The most popular recreational pastime in the U.S. is television viewing. Some researchers have claimed that television may be addictive. We provide a review of the definition, etiology, prevention and treatment of the apparent phenomenon of television addiction.
Selective review.
We provide a description of television (TV) addiction, including its negative consequences, assessment and potential etiology, considering neurobiological, cognitive and social/cultural factors. Next, we provide information on its prevention and treatment.
We suggest that television addiction may function similarly to substance abuse disorders but a great deal more research is needed.
American Psychiatric Association 2000 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) Author Washington, DC.
D. R. Anderson P. A. Collins K. L. Schmitt R. S. Jacobvitz 1996 Stressful life events and television viewing Communication Research 23 243 260.
R. E. Anderson C. J. Crespo S. J. Bartlett L. J. Cheskin M. Pratt 1998 Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children JAMA 279 938 942.
M. Andrejevic 2008 Watching television without pity: The productivity of online fans Television & New Media 9 24 46.
C. T. Appell 1963 Television viewing and the preschool child Marriage and Family Living 25 311 318.
G. Bagley 2001 The television text: Spectatorship, ideology, and the organization of consent Critical Studies in Mass Communication 18 436 452.
S. J. Ball-Rokeach 1985 The origins of individual media-system dependency: A sociological framework Communication Research 12 485 510.
S. J. Ball-Rokeach 1998 A theory of media power and a theory of media use: Different stories, questions, and ways of thinking Mass Communication & Society 1 5 40.
S. J. Ball-Rokeach M. L. DeFleur 1976 A dependency model of mass-media effects Communication Research 3 3 21.
E. Barnouw 1992 Tube of plenty: The evolution of American television 2nd edition Oxford University Press New York.
J. Bryant D. Zillmann 1984 Using television to alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced excitational states Journal of Broadcasting 28 1 20.
R. M. Chory S. Banfield 2009 Media dependence and relational maintenance in interpersonal relationships Communication Reports 22 41 53.
D. A. Christakis F. J. Zimmerman D. L. DiGiuseppe C. A. McCarty 2004 Early television exposure and subsequent attentional problems in children Pediatrics 113 708 713.
S. Finn 1992 Television “addiction?” An evaluation of four competing media-use models Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 69 422 435.
M. Freimuth M. Waddell J. Stannard S. Kelley A. Kipper A. Richardson I. Szuromi 2008 Expanding the scope of dual diagnosis and co-addictions: Behavioral addictions Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery 3 137 160.
B. S. Frey C. Benesch A. Stutzer 2007 Does watching TV make us happy? Journal of Economic Psychology 28 283 313.
S. Grabe M. L. Ward J. Shibley Hyde 2008 The role of the media in body image concerns among women: Ameta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies Psychological Bulletin 134 460 476.
J. L. Greenberg S. E. Lewis D. K. Dodd 1999 Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women Addictive Behaviors 24 565 571.
R. J. Hancox B. J. Milne R. Poulton 2004 Association between child and adolescent television viewing and adult health: A longitudinal birth cohort study Lancet 364 257 262.
C. W. Horvath 2004 Measuring television addiction Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 48 378 398.
K. D. Jones C. Gill S. Ray 2012 Review of the proposed DSM-5 Substance Use Disorder Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling 33 115 123.
K. Jusoff N. N. Sahimi 2009 Television and media literacy in young children: Issues and effects in early childhood International Education Studies 2 151 157.
E. Katz J. G. Blumler M. Gurevitch 1973 Uses and gratifications research Public Opinion Quarterly 37 509 523.
J. A. Krosnick S. N. Anand S. P. Hartl 2003 Psychosocial predictors of heavy television viewing among preadolescents and adolescents Basic and Applied Social Psychology 25 87 110.
R. Kubey 1990 Television and the quality of family life Communication Quarterly 38 312 324.
R. Kubey M. Csikszentmihalyi 1990 Television as escape: Subjective experience before an evening of heavy viewing Communication Reports 3 92 100.
