Many studies have established that the presence and number of children have a negative impact on marital satisfaction. Those that maintain an evolutionary perspective may find this result surprising. It is argued that a couple that has successfully reproduced together ought to have heightened satisfaction. The majority of studies confirming this negative impact children bring have been on samples of participants from individualist cultures such as the United States and Canada. This severely limits the generalizability of this finding. In order to determine the relevance of cultural type, collectivist and individualist, we conducted a meta-analysis that aggregated the findings of fifteen studies that contained samples from collectivist cultures. All studies used in this meta-analysis contained samples from outside the United States. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the findings from our meta-analysis on the impact of children on marital satisfaction. The present meta-analysis found a small, negative relationship between children and marital satisfaction (d = −.11, r = −.05) that is significantly lower than another meta-analysis conducted using samples from individualistic cultures. Maternal age and type of measure were significant moderators. It may be that collectivist cultures foster shared childcare within the extended family, and this arrangement buffers stressors that people from individualist cultures are more likely to face.
P. R. Amato 1993 The consequences of divorce for adults and children Journal of Marriage and the Family 62 1269 1287.
J. Belsky 1984 The determinants of parenting: A process model Child Development 55 83 96.
J. Belsky G. Spanier M. Rovine 1983 Stability and change in marriage across the transition to parenthood Journal of Marriage and the Family 45 567 577.
T. Bereczkei A. Csanaky 1996 Mate choice, marital success, and reproduction in a modern society Ethology and Sociobiology 17 17 35.
J. Bowlby 1969 Disruption of affectional bonds and its effects on behavior Canada's Mental Health Supplement 59 12.
R. Brislin 2000 Understanding Culture's Influence on Behavior Harcourt-Brace Orlando.
Castro, M. J. F. & Barreras, A. L. R. (2001): Relación Existente entre el Estrés en la Crianza y el Número de Hijos Asociados a la Satisfacción Marital. Tesis de Licenciatura. Instituto Technológico de Sonora.
M. Daly M. Wilson 1988 Homicide Aldine de Gruyter Hawthorne, N.Y..
E. Diener M. Diener 1995 Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 653 663.
K. K. Dion K. L. Dion 1993 Individualistic and collectivistic perspectives on gender and the cultural context of love and intimacy Journal of Social Issues 49 53 69.
E. Diener M. Diener C. Diener 1995 Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 851 864.
K. K. Dion K. L. Dion 1996 Cultural perspectives on romantic love Personal Relationships 3 5 17.
B. Erci R. Ergin 2005 Women's satisfaction with their marriage in Turkey Marriage & Family Review 37 117 133.
C. S. Fan H. K. Lui 2004 Extramarital affairs, marital satisfaction, and divorce: Evidence from Hong Kong Contemporary Economic Policy 22 442 452.
R. Feldman 2000 Parents’ convergence on sharing and marital satisfaction, father involvement, and parent-child relationship at the transition to parenthood Infant Mental Health Journal 21 176 191.
H. Fisher 1992 Anatomy of Love: The Mysteries of Mating, Marriage, and why We Stray Random House New York.
T. D. Fuller J. N. Edwards S. Vorakitphokatorn S. Sermsri 2004 Gender differences in the psychological well-being of married men and women: An Asian case Sociological Quarterly 45 355 378.
C. Giuliani 2002 La transizione migratoria: La qualita del funzionamento coniugale en un campione di coppie immigrate. / The migratory transition: The quality of marital functioning in a sample of immigrant couples Ricerche di Psicologia 25 71 95.
Goode, W. J. (1993): World Changes in Divorce Patterns. Yale University Press.
E. G. T. Green J.-C. Deschamps D. Páez 2005 Variation of individualism and collectivism within and between 20 countries: A typological analysis Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 36 321 339.
P. N. Gwanfogbe W. R. Schumm M. Smith J. L. Furrow 1997 Polygyny and marital life satisfaction: An exploratory study from rural Cameroon Journal of Comparative Family Studies 28 55 71.
T. B. Heaton 1990 Marital stability throughout the child-rearing years Demography 27 55 63.
G. Hofstede 2001 Culture's Consequence: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations 2nd ed. Sage Thousand Oaks, CA.
S. B. Hrdy 2008 Evolutionary context of human development: The cooperative breeding model C. S. Carter et al.Attachment and Bonding: A New Synthesis MIT press Cambridge, MA.
Imamoğlu, E. O., Wendorf, C. A., Weisfeld, C. C., Weisfeld, G. E., Lucas, T. W., Parkhill, M. R. & Shen, J. Cultural differences in the impact of number of children on marital satisfaction. (Unpublished manuscript).
B. B. Ingoldsby G. T. Horlacher P. L. Schvaneveldt M. Matthews 2005 Emotional expressiveness and marital adjustment in Ecuador Marriage & Family Review 38 25 45.
