54 Arthritis Rheum. : 2069 -2073 .
Waldorf, K. M. A., Nelson, J. L.: Autoimmune disease during pregnancy and the microchimerism legacy of pregnancy. Immunol. Invest., 2008, 37, 631–644.
Nelson J. L. , 'Autoimmune disease during pregnancy and the microchimerism legacy of pregnancy ' (2008 ) 37 Immunol. Invest. : 631 -644 .
Gleicher, N., Barad, D. H.: Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases. J. Autoimmun., 2007, 28, 1–6.
Barad D. H. , 'Gender as risk factor for autoimmune diseases ' (2007 ) 28 J. Autoimmun. : 1 -6 .
Khosrotehrani, K., Mery, L., Aractingi, S. és mtsai: Absence of fetal cell microchimerism in cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2005, 64, 159–160.
Aractingi S. , 'Absence of fetal cell microchimerism in cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus ' (2005 ) 64 Ann. Rheum. Dis. : 159 -160 .
Sarkar, K., Miller, F. W.: Possible roles and determinants of microchimerism in autoimmune and other disorders. Autoimmun Rev., 2004, 6, 454–463.
Miller F. W. , 'Possible roles and determinants of microchimerism in autoimmune and other disorders ' (2004 ) 6 Autoimmun Rev. : 454 -463 .
Johnson, K. L., Samura, O., Nelson, J. L. és mtsai: Significant fetal cell microchimerism in a nontransfused woman with hepatitis C: Evidence of long-term survival and expansion. Hepatology, 2002, 36, 1295–1297.
Nelson J. L. , 'Significant fetal cell microchimerism in a nontransfused woman with hepatitis C: Evidence of long-term survival and expansion ' (2002 ) 36 Hepatology : 1295 -1297 .
Adams, K. M., Holmberg, L. A., Leisenring, W. és mtsai: Risk factors for syngeneic graft-versus-host disease after adult hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood, 2004, 104, 1894–1897.
Leisenring W. , 'Risk factors for syngeneic graft-versus-host disease after adult hematopoietic cell transplantation ' (2004 ) 104 Blood : 1894 -1897 .
Claas, F. H., Gijbels, Y., van der Velden-de Munck, J. J. és mtsai: A special strategy to increase the chance of finding cross-match negative kidneys for highly sensitized patients. Transplant. Proc., 1988, 20, 947–948.
van der Velden-de Munck J. J. , 'A special strategy to increase the chance of finding cross-match negative kidneys for highly sensitized patients ' (1988 ) 20 Transplant. Proc. : 947 -948 .
Nelson, J. L., Gillespie, K. M., Lambert, N. C. és mtsai: Maternal microchimerism in peripherial blood in type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet beta cell microchimerism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104, 1637–1642.
Lambert N. C. , 'Maternal microchimerism in peripherial blood in type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet beta cell microchimerism ' (2007 ) 104 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA : 1637 -1642 .
Stevens, A. M., Hermes, H., Rutledge, R. és mtsai: Maternal microchimerism has myocardial tissue-specific phenotype in neonatal lupus congenital heart block. Lancet, 2003, 362, 1596–1597.
Rutledge R. , 'Maternal microchimerism has myocardial tissue-specific phenotype in neonatal lupus congenital heart block ' (2003 ) 362 Lancet : 1596 -1597 .
Suskind, D. L., Rosenthal, P., Heyman, M. B. és mtsai: Maternal microchimerism in the livers of patients with Biliary atresia. BMC Gastroenterology, 2004, 4, 14.
Heyman M. B. , 'Maternal microchimerism in the livers of patients with Biliary atresia ' (2004 ) 4 BMC Gastroenterology : 14 -.