Motivational and psychological correlates of bodybuilding dependence

Neim Nick Emini; Malcolm J. Bond

doi:10.1556/jba.3.2014.3.6

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Volume/Issue:: Volume 3: Issue 3

Motivational and psychological correlates of bodybuilding dependence

Authors:

Neim Nick Emini

Neim Nick Emini
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Assoc. Prof. Malcolm J. Bond

Assoc. Prof. Malcolm J. Bond School of Medicine, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia

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Pages:: 182–188

Online Publication Date:: 01 Sep 2014

Publication Date:: 01 Sep 2014

Article Category:: Research Article

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.3.2014.3.6

Keywords:: stress; anger; hostility; aggression

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Abstract

Background and aims

Exercise may become physically and psychologically maladaptive if taken to extremes. One example is the dependence reported by some individuals who engage in weight training. The current study explored potential psychological, motivational, emotional and behavioural concomitants of bodybuilding dependence, with a particular focus on motives for weight training. Using a path analysis paradigm, putative causal models sought to explain associations among key study variables.

Methods

A convenience sample of 101 men aged between 18 and 67 years was assembled from gymnasia in Adelaide, South Australia. Active weight trainers voluntarily completed a questionnaire that included measures of bodybuilding dependence (social dependency, training dependency, and mastery), anger, hostility and aggression, stress and motivations for weight training.

Results

Three motives for weight training were identified: mood control, physique anxiety and personal challenge. Of these, personal challenge and mood control were the most directly salient to dependence. Social dependency was particularly relevant to personal challenge, whereas training dependency was associated with both personal challenge and mood control. Mastery demonstrated a direct link with physique anxiety, thus reflecting a unique component of exercise dependence.

Conclusions

While it was not possible to determine causality with the available data, the joint roles of variables that influence, or are influenced by, bodybuilding dependence are identified. Results highlight unique motivations for bodybuilding and suggest that dependence could be a result of, and way of coping with, stress manifesting as aggression. A potential framework for future research is provided through the demonstration of plausible causal linkages among these variables.

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Print ISSN:: 2062-5871

Online ISSN:: 2063-5303

Dr. Zsolt Demetrovics
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University
Address: Izabella u. 46. H-1064 Budapest, Hungary
Phone: +36-1-461-2681
E-mail: jba@ppk.elte.hu

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2023
Web of Science
Journal Impact Factor	6.6
Rank by Impact Factor	Q1 (Psychiatry)
Journal Citation Indicator	1.59
Scopus
CiteScore	12.3
CiteScore rank	Q1 (Clinical Psychology)
SNIP	1.604
Scimago
SJR index	2.188
SJR Q rank	Q1

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Publication Model	Gold Open Access
Submission Fee	none
Article Processing Charge	990 EUR/article for articles submitted after 30 April 2023 (850 EUR for articles submitted prior to this date)
Regional discounts on country of the funding agency	World Bank Lower-middle-income economies: 50% World Bank Low-income economies: 100%
Further Discounts	Corresponding authors, affiliated to an EISZ member institution subscribing to the journal package of Akadémiai Kiadó: 100%.
Subscription Information	Gold Open Access

Journal of Behavioral Addictions
Language	English
Size	A4
Year of Foundation	2011
Volumes per Year	1
Issues per Year	4
Founder	Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
Founder's Address	H-1053 Budapest, Hungary Egyetem tér 1-3.
Publisher	Akadémiai Kiadó
Publisher's Address	H-1117 Budapest, Hungary 1516 Budapest, PO Box 245.
Responsible Publisher	Chief Executive Officer, Akadémiai Kiadó
ISSN	2062-5871 (Print)
ISSN	2063-5303 (Online)

Senior editors

Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zsolt DEMETROVICS

Assistant Editor(s): Csilla ÁGOSTON

Associate Editors

Stephanie ANTONS (Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
Joel BILLIEUX (University of Lausanne, Switzerland)
Beáta BŐTHE (University of Montreal, Canada)
Matthias BRAND (University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany)
Ruth J. van HOLST (Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands)
Daniel KING (Flinders University, Australia)
Gyöngyi KÖKÖNYEI (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
Ludwig KRAUS (IFT Institute for Therapy Research, Germany)
Marc N. POTENZA (Yale University, USA)
Hans-Jurgen RUMPF (University of Lübeck, Germany)

Editorial Board

Sophia ACHAB (Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland)
Alex BALDACCHINO (St Andrews University, United Kingdom)
Judit BALÁZS (ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
Maria BELLRINGER (Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand)
Henrietta BOWDEN-JONES (Imperial College, United Kingdom)
Damien BREVERS (University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg)
Wim VAN DEN BRINK (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
Julius BURKAUSKAS (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania)
Gerhard BÜHRINGER (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
Silvia CASALE (University of Florence, Florence, Italy)
Luke CLARK (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada)
Jeffrey L. DEREVENSKY (McGill University, Canada)
Geert DOM (University of Antwerp, Belgium)
Nicki DOWLING (Deakin University, Geelong, Australia)
Hamed EKHTIARI (University of Minnesota, United States)
Jon ELHAI (University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA)
Ana ESTEVEZ (University of Deusto, Spain)
Fernando FERNANDEZ-ARANDA (Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
Naomi FINEBERG (University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom)
Sally GAINSBURY (The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia)
Belle GAVRIEL-FRIED (The Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel)
Biljana GJONESKA (Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia)
Marie GRALL-BRONNEC (University Hospital of Nantes, France)
Jon E. GRANT (University of Minnesota, USA)
Mark GRIFFITHS (Nottingham Trent University, United Kingdom)
Joshua GRUBBS (University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA)
Anneke GOUDRIAAN (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands)
Susumu HIGUCHI (National Hospital Organization Kurihama Medical and Addiction Center, Japan)
David HODGINS (University of Calgary, Canada)
Eric HOLLANDER (Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA)
Zsolt HORVÁTH (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
Susana JIMÉNEZ-MURCIA (Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain)
Yasser KHAZAAL (Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland)
Orsolya KIRÁLY (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
Chih-Hung KO (Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan)
Shane KRAUS (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA)
Hae Kook LEE (The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea)
Bernadette KUN (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
Katerina LUKAVSKA (Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic)
Giovanni MARTINOTTI (‘Gabriele d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy)
Gemma MESTRE-BACH (Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain)
Astrid MÜLLER (Hannover Medical School, Germany)
Daniel Thor OLASON (University of Iceland, Iceland)
Ståle PALLESEN (University of Bergen, Norway)
Afarin RAHIMI-MOVAGHAR (Teheran University of Medical Sciences, Iran)
József RÁCZ (Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary)
Michael SCHAUB (University of Zurich, Switzerland)
Marcantanio M. SPADA (London South Bank University, United Kingdom)
Daniel SPRITZER (Study Group on Technological Addictions, Brazil)
Dan J. STEIN (University of Cape Town, South Africa)
Sherry H. STEWART (Dalhousie University, Canada)
Attila SZABÓ (Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary)
Hermano TAVARES (Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil)
Alexander E. VOISKOUNSKY (Moscow State University, Russia)
Aviv M. WEINSTEIN (Ariel University, Israel)
Anise WU (University of Macau, Macao, China)