B. T. Johnson 1993 DSTAT: 1.10: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures Erlbaum Hillsdale, NJ.
O. Jose V. Alfons 2007 Do demographics affect marital satisfaction? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 33 73 85.
J. Kwon K. Choi 1999 A validation study of the Korean marital satisfaction inventory Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology 18 123 139.
R. Levine S. Sato T. Hashimoto I. Verma 1995 Love and marriage in eleven cultures Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 26 554 571.
Lee, K. S. & Ono, H. (2008): Specialization and happiness: A U. S.-Japan comparison. SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance No. 631.
T. W. Lucas M. R. Parkhill C. A. Wendorf E. O. Imamoglu C. C. Weisfeld G. E. Weisfeld J. Shen 2008 Cultural and evolutionary components of marital satisfaction: A multidimensional assessment of measurement invariance Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 39 1 109 123.
L. Luo 2006 The transition to parenthood: Stress, resources, and gender differences in a Chinese society Journal of Community Psychology 34 471 488.
B. A. McBride G. Mills 1993 A comparison of mother and father involvement with their preschool age children Early Childhood Research Quarterly 8 457 477.
F. M. Moghaddam D. M. Taylor S. C. Wright 1993 Social Psychology in Cross-Cultural Perspective Freeman and Company New York.
J. Money A. A. Ehrhardt 1972 Man and Woman, Boy and Girl Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press Maryland, U.S.A.
S. P. Morgan R. B. King 2001 Why have children in the 21st century? Biological predisposition, social coercion, rational choice European Journal of Population 17 3 20.
L. E. Oliver 1999 Effects of a child's death on the marital relationship: A review Journal of Death and Dying 39 197 227.
D. Oyserman H. M. Coon M. Kemmelmeier 2002 Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analysis Psychological Bulletin 128 3 72.
S. Pick De Weiss 1988 Relación entre el número de hijos, la satisfacción marital y la comunicación con el cónyuge Salud Mental 11 15 18.
E. E. Pimentel 2000 Just how do I love thee?: Marital relations in urban China Journal of Marriage and the Family 62 32 47.
R. Rosenthal 1984 Meta-analytic Procedures of Social Research Sage London.
P. Rozin 1999 Preadaptation and the puzzles and properties of pleasure D. Kahneman E. Diener N. Schwarz Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonistic Psychology Russell Sage Foundation New York 109 133.
D. Popenoe 1993 American family decline, 1960–1990: A review and appraisal Journal of Marriage and the Family 5 527 555.
B. C. Rollins R. Galligan 1978 The developing child and marital satisfaction of parents R. M. Lerner G. B. Spanier Child Influences on Marital and Family Interaction: A lifespan Perspective Academic Press New York.
M. K. Rosenthal 1999 Out of home child care research: A cultural perspective International Journal of Behavioral Development 23 477 518.
L. C. Sayer S. M. Bianchi J. P. Robinson 2004 Are parents investing less in children? Trends in mothers’ and fathers’ time with children The American Journal of Sociology 110 1 43.
D. T. Shek 1999 Individual and dyadic predictors of family functioning in a Chinese context The American Journal of Family Therapy 27 49 61.
T. M. Singelis H. C. Triandis D. P. S. Bhawuk M. J. Gelfand 1995 Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement Cross-Cultural Research 29 240 275.
G. B. Spanier 1976 Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads Journal of Marriage and the Family 38 15 28.
S. Sue 1999 Science, ethnicity, and bias: Where have we gone wrong? American Psychologist 54 1070 1077.
C. S. Tang 1999 Wife abuse in Hong Kong Chinese families: A community survey Journal of Family Violence 14 173 191.
H. C. Triandis 1993 Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes Cross-Cultural Research 27 155 180.
H. C. Triandis 1995 Individualism and Collectivism Westview Boulder, CO.
M. W. Tsou J. T. Liu 2001 Happiness and domain satisfaction in Taiwan Journal of Happiness Studies 2 269 288.
Tsuge, M. (2005): A study on japanese wives’ sex role attitudes, sex role reality, and marital satisfaction. (Doctoral dissertation, ProQuest Information & Learning): Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 66 (6-B) (Electronic; Print).
J. M. W. Twenge K. Campbell C. A. Foster 2003 Parenthood and marital satisfaction: A meta-analytic review Journal of Marriage and Family 65 574 583.
J. Vanlangingham D. R. Johnson P. Amato 2001 Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study Social Forces 79 1313 1337.
J. G. Walker I. G. Manion P. F. Cloutier S. M. Johnson 1992 Measuring marital distress in couples with chronically ill children: The Dyadic Adjustment Scale Journal of Pediatric Psychology 17 345 357.
R. A. Ward 1993 Marital happiness and household equity in later life Journal of Marriage and the Family 55 427 438.
G. E. Weisfeld C. C. Weisfeld 2002 Marriage: An evolutionary perspective Neuroendocrinology Letters Special Issue 23 47 54.