Napjainkban a genetikai kutatások mellett egyre inkább előtérbe kerülnek az epigenetikai vizsgálatok, ugyanis az epigenetikai jelenségek – köztük a DNS-metiláció is – részt vesznek a fenotípust meghatározó gének expressziójának szabályozásában, így számos betegség mechanizmusával összefüggenek. Jelen összefoglaló közleményünk célja az epigenetikai mechanizmusok közül a DNS-metiláció evolúció során történő megjelenésének, funkciói változatosságának, illetve az öregedésben és a rákos megbetegedésekben betöltött szerepének bemutatása. A DNS-metiláció a prokarióták, az eukarióták, illetve a vírusok körében is megfigyelhető epigenetikai módosulás. A prokarióták és vírusok esetén idegen DNS-sel szembeni védelmi funkciót lát el. A DNS-metiláció prokariótáknál jelentős szereppel bír a transzkripció regulációjában, a replikáció iniciációjában, illetve a Dam-irányított hibajavításban. A vírusoknál a védelmi funkció mellett a terjedésükhöz szükséges kapszid formálásában is részt vesz. Az eukarióták esetén a DNS-metiláció szerepet játszik a kromatinstruktúra és a transzkripció szabályozásában, a rekombinációban, a replikációban, az X-kromoszóma inaktivációjában, a transzpozonok szabályozásában és az imprinting jelenség létrehozásában. A fenti tulajdonságok mellett evolúciós szereppel is rendelkezik azáltal, hogy megváltoztatja a DNS mutációs rátáját. Az öregedés során és a rákos megbetegedésekben kialakuló globális hipometilációs eltérések genetikai instabilitáshoz és spontán mutációs eltérésekhez vezethetnek a transzpozonok szabályozásában betöltött funkciójuk révén. A lokális hipermetilációs (például az SFRP1, az SFRP2, a DKK1 és az APC promóterének hipermetilációja) változásoknak a fehérjeexpressziós változások létrehozásában, ezáltal a rák fenotípus kialakulásában van jelentős szerepe. Az elváltozások általános jellege alapján a fenti eredmények a biológiai kor és a betegségek epigenetikai változások kimutatásán alapuló diagnosztikai és prognosztikai módszerei kutatásának fontosságát támasztják alá. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(1): 3–15.
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