Audio description (AD) often emphasises the visual elements of a film rather than the way these elements are presented. However, what is seen and the way it is shown are equally important for creating meaning in film. The term mise-en-shot refers to the way in which visual aspects are shown to the audience. In order to determine whether the stylistic elements of film created by means of mise-en-shot could influence the reception of audio described film, the article investigates the effect of the presence or absence in the AD of these elements on the immersion of a sighted audience into the fictional world. Immersion is measured by means of sub-scales on character identification as well as transportation. In order to measure the effect of stylistic elements, the self-reported immersion of one group of sighted participants who sees a scene with the original soundtrack is compared to that of another sighted group who only hears the audio-described soundtrack of the scene. The findings suggest that although the absence of some mise-en-shot elements in the audio described version of the film does not influence transportation, it does influence the way in which a sighted audience identifies with characters in the film. It would therefore seem that these stylistic elements do have an important role in the immersion of audiences, which could have significant implications for AD.
Andringa, E., van Horssen, P., Jacobs, A. & Tan, J. 2001. Point of View and Viewer Empathy in Film. In: van Peer, W. & Chatman, S. (eds) New Perspectives on Narrative Perspective. Albany: Suny Press. 133–157.
Benecke, B. 2004. Audio Description. Meta Vol. 49. No. 1. 78–80.
Buckland, W. 2003. Film Studies. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Bortolussi, M. & Dixon, P. 2003. Psychonarratology: Foundations for the Empirical Study of Literary Response. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Braun, S. 2007. Audio Description from a Discourse Perspective: A Socially Relevant Framework for Research and Training. Linguistica Antverpiensia Vol. 6. 357–376.
Braun, S. 2011. Creating Coherence in Audio Description. Meta Vol. 56. No. 3. 645–662.
Eisenstein, S. 1949. Film Form: Essays in Film Theory. (J. Leyda, Trans.). New York: Harcourt.
Finbow, S. 2010. The State of Audio Description in the United Kingdom: From Description to Narration. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Vol. 18. No. 3. 215–229.
Fryer, L. & Freeman, J. 2012. Cinematic Language and the Description of Film: Keeping ADUsers in the Frame. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Vol. 21. No. 3. 412–426.
Fryer, L. & Freeman, J. 2013. Visual Impairment and Presence: Measuring the Effect of Audio Description. Proceedings of the 2013 Inputs–Outputs Conference: An Interdisciplinary Conference on Engagement in HCI and Performance. Brighton, United Kingdom, June 26.
Fryer, L. & Freeman, J. 2014. Can You Feel What I’m Saying? The Impact of Verbal Information on Emotion Elicitation and Presence in People with a Visual Impairment. In: Felnhofer, A. & Kothgassner O.D. (eds) Challenging Presence: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Presence. Wien: facultas.wuv. 99–107.
Fryer, L., Pring, L. & Freeman, J. 2013. Audio Drama and the Imagination: The Influence of Sound Effects on Presence in People with and without Sight. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications Vol. 25. No. 2. 65–71.
Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. 2000. The Role of Transportation in the Persuasiveness of Public Narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 79. No. 5. 701–721.
Green, M.C. & Brock, T.C. 2002. In the Mind’s Eye: Transportation-Imagery Model of Narrative Persuasion. In: Green, M.C., Strange, J.J. & Brock, T.C. (eds) Narrative Impact. Social and Cognitive Foundations. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 315–341.
Green, M.C., Brock, T.C. & Kaufman, F. 2004. Understanding Media Enjoyment: The Role of Transportation Into Narrative Worlds. Communication Theory Vol. 14. No. 4. 311–327.
Jahn, M. 1996. Windows of Focalization: Deconstructing and Reconstructing a Narratological Concept. Style, Vol. 30. No. 2. 241–268.
Kruger, J-L. 2010. Audio Narration: Re-Narrativising Film. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology Vol. 18. No. 3. 231–249.
Kruger, J-L. 2012. Making Meaning in AVT: Eye Tracking and Viewer Construction of Narrative. Perspectives: Studies is Translatology Vol. 20. No. 1. 67–86.
Marshall, G. (Director). 2004. Raising Helen. [Motion picture]. United States: Touchstone Pictures.
Matamala, A., & Remael, A. 2015. Audio-Description Reloaded: An Analysis of Visual Scenes in 2012 and Hero. Translation Studies Vol. 8. No. 1. 63–81.
Maszerowska, A. 2013. Language Without Words: Light and Contrast in Audio Description. The Journal of Specialised Translation Vol. 20. 165–180.
Miller, C. 2007. Access Symbols for Use with Video Content and Information and Communications Technology Devices. In: Diaz Cintas, J., Orero, P. & Remael, A. (eds) Media Media for All. Subtitling for the Deaf, Audio Description, and Sign Language. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 53–70.
Orero, P. 2005. Audio Description: Professional Recognition, Practice and Standards in Spain. Translation Watch Quarterly Vol. 1. 7–19.
Perego. E. 2014. Film Language and Tools. In: Maszerowska, A., Matamala, A. & Orero, P. (eds) Audio Description: New Perspectives Illustrated. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 81–102.
Phillips, T. (Director). 2009. The Hangover [Motion picture]. United States: Warner Bros.
Tal-Or, N. & Cohen, J. 2010. Understanding Audience Involvement: Conceptualizing and Manipulating Identification and Transportation. Poetics Vol. 38. No. 4. 402–418.
Vercauteren, G. 2007. Towards a European Guideline for Audio Description. In: Diaz Cintas, J., Orero, P. & Remael, A. (eds) Media for All: Subtitling for the Deaf, Audio Description and Sign Language. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 139–149.
Wilson, T. 1993. Watching Television: Hermeneutics, Reception and Popular Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Wissmath, B., Weibel, D. & Groner, R. 2009. Dubbing or Subtitling? Effects on Spatial Presence, Transportation, Flow, and Enjoyment. Journal of Media Psychology Vol. 21. No. 3. 114–125.
Wissmath, B. & Weibel, D. 2012. Translating Movies and the Sensation of “Being There”. In: Perego, E. (ed.) Eye Tracking in Audiovisual Translation. Roma: Aracne Editrice. 281–298.