R. Kubey M. Csikszentmihalyi 2002 Television addiction is no mere metaphor Scientific American 286 74 80.
D. J. Kuss M. D. Griffiths 2011 Online social networking and addiction — A review of the psychological literature International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 3528 3552.
W. E. Loges 1994 Canaries in the coal mine: Perceptions of threat and media system dependency relations Communication Research 21 1 5 23.
R. McIlwraith R. S. Jacobvitz R. Kubey A. Alexander 1991 Television addition: Theories and data behind the ubiquitous metaphor American Behavioral Scientist 35 104 121.
R. D. McIlwraith 1998 “I'm addicted to television”: The personality, imagination, and TV watching patterns of self-identified TV addicts Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 42 371 386.
D. McQuail J. G. Blumler J. R. Brown 1972 The television audience: A revised perspective D. McQuail Sociology of Mass Communications Penguin Middlesex, England 135 165.
J. Meerloo 1954 Television addiction and reactive apathy Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 120 290 291.
J. Mittell 2000 The cultural power of an anti-television metaphoe Television & New Media 1 215 238.
H. Paik 2000 Television viewing and high school mathematics achievement: A neural network approach Quality & Quantity 34 1 15.
E. M. Perse A. M. Rubin 1990 Chronic loneliness and television use Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 34 37 53.
D. Romer K. H. Jamieson S. Aday 2003 Television news and the cultivation of fear of crime Journal of Communication 53 88 104.
A. Sigman 2007 Visual voodoo: The biological impact of watching TV Biologist 54 12 17.
D. G. Singer J. L. Singer 1998 Developing critical viewing skills and media literacy in children The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 557 164 179.
A. Singhal M. J. Cody E. M. Rogers M. Sabido 2004 Entertainment-Education and Social Change Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mahwah, NJ.
Sjoberg, L. & Magneberg, R. (2007). Action sampling of television viewing: A favorite waste of time. Journal of Media Psychology, 12. Retrieved from http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/sfischo/A%20Favorite%20waste%20of%20Time.htm.
R. Smith 1986 Television addiction J. Bryant D. Zillmann Perspectives on media effects Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Hillsdale, NJ 109 128.
S. Sussman 2012 Steve Sussman on Rudolf H. Moo's “Iatrogenic effects of psychosocial interventions: Treatment, life context and personal risk factors” — A clarification Substance Use & Misuse 47 1601 1602.
Sussman, S. (2013). A lifespan developmental-stage approach to tobacco and other drug abuse prevention. ISRN-Addiction, 2013, Article ID 745783. doi:.
S. Sussman S. L. Ames 2008 Drug abuse: Concepts, prevention, and cessation Sage Thousand Oaks, CA.
S. Sussman D. S. Black 2008 Substitute addiction: A concern for researchers and practitioners Journal of Drug Education 38 167 180.
S. Sussman N. Lisha M. Griffiths 2011 Prevalence of the addictions: A problem of the majority or the minority? Evaluation & the Health Professions 34 3 56.
S. Sussman A. N. Sussman 2011 Considering the definition of addiction International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 4025 4038.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (June 22, 2012). American Time Use Survey — 2011 Results. Retrieved from http://bls.gov/news.release/atus.nr0.htm.
R. Tamborini N. D. Bowman A. Eden M. Grizzard A. Organ 2010 Defining media enjoyment as the satisfaction of intrinsic needs Journal of Communication 60 758 777.
R. Tamborini M. Grizzard D. N. Bowman L. Reinecke R. J. Lewis A. Eden 2011 Media enjoyment as need satisfaction: The contribution of hedonic and nonhedonic needs Journal of Communication 61 1025 1042.
J. L. Veerman G. N. Healy L. J. Cobiac T. Vos E. A. H. Winkler N. Owen D. W. Dunstan 2012 Television viewing time and reduced life expectancy: A life table analysis British Journal of Sports Medicine 46 927 930.
Q. Wang E. L. Fink D. A. Cai 2008 Loneliness, gender, and parasocial interaction: A uses and gratifications approach Communication Quarterly 56 87 